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- 1. Project Management Process Copyright© 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. 1 Textbook for Space Development
- 2. 2Copyright © 2015Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. Title Project Management Process Overview This text “Project management process” explains the characteristics of project and the role of management at first, and the general project management process next and the detailed activities in each process precisely at last. Purpose of This Unit Improve the system management ability in the development of spacecrafts. This Unit for Administrative Officer, Engineer (Introduction), Engineer (Beginner) Requirement for Taking This Unit None Overview (1/2)
- 3. 3 When You Master This Unit… You can learn the meaning of system, fundamental characteristics of project and project management. You can learn the ordinal management process. You can learn the concept of the planning process, development process and controlling process in management. You can learn the activities and the development flow in development process precisely. Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. Overview (2/2)
- 4. 4 • 1.Characteristics ofProject and Management • 2. Project Management Process • 3. Planning Process • 4. Development Process • 5. Controlling Process • 6.Concluding Remarks Contents Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 5. 5 ・What’s Project ? “Atemporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service”. Refer to, A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide 2000) , Project Management Institute. 1. Characteristics of Project and Management Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 6. 6 • Characteristics ofProject (1) Temporality ： Start and end time is clearly defined in the project (Limited Time Frame). Time Frame ： five years for a spacecraft, over 20 years for ISS (Started at 1988, assembled from 1999, completed in 2011 and now has been operated.) • (2) Uniqueness ： Project is the business configuration to create unprecedented products or services. However, an already established development can be a project in some countries if the development subject is entirely-new in those countries. 1. Characteristics of Project and Management Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 7. 7 1. Characteristics ofProject and Management • Comparison of Project and Routine Work Project Routine Work Similarities －Constraints of limited resources －Carried out by human －Subject of plan, action and control Differences －Time flame：Temporary Start and end time is clearly defined. －Identity：Unique Products, operator and work process are different even though there are similar works in the past. －Time frame：Indefinite Time flame is not limited at the time of beginning work. －Identity：Common Repetition of similar work. Example －Design and development of new products －Work integration due to the corporate merger －Manufacturing of existing products －Accounting and desk work associated with the daily operation Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 8. 8 • Project Management “theapplication of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements”. Refer to “A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge”, PMBOK Guide 2000, Project Management Institute. Project management is necessary to lead a project to a successful conclusion with balancing the constraints (scope, schedule, cost, human resources and so on). 1. Characteristics of Project and Management . Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 9. 9 • Project ManagementPlan, PMP Proper planning will clear the road to goal. An appropriately-planned and controlled project has their operations, responsible person (organization), schedule (estimated working period) and costs clearly defined before starting operation. 1. Characteristics of Project and Management Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 10. 10 ・What’s Project Manager? “The individual responsible for managing a project that has responsibilities to handle all aspects of the project”. • -However, the authority of the project manager varies depending on the organizational structure. • -Therefore, it is important for the project manager to act with full awareness of his authority and responsibilities. 1. Characteristics of Project and Management Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 11. 1. Characteristics ofProject and Management ・ Organization Structure Influence on Project 11 Functional Matrix Projectized Weak Matrix Balanced Matrix Strong Matrix Project Manager’s Authority Little or None Limited Low to Moderate Moderate to High High to Almost Total Percent of Performing Organization’s Personnel Assigned Full Time to Project Works Virtually None 0-25% 15-60% 50-95% 85-100% Project Manager’s Role Part-time Part-time Full-time Full-time Full-time Common Titles for Project Manager’s Role Project Coordinato r/ Project Leader Project Coordinator/ Project Leader Project Manager/ Project Officer Project Manager/ Program Manager Project Manager/ Program Manager Project Management Administrative Staff Part-time Part-time Part-time Full-time Full-time Organization Structure Project Characteristics Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 12. 12 • Project managerrequires various knowledge and skills such as; (1) communication skills （PM is said to spend 80～ 90% of his time） (2) leadership (3) problem-solving skills (4) bargaining power (5) staff management ability (6) determination (7) management skills (8) knowledge of operation (9) cost-consciousness 1. Characteristics of Project and Management PMs shall follow three “Do-Nots” (1 ) Do not be upset (2) Do not be arrogant (3) Do not stop learning Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 13. 13 • The PDCAcycle (Plan, Do, Check, Act) shall be rotating at any time in the project management. • Besides, Initiation Process and Closing is necessary for start and end point, respectively. • Project management process is classified into following five process; 2. Project Management Process 1 ）Initiation Process 2）Planning Process 3）Development Process 4）Controlling Process 5）Closing Process Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 14. 14 2. Project ManagementProcess Initiating Planning Development /Executing Controlling Closing Project Charter Product scope, Project Scope Project Direction, Management Watch & Control Project Activity Completion of Project or Phase PDCA Cycle (From Wikipedia , “PDCA”) To Be Done Process Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 15. 15 3. Planning Process Initiating Planning Development /Executing Controlling Closing Project Charter Productscope, Project Scope Project Direction, Management Watch & Control Project Activity Completion of Project or Phase PDCA Cycle (From Wikipedia , “PDCA”) Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 16. 16 3. Planning Process 3.2.1WBS 3.2.2 Schedule 3.2.3 Organization chart ------- Fund planning ------- Procurement planning Product Scope 3.1 Development Specification Project Scope 3.2 Project Implement Plan Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 17. 17 3.1 Development Specification (1)Scope: What products shall the specification apply to? The scope of target shall be clarified. (2) Applicable Documents, Reference Documents: Any applicable or considerable specifications, rules and regulation concerning the development shall be clarified. (3) Outline of Functions: Desirable functions shall be conceptually described in order to grasp the image of the products. (4) Physical property: - The target property including the target values shall be specified. - These shall be the core of the technical requirement definition. - Such as, Functions, Performances, Dimensions, Mass, Shapes, Components, Others (5) Quality and Reliability requirements Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 18. 18 3.2 Project ImplementPlan -Project Implement Plan is the collection of the documents regarding the works necessary for outputting the project’s products. -WBS, schedule, organization chart, fund planning and procurement planning shall be included in this plan. -Each item is described in the following paragraphs. 3.2.1 WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) 3.2.2 Schedule 3.2.3 Organization Chart ------- Financial Planning ------- Procurement Planning Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 19. WBS in theaircraft development Aircraft Systems Project Management Supporting Office System Eng. Management Data Technical Engineering Management Support Equipment System SE Component SE Depot SE Test & Evaluation Mock-ups Operational Test Development Test Facility Base Building Maintenance F. Air VehicleTraining Equipment Facility Service Structure Engine Communication Sys. Navigation Sys. Fire Control Sys. #100 #120 #110 #230 #220 #210 #200 #330 #320 #310 #300 #450#440#430#420#410 #400 #530 #520 #510 #500 #730 #720 #710 #700 #620 #610 #600 #000 19 3.2.1 WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) Refer to, A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide 2000) , Project Management Institute. Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 20. WBS # TaskDescription Due Responsible 100 Project Management Planning & Control for project whole activities by completion of the project John 110 System Eng. Management. Perform system design and coordinate each design group and follow-up the all design of product. by completion of the project Kevin 120 Supporting Office Perform to support project management such as making progress report, minutes, various announcement, and the other document. by completion of the project Mary 200 Training Watch and control whole training matters by completion of the project Tuan 210 Equipment Establish the training manual and perform the training for Equipment 2012/9/28 Daniel 220 Facility Establish the training manual and perform the training for facility 2012/9/28 Jack 230 Service Establish the training manual and perform the training for service 2012/9/28 Thomas 300 Data Watch and control whole database matters by completion of the project Richard 310 Technical Establish technical data base and instruction manual 2012/12/5 Oliver 320 Engineering Establish engineering data base and instruction manual 2012/12/6 ・・・・・・ 330 Management Establish management data base and instruction manual 2012/12/7 ・・・・・・ 400 Air Vehicle ・・・・・・・・・・・・ ・・・・・・ ・・・・・・ 410 Structure ・・・・・・・・・・・・ ・・・・・・ ・・・・・・ 420 Engine ・・・・・・・・・・・・ ・・・・・・ ・・・・・・ 20 3.2.1 Statement of WBS (Work Package) Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. Refer to, A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide 2000) , Project Management Institute.
- 21. 21 3.2.1 Example ofWBS in Space System Space System Space Segment Ground Segment PayloadPlatform GSE Mission Control Center Payload Control Center Communications System Structure Thermal control On-board power supply Attitude control Data handling Instrument 1 MGSE EGSEInstrument 2 Instrument 3 Management tasks Engineering tasks Product Assurance tasks Support function extensions Refer to ECSS-M-ST-10C Rev.1 Fig.4-2, p18 Space System Space Segment Ground Segment Platform Payload GSE Mission Control Center Payload Control Center Communications System MGSE EGSE Instrument 1 Instrument 2 Instrument 3 Structure Thermal control On-board Power supply Attitude control Data handling Manageme nt tasks Engineering tasks Product Assurance tasks Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 22. 22 Project Master Schedule（JAXAGCOM-C1) 3.2.2 Schedule/Milestone Chart H17年度 H18年度 H19年度 H20年度 H21年度 H22年度 H23年度 H24年度 H25年度 バス系 ミッション系 打上げロケット（H2A） マイルストーン 開発フェーズ 衛 星 シ ス テ ム 地上システム 概念検討・設計 計画決定 詳細設計 製作・試験 射場 運用 詳細設計作業 PFM製作・PFT試験 基本設計 詳細設計 製作・試験 運用 訓練 △MDR/SRR △SDR △PDR総括審査 △CDR総括審査会 開発完了審査会△ ▲打上 EM製作・開発試験 先行試作試験 EM製作・開発試験 PFM製作・ PFT試験 インタフェース調整 ロケット機体製作・試験 射場 作業 JAXA内研究（専門メーカの支援） 詳細設計作業 製作・試験作業 射場 作業 運用 支援 製作・試験 作業 打上げ準備完了審査会△ 衛星へ搭載 運用 支援 基本設計 基本設計作業 基本設計作業 BBM製作 試作試験 契約に基づく BBM Milestone Phase SpaceSegment Platform (Bus) Payload (Mission) Ground Segment FY H17 FY H18 FY H19 FY H20 FY H21 FY 22 FY H23 FY H24 FY H25 Launch System Concept study & design Approval of plan Prel. design Critical design Manufact. & Test LS Op. Preliminary Design E. Critical Design Efforts Manufacturing and Testing LS Op. Manuf. of EM & Development test Manufact. of PFM & PFM testing Preliminary Design E. Critical Design Efforts Manufact. & Test Preceding Development Test JAXA In-house-study with support of suppliers Manuf. & Test of BBM Manuf. of EM & Development test Man. of PFM & PFT test Integration to S/C Preliminary Design Critical Design Manufact. & Testing LS Op. LSI/F compatibility check & Manufact./test of rocket ｌaunch ▲ △PDR sum-up review Devel. close-up review△ Pre-launching review △ △CDR sum-up review Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 23. 23 Design Code Entries Unit Test Code Query Unit Test Code Update UnitTest System Test Write Manual 1 Apr 16 Apr 15 Apr 15 May 31 May16 May 1 May 16 Apr 15 May 23 Apr. 24 May 30 May 1 Jun 16 Apr 15 May 15 Jun30 Apr16 Apr 3.2.2 Schedule/Project Network Diagram Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. Refer to, A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide 2000) , Project Management Institute.
- 24. Activity May JunJul Aug Sep Oct Nov Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Example of Bar Chart 24 3.2.2 Schedule/Bar Chart Refer to, A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide 2000) , Project Management Institute. Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 25. Example of ProjectOrganization Tree 25 3.2.3 Organization Chart Refer to, A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide 2000) , Project Management Institute. Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 26. 26 Initiating Planning Development /Executing Controlling Closing (From Wikipedia ,“PDCA”) PDCA Cycle Project Management Process Process 4. Development Process Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 27. 27 4. Development Process PhasedProject Planning (PPP) “Water Fall Model” “Plan” “Do” Feed Back “Check” “Act” Requirements Design Implementation Verification Maintenance Each phase proceeds step by step. Review of work is necessary at the end of the phase. Water Fall Model Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. Refer to, A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide 2000) , Project Management Institute.
- 28. 28 PDR CDR PQR/ PSR Launch QUALIFICATION PRODUCTION DETAILED DEFINITION PRELIMINARY DEFINITION FEASIBILITY UTILISATION/ DISPOSAL SRR （PhaseA） （Phase B） （Phase C） （Phase D） （Phase E／F） LS Spacecraft System Subsystem Component PRELIMINARY DEFINITION PRELIMINARY DEFINITION PRELIMINARY DEFINITION DETAILED DEFINITION DETAILED DEFINITION DETAILED DEFINITION Manu- facture Manu- facture Manu- facture System Test LS UTILISATION Subsystem Test Component Test Parts Parts Selection Manu- facture Milestone(System) FEASIBILITY STUDY Phased Project Planning (PPP) 4. Development Process Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 29. 29 Phase ESA NASA Phase0 Mission analysis/needs identification Concept studies (Pre-Phase A) Phase A Feasibility Concept and technology development Phase B Preliminary Definition Preliminary design and technology completion Phase C Detailed Definition Final design and fabrication Phase D Qualification and Production System assembly, test and launch Phase E Utilization Operations and sustainment Phase F Disposal Closeout or disposal Definition of Activity in related Phase 4. Development Process Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 30. 30 JAXA’s Definition ofActivity in related Phase 4. Development Process JAXA Phase Activity NASA Phase Concept studies Define mission requirements Phase 0 Concept design & Approval of Plan Define system requirements, Architecture design Phase A Preliminary design System specification, Define subsystem requirements and design subsystems Phase B Critical design Subsystem Specification, implementation drawings and verification plan Phase C Manufacturing & test Manufacturing, system assembly and test Phase D Launch site Preparations Launch the spacecraft Phase D Operation Operations and sustainment/ Closeout or disposal Phase E/F Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 31. 31 4. Development Process/General Process in JAXA Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. 概念検討・設計 フェーズ 計画決定 フェーズ 基本設計 フェーズ 詳細設計 フェーズ 製作・試験 フェーズ 射場・打上げ フェーズ 運用 フェーズ ﾐｯｼｮﾝ定義 概念設計作業 ｼｽﾃﾑ定義 ﾒｰｶｰ選定 射場作業 打上準備・訓練 運用 必要に応じて先行試作試験 ▲ﾐｯｼｮﾝ定義審査(MDR) ▲ｼｽﾃﾑ要求審査(SRR) ▲ｼｽﾃﾑ定義審査(SDR) ▲打上げ 定常段階移行審査▲ 定常段階終了審査▲ 基本設計 BBM製作試験 詳細設計 EM製作試験 PM、FM、PFM 製作試験 ▲コンポーネント基本設計審査 ▲サブシステム基本設計審査 ▲システム基本設計審査 ▲コンポーネント詳細設計審査 ▲サブシステム詳細設計審査 ▲システム詳細設計審査 ▲コンポーネント出荷前審査 ▲サブシステム出荷前審査 ▲システム出荷前審査 ▲納入前審査 ▲開発完了審査 ▲打上準備完了審査 System definition, Select.of Suppliers Concept study & design phase Approvalof Plan phase Preliminary design phase Critical design phase Manufacturing &test phase Launch site phase Operation phase Mission def., Concept design PrecedingDevelopmentTestifneeded Launch site Preparations Critical Design, Man./test of EM Preliminary Dsgn, Man./test of BBM Man./test of PM, FM and PFM Operation ▲ｌaunch ▲Mission Definition Review ▲System Definition Review ▲System Requirement Review ▲Final Preliminary Design Review ▲Development Close-out Review ▲Launch Readiness Review Flight Readiness Review ▲ Mission Close-out Review ▲ ▲Component Preliminary Design Review ▲Component Pre-Shipment Review ▲ Component Critical Design Review ▲ Subsystem PDR ▲ Subsystem PSR ▲ System PDR ▲ Subsystem PSR ▲ Subsystem CDR ▲Pre-Delivery Review ▲ System CDR General development process in JAXA
- 32. 32 4. Development Process ActivityFlow in JAXA Concept Study & Concept Design Phase Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. 衛星ｼｽﾃﾑ 地上ｼｽﾃﾑ 打上ｻｰﾋﾞ ｽ 内部研究 先 行 試 作 試 験 準備ﾁｰﾑ発足 概念検討 ▲ﾐｯｼｮﾝ定義審査(MDR) 概念設計 ▲ｼｽﾃﾑ要求審査(SRR) 概 念 検 討 ・ 設 計 フ ェ ー ズ ・ミッション要求条件書 ・総合システム仕様書 案 ・運用コンセプト案 ・開発仕様書案 ・ミッション要求条件書改訂 ・総合システム仕様書案改訂 ・運用コンセプト案改訂 ・開発仕様書案改訂 ・JAXA管理計画書 Satellite System Ground- segment Launch-system In-house Study PrecedingManufacturingandTesting ConceptStudy・ConceptDesignPhase Study Team Concept Study •Mission Requirements •System Specification Draft •Operation Concept •Development Specification ▲Mission Definition Review(MDR) Concept Design •Revise Mission Requirements •Revise System Specification •Revise Operation Concept •Revise Development Specification •JAXAManagement Plan ▲System RequirementReview(SRR)
- 33. 33 4. Development Process ActivityFlow in JAXA Approval of Plan Phase Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. 衛星ｼｽﾃﾑ 地上ｼｽﾃﾑ 打上ｻｰﾋﾞｽ ｼｽﾃﾑ、ｲﾝﾀﾌｪｰｽ定義 調達契約内容、範囲 開発ﾍﾞｰｽﾗｲﾝ文書制定 提案要請書発出 ｼｽﾃﾑ定義まとめ ▲ｼｽﾃﾑ定義審査(SDR) 技術提案 ｺｽﾄ提案 提案の評価 実施体制整備 実施計画書作成、提出 管理計画書作成、提出 ﾒｰｶ選定、契約 評価、承認 先 行 試 作 試 験 ・ミッション要求条件書 ・総合システム仕様書 ・運用コンセプト ・開発仕様書 ・インタフェース管理仕様書 ・設計基準書 ・調達仕様書 ・JAXA管理計画書 計 画 決 定 フ ェ ー ズ PrecedingM&Test System,I/F definition, ProcurementContract Baseline doc. on development •Mission Requirements •Total System Specification •Operation Concept •Design & Development Plan •I/F Control Specification •Design Standard ・SOW •JAXA Management Plan Technical Proposal, Cost Proposal Project Organization, Implementation Plan, Project Management Plan Requestfor Proposal ReviewofProposals ReviewofProposals SelectSuppliers, Contract System Definition ApprovalofPlanPhase ▲System Definition Review(SDR) Satellite System Ground- segment Launch- system
- 34. 34 4. Development Process ActivityFlow in JAXA Preliminary Design Phase Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. 衛星ｼｽﾃﾑ 地上ｼｽﾃﾑ 打上ｻｰﾋﾞｽ ▲基本設計審査 (PDR) 基本設計作業 ・要求分析と下位への配分 ・設計解析 ・設計仕様書作成 ・検証計画検討 ・BBM製作、試験（必要時） ・EM図面、試験仕様書作成 インプットパッケージ 衛星同様、 提案書提出 と契約締結 ｲﾝﾀﾌｪｰｽ調整 衛星同様 のﾌﾟﾛｾｽ で基本設 計実施 基本設計報告書 基 本 設 計 フ ェ ー ズ ▲Preliminary Design Review(PDR) FundamentalDesignActivities •Requirementanalysis and the decomposition ofrequirementto lowersystems, •Basic design and analysis, •Making design specification, •Verification plan draft, •Manufacture and teston BBM, •EM drawings and test specifications PDR documents InputPackage to PDR (Prel. design review docs.) Interface adjustment Similar Activities in S/C •Prepare RFP, •Selection, •Contraction with suppliers Preliminary design efforts with similar process in S/C Satellite System Ground- segment Launch-system PreliminarydesignPhase
- 35. 35 4. Development Process ActivityFlow in JAXA Critical Design Phase Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. 衛星ｼｽﾃﾑ 地上ｼｽﾃﾑ 打上ｻｰﾋﾞｽ ｲﾝﾀﾌｪｰｽ調整 詳 細 設 計 フ ェ ー ズ ▲詳細設計審査(CDR) 詳細設計作業 ・詳細設計解析 ・EM製作、開発試験 ・PM/FM/PFM図面、 試験仕様書作成 ・製造、試験計画作成 ・試験装置、治工具類整備 インプットパッケージ 詳細設計報告書 衛星同様 のﾌﾟﾛｾｽ で詳細設 計実施 予備解析 打上ｻｰﾋﾞｽ 契約締結 （24～18ヶ 月前） Interface Adjustment CDR documents Criticall DesignActivities •Critical design and analysis, •Manufacture ofEM and developmenttest, •Drawings ofPM/FM/PFM, •Making testspecification, •Kaking manufacturing and testing plan, •Prepare testequipments and supporting jigs. Input Package to CDR (Cri. design review docs.) Critical design efforts with similar process in spacecraft Launch service Contract (before 24~18 months) Preliminary analysis CriticaldesignPhase ▲CriticalDesign Review(CDR) Satellite System Ground-segment Launch-system
- 36. 36 4. Development Process ActivityFlow in JAXA Manufacturing and Testing Phase Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. 衛星ｼｽﾃﾑ 地上ｼｽﾃﾑ 打上ｻｰﾋﾞｽ 製 作 ・ 試 験 フ ェ ー ズ ▲試験後審査/出荷前審査 (PQR/PSR) ・PM/FM/PFM部品調達 ・コンポーネント製作、試験 ﾛｹｯﾄ機体 製作・試験 ｲﾝﾀﾌｪｰｽ調整 衛星同様 のﾌﾟﾛｾｽ で製作試 験実施 試験後/出荷前(PQR/PSR)報告書 ・サブシステム製作、試験 ・衛星システム製作、試験 射場作業・ 衛星運用 検討 ｲﾝﾌﾟｯﾄﾊﾟｯｹｰｼﾞ ▲開発完了審査 Interface Adjustment PQR/PSR documents Manufacture &test of the rocket Manufacture &test efforts with similar process in spacecraft ▲Post Qualification Review & Pre-shipment Input Package (Report of test result) Procurement of PM/FM/PFM parts, Manufacture &tests of component Manufacture &tests of subsystem Manufacture &tests of the spacecraft system Preparation of LS, Operation plan in orbit ▲DevelopmentCompletion Review ManufacturingandTestingPhase (PQR/PSR) Satellite System Ground-segment Launch-system
- 37. 37 4. Development Process ActivityFlow in JAXA Launch Phase Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. 衛星ｼｽﾃﾑ 地上ｼｽﾃﾑ 打上ｻｰﾋﾞｽ 射 場 ・ 打 上 げ フ ェ ー ズ ﾛｹｯﾄ機体 輸送 ﾛｹｯﾄ 組立・点検 衛星搭載運用訓練 打上準備 ﾘﾊｰｻﾙ 打上げ ▲納入前審査 衛星輸送 ▲打上げ準備完了審査 射場搬入後試験 ｲﾝﾌﾟｯﾄﾊﾟｯｹｰｼﾞ 推進薬充填 火工品取付 最終状態設定 打上準備完了審査資料 運用支援 契約 運用訓練 打上準備 ﾘﾊｰｻﾙ LaunchPhase Launch Readiness Review (LRR) Contract of Operation Support Pre-acceptance Review Documents forLRR Input Package of Pre-Acceptance Review Transportation of Spacecraft Transportation of Launch Rocket to Site Inspection and Integration of Launch Rocket on Site Integration of Spacecraft Operation Training of Spacecraft, Launch Site Preparations, and Rehearsal of them Implementation of Final Lunch Configuration Propellant Filling and Integration of Pyrotechnics Post-Carry-in-Site Inspection Operation Training of Spacecraft, Launch Site Preparations, and Rehearsal of them Launch Satellite System Ground-segment Launch-system
- 38. 38 4. Development Process ActivityFlow in JAXA Operation Phase Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. 衛星ｼｽﾃﾑ 地上ｼｽﾃﾑ 打上ｻｰﾋﾞ ｽ 初期運用 ・クリティカルフェーズ ・軌道上試験 ・総合運用試験 ▲定常段階移行審査 定常運用 運用支援 ▲定常段階終了審査 後期運用 廃棄運用 運用支援 運用支援 運 用 フ ェ ー ズ OperationPhaseinOrbit Operation Support Operation Support Operation Support Initial Operation •Critical phase •Tests On Orbit •Total Operation Test Routine Operation ReviewforTransition to Stationary Operation Stationary Operation Completion Review Post-mission Operation (including disposal) Satellite System Ground-segment Launch-system
- 39. 39 (From Wikipedia ,“PDCA”) PDCA Cycle Project Management Process Process 5. Controlling Process Initiating Planning Development /Executing Controlling Closing Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 40. 40 5. Controlling Process Copyright© 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. • Controlling Process sustains Development Process. • Basic concept of Controlling Process is based on “Safety First”. ① Configuration Management ② Reliability Management ③ Quality Management ④ Risk Management ⑤ Safety Management Refer to NPD 8700.1E NASA Policy for Safety and Mission Success
- 41. 41 • Project managementis defined as the management activity that achieves the planned Project Scope under the prescribed constraints. • For this purpose, it is important to perform the project management process which consist of Planning, Development and Control Process steadily. 6. SAMMARY of Project Management Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 42. 42 1) A guideto the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide 2000) , Project Management Institute. 2) ECSS-M-ST-10C Rev.1 3) NPD 8700.1E NASA Policy for Safety and Mission Success 4) NPR 8000.4A, NASA Risk Management Procedural Requirements 5) MIL-HDBK-881 references Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.
- 43. Copyright © 2015Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2015 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency All Rights Reserved. Textbook for Space Development March 2015: First Edition
Editor's Notes
- #3 【Point】 ・ ・ ・ 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
- #4 【Point】・ ・ ・ ・ 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
- #6 【Point】 Meaning of project 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・What’s Project ? “A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service”. This kind of project management procedure was successfully applied to the Apollo program. ※Apollo program : 1961-1972, 6 times of successful landing of human being on the moon surface.
- #7 【Point】 Characteristics of Project 【Explanation and Other Information】 Characteristics of Project (1) Temporality ： Start and end time is clearly defined in the project (Limited Time Frame). Time Frame ： five years for a spacecraft, over 20 years for ISS (Started at 1988, assembled from 1999, completed in 2011 and now has been operated.) (2) Uniqueness ： Project is the business configuration to create unprecedented products or services. However, an already established development can be a project in some countries if the development subject is entirely-new in those countries.
- #8 【Point】 Comparison of Project and Routine Work ・ 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・Features of project Time flame：Temporary Start and end time is clearly defined. Identity：Unique Products, operator and work process are different even though there are similar works in the past ・Features of routine work Time frame：Indefinite Time flame is not limited at the time of beginning work. Identity：Common Repetition of similar work.
- #9 【Point】 ・Project Management 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・Project Management “the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements”. Refer to “A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge”, PMBOK Guide 2000, ・・・Project Management Institute. ・ Project management is necessary to lead a project to a successful conclusion with balancing the constraints (scope, schedule, cost, human resources and so on).
- #10 【Point】 ・Project Management Plan, PMP 【Explanation and Other Information】 Project Management Plan, PMP Proper planning will clear the road to goal. An appropriately-planned and controlled project has their operations, responsible person (organization), schedule (estimated working period) and costs clearly defined before starting operation.
- #11 【Point】 ・Organization of Project Team and Project Manager ・ ・ 【Explanation and Other Information】 What’s Project Manager ? “The individual responsible for managing a project that has responsibilities to handle all aspects of the project”. -However, the authority of the project manager varies depending on the organizational structure. -Therefore, it is important for the project manager to act with full awareness of his authority and responsibilities. ・ ・ ・ ・
- #12 【Point】 ・Organization Structure Influence on Project 【Explanation and Other Information】 Organization Structure Influence on Project ・The authority of the project manager is highest in the projectized organization. ・It is difficult to organize the engineer with high ability. ・The authority of the project manager is lowest in the functional organization. ・Responsible area of involved engineers is not clear.
- #13 【Point】 Desired characteristics of the project manager 【Explanation and Other Information】 Project manager requires various knowledge and skills such as; (1) communication skills （PM is said to spend 80～90% of his time） (2) leadership (3) problem-solving skills (4) bargaining power (5) staff management ability (6) determination (7) management skills (8) knowledge of operation (9) cost-consciousness
- #14 【Point】 Project Management Process 【Explanation and Other Information】 The PDCA cycle (Plan, Do, Check, Act) shall be rotating at any time in the project management. Besides, Initiation Process and Closing is necessary for start and end point, respectively. Project management process is classified into following five process; 1 ）Initiation Process 2）Planning Process 3）Development Process 4）Controlling Process 5）Closing Process
- #15 【Point】 ・ Project Management Process ・PDCA 【Explanation and Other Information】 PDCA Cycle（PDCA cycle, plan-do-check-act cycle） ・PDCA is a typical procedure in the product management and product quality assurance management. Process is usually improved with the repetition of this cycle, Plan→ Do→ Check→ Act. This activities are just correspond the project management.
- #16 【Point】 ・Planning Process 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・
- #17 【Point】 Output of Planning Process 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・Development Specification：This document show the technical requirements of the object. Project shall be pursued to complete the object which meets this requirements under the condition prescribed time, budget and resources. ・Project Implement Plan：This plan collects the documents which describe the necessary work in order to produce the object which meets the requirements, such as WBS, schedule, organization chart, budget plan and so on.
- #18 【Point】 Development Specification 【Explanation and Other Information】 (1) Scope: What products shall the specification apply to? The scope of target shall be clarified. (2) Applicable Documents, Reference Documents: Any applicable or considerable specifications, rules and regulation concerning the development shall be clarified. (3) Outline of Functions: Desirable functions shall be conceptually described in order to grasp the image of the products. (4) Physical property: - The target property including the target values shall be specified. - These shall be the core of the technical requirement definition. - Such as, Functions, Performances, Dimensions, Mass, Shapes, Components, Others (5) Quality and Reliability requirements See MIL-STD-961E”DEFENSE AND PROGRAM-UNIQUE SPECIFICATIONS FORMAT AND CONTENT”.
- #19 【Point】 Project Implement Plan 【Explanation and Other Information】 Project Implement Plan -Project Implement Plan is the collection of the documents regarding the works necessary for outputting the project’s products. -WBS, schedule, organization chart, fund planning and procurement planning shall be included in this plan. -Each item is described in the following paragraphs. 3.2.1 WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) 3.2.2 Schedule 3.2.3 Organization Chart ------- Financial Planning ------- Procurement Planning
- #20 【Point】 WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This is a WBS example in the aircraft development. ・Decomposition shall be done for involved members to understand these work ・WP(Work Package) shall be document to define concretely the each work of WBS.
- #21 【Point】 Example of WP 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・Name of worker, summary of work, due date of work, responsible person and etc is described in WP. ・ Necessity of WP depends on characteristics of the project.
- #22 【Point】 Example of WBS in Space System 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This example is shown in ECSS-M-ST-10 as the typical space WBS.
- #23 【Point】 Schedule/Milestone Chart 【Explanation and Other Information】 Project Master Schedule（JAXA GCOM-C1) ・Project schedule is shown both in rough master schedule and in detailed schedule. ･It is important to make clear the start date and end date, which shall be possible date. ・Production process shall be carefully revised in consideration of time constraint. ・Project schedule may be shown in PERT chart or the bar chart.
- #24 【Point】 Example of PERT chart (Network diagram) 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This is PERT chart. It makes clear the activities in the project and the mutual relation between these activities.
- #25 【Point】 Example of bar chart 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・Bar chart makes clear the mutual relation among activities on the schedule.
- #26 【Point】 Organization Chart It is important to make clear the role and the responsibility of the involved engineers. 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・Organization Chart shall be written in order to correspond to each element of WBS ・Organization Chart shall be made in earlier phase of the project, be revised periodically. ・Project manager can understand the relation between the organization and each element of WBS and promote the project work efficiently and appropriately.
- #27 【Point】 Development Process 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This process is most important in project management process. ・We introduce this process according to the general development process in JAXA.
- #28 【Point】 Development Process 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・Development Process is the core work of the project management. ・In this process, Product which meets Product Scope shall be created. ・Development Process corresponds to Do and Act in PDCA cycle. The PDCA cycle shall be also done in each important item in this process. ・Design, implementation, verification and maintenance in the development process corresponds to Plan, Do, Check and Act in PDCA cycle. ・These activities are systemized as Phased Project Planning (PPP), and applied to the space development project. PPP is explained hereafter.
- #29 【Point】 PPP (Phased Project Planning) 【Explanation and Other Information】 PPP：PPP is the development procedure created by NASA in Apollo project. ・In PPP, the development stage is divided to plural phases where the necessary activities are defined. The result performed in each phase is estimated in Review meeting, and the migration to next phase is approved. ・NASA, ESA and JAXA use this PPP procedure.
- #30 【Point】 Development Process 【Explanation and Other Information】 This Table explains Definition of Activity in related Phase in ESA and NASA ・There are no difference in the basic concept of phase activity in ESA and NASA.
- #31 【Point】 JAXA’s Definition of Activity in related Phase 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・There are no difference in the basic concept of phase activity in JAXA and NASA.
- #32 【Point】 General development process in JAXA 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This Table shows general development process in JAXA. ・This Table shows that development process in JAXA uses PPP.
- #33 【Point】 Activity Flow in JAXA Concept Study & Concept Design Phase 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Concept Study & Concept Design Phase. ・JAXA performs the needs hearing from user of such as government offices and research institutions, and defines the mission requirements document. ・JAXA makes total system specification in order to achieve the above mission requirements. Here, to ensure the reality of the system, the fundamental concept design is performed. ・JAXA makes the total development plan and prepares the documents to require the budget together with the technical study of system including risk identification and assessment.
- #34 【Point】 Activity Flow in JAXA Approval of Plan Phase 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Approval of Plan Phase. ・Development specifications of satellite system and ground segment shall be defined, which meet the aforementioned the total system specification. ・Total development plan shall be made and procure specification also shall be prepared. ・Request for Proposal shall be published to suppliers. ・Suppliers shall submit the technical proposal and cost proposal. ・After review of proposals, supplier shall be selected and contracted.
- #35 【Point】 Activity Flow in JAXA Preliminary Design Phase 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Preliminary Design Phase. ・Preliminary design shall be performed based on the development specification. Based on the preliminary design, design specifications of system, subsystem and component shall be established. If necessary, the development model such as BBM is studied to ensure the reality of system. ・Production model such as EM, PM, FM and PFM is determined, and EM drawings is prepared if necessary in the next phase. ・Results in this phase shall be documented to Input Package and reviewed (Preliminary design review ;PDR).
- #36 【Point】 Activity Flow in JAXA Critical Design Phase 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Critical Design Phase. ・Critical design shall be performed based on the design specification, and drawings of PM/FM/PFM, the manufacture plan and the test plan shall be prepared. ・In the development test of EM, design performance shall be qualified under the comparatively severe loading environment, and both manufacturing and test process shall be also verified. ・Results in this phase shall be documented to Input Package and reviewed (Critical design review ;CDR).
- #37 【Point】 Activity Flow in JAXA Manufacturing and Testing Phase 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Manufacturing and Testing Phase. ・Necessary materials and parts are procured based on the drawings of PM, FM and PFM, and these products shall be manufactured according to the drawings and specifications. After manufactured, each product shall be tested based on the related test plan. ・In the test of PM, FM and PFM, the design verification and the product quality shall be confirmed under the specified environmental loading. ・In this phase, the maintenance design shall be performed where design changes due to the requirement changes, the manufacturing failures, the test failures and so on shall be treated.
- #38 【Point】 Activity Flow in JAXA Launch Phase 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Launch Phase. ・Transportation of Spacecraft, Post-Carry-in-Site Inspection, Propellant Filling and Integration of Pyrotechnics, Implementation of Final Lunch Configuration, Operation Training of Spacecraft, Launch Site Preparations, and Rehearsal of them shall be performed. ・Pre-Acceptance Review was performed after the completion of above activities, and Launch Readiness Review (LRR) is followed. ・In this phase, Launch Rocket is transported to launch site by the launch service company.
- #39 【Point】 Activity Flow in JAXA Operation Phase 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Operation Phase. ・System operation consist of Initial Operation, Routine Operation and Post-mission Operation. ・Initial Operation consists of the activities in Critical phase, Tests On Orbit, Total Operation Test. Operation shall be performed by the system developer with the assistance of related suppliers. ・In Critical phase, a series of initial setting operation shall be performed such as the initial attitude control, solar panel deployment, antenna reflector deployment and so on. In Test On Orbit, function and performance tests of equipments are performed. Mission equipments shall be shall be calibrated tested. Orbital control shall be also performed. Total operation test shall be performed using both the satellite system and the ground system. In Routine Operation, the mission shall be achieved. Post-mission Operation is the operation for the disposal of the satellite.
- #40 【Point】 ・Controlling Process 【Explanation and Other Information】 ・Detailed explanation of prime managements which compose the controlling process is introduced “Management Program (1) and (2). ・Here, only whole image of the controlling process is introduced.
- #41 【Point】 ・Safety and Mission Assurance “Safety First” ・５ management activities 【Explanation and Other Information】 Controlling Process sustains Development Process. Basic concept of Controlling Process is based on “Safety First”. ---Controlling Process sustains Development Process. Basic concept of Controlling Process is based on “Safety First”. The following managements shall be pursued; ① Configuration Management ② Reliability Management ③ Quality Management ④ Risk Management ⑤ Safety Management Concept of Safety-critical is adopted in NPD 8700.1E “NASA Policy for Safety and Mission Success”.
- #42 【Point】 SAMMARY of Project Management 【Explanation and Other Information】 Project management is defined as the management activity that achieves the planned Project Scope under the prescribed constraints. For this purpose, it is important to perform the project management process which consist of Planning, Development and Control Process steadily.