Global warming is caused by an increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that trap heat in the atmosphere. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide. Increased levels of these gases have disrupted the climate system and caused impacts like rising sea levels, changes in water resources, reduced agricultural production, worsening human and animal health, and effects on plants and animals. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement for industrialized countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate global warming.

1. GLOBAL WARMING

2. What is global warming?
Global Warming is the increase of
Earth's average surface temperature
due to effect of greenhouse gases,
such as carbon dioxide emissions
from burning fossil fuels or from
deforestation, which trap heat that
would otherwise escape from Earth.
This is a type of greenhouse effect..

3. What are the Greenhouse Gases?
The most significant greenhouse
gas is actually water vapor, not
something produced directly by
humankind in significant
amounts. However, even slight
increases in atmospheric levels
of carbon dioxide (CO2) can
cause a substantial increase in
temperature.

4. Sources of green house effect
The gases responsible for green house effect are:
1. Carbon Di Oxide (CO2)
2. Methane (CH4)
3. Cloro Fluro Carbon (CFC)
4. Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
CO2 is responsible for half of the global
warming. In recent years, rise in CO2 level
ranging from 0.8 to 1.9 PP per year.

5. The concentrations of these gases are not
nearly as large as that of oxygen and nitrogen
(the main constituents of the atmosphere),
neither oxygen or nitrogen are greenhouse
gases. This is because neither has more than
two atoms per molecule (i.e. their molecular
forms are O2 and N2, respectively), and so
they lack the internal vibration modes that
molecules with more than two atoms have.
Both water and CO2, for example, have these
"internal vibration modes", and these
vibration modes can absorb and reradiate
infrared radiation, which causes the
greenhouse effect

6. This green house effect was first
recognized in 1827 by French
scientist. As a result of global
warming, the average temperature
would be about 19 degree instead
of 14 degree Celsius. There fore
our global climate depends on
earths concentration of GHGs. If
these concentration increase or
decrease, significantly our climate
will change accordingly.

7. Contributions to global warming
1985 data shows that developed
countries emission of CO2 was 3.95
billion tones and expected to rise
6.71 billion tones by 2025. The
developing countries emission is only
1.29 billion tones. India's
contribution to global warming is 4%
in 1990. India's CO2 contribution is
2.8% of global CO2 contribution and
methane is 2% of global level.

8. Impacts of global warming
RISE IN SEA LEVEL
The global warming results
the rise in sea level due to
melting of ice caps. Estimated
that sea level rises from 9 to
88 centimeters. It results flood
in many areas.

9. Impacts of global warming
WATER RESOURCES AND NATURAL DISASTERS
Global warming results the
destroying of normal cycle of
rain fall and evaporation,
balance of supply and demand
for water and expand the world
wide gap in water availability.

10. Impacts of global warming
IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE
Some species of agricultural
crops will be adversely effected
by higher temperature. The
production of winter wheat will
decreased by 55% in India by the
year 2010.

11. Impacts of global warming
IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH
Global warming adversely
effect human health. Intensified
heat will directly cause death
and disease. Indirect effect will
include organisms carrying
diseases.

12. Impacts of global warming
IMPACTS ON ANIMALS AND PLANTS
Global warming will cause
animals and plants to shift
their habitat to northern and
mountain areas. It is
anticipated that some will
become instinct if they cannot
migrate due to topographical
obstacles.

13. Impacts of global warming
IMPACT ON CITIES
In urban areas, rise in
temperature will increase
the use of water and
energy for cooking
purpose.

14. Suggestions to reduce the
global warming
1. Increased energy efficiency in consumption
and production
2. Switch over to law or non carbon fuels.
3. Using substances of CFC in refrigerator and
AC.
4. Increased full efficiency in vehicles through
proper maintenance.

15. Suggestions to reduce the
global warming
5. Reduce methane production.
6. Switch over to non-fossil fuel source of energy.
7. Increased a forestation.
8. Implement policy tools
a). Carbon tax
b). Transferable Discharge Permit (TDP).

16. Kyoto protocol
Kyoto protocol is an international
agreement linked to the UNCCC for 37
industrialized countries and the
European communities for reducing
green house gases. It is negotiated in
December 1997 at the city of Kyoto,
Japan and came into force in February
16th 2005.
The goal is reduce the emission from six
green house gases. It assigned a critical
role for a forestation activities that
absorb carbon.