The document discusses project management concepts including definitions, principles, planning tools, and types of plans. It defines project management as a methodological approach to achieving agreed upon results within specified timeframes and resources. Key principles discussed include clearly defined goals and objectives, consistency, effective planning/control, stakeholder management, and sustainability. Planning tools mentioned are logical frameworks, Gantt charts, and critical path analysis. Types of plans covered are strategic, operational, departmental, and individual plans. The document also discusses the project cycle, planning process, situational analysis, and importance of feedback for project management.

1. Project management and
planning
Prepared by koros
Supervisor, HOD CATHERINE ,.

2. DEFINITIONS
• Project management is a methodological approach to achieving agreed
upon results within a specified timeframe with available resources.
• It is accomplished through managerial processes of planning, organizing,
executing and controlling resources to achieve specific goals and objectives
within a defined timeline

3. Principles and concepts
Clearly defined goals and objectives
• A goal is an end point to be achieved by carrying out a project. Every project
should have a clear end point expressed in writing as part of the contents of
project documents. The project goal is defined during the project design stage.
Consistency
• For any project to succeed, one should keep focused to an end goal. It is
important to use various tools to ensure success of the project. This includes
schedules, task lists and budgets to keep the project on track. This ensures
adherence to the phases of the project cycle (13.4). This principle stipulates
adherence to the phases of project cycle and a well-informed decision-making
process.

4. Effective planning design and control
Projects are delivered under constraints of time, cost, scope and quality of
uncertain environment. Therefore, projects must be designed with the end (or
goal) in mind and involving stakeholders so that control is possible. This will
ensure sustainable benefits.
Effective stakeholder management
Stakeholder involvement in project management involves the use of
participatory planning workshops at key phases of the project cycle and the
formulation of the project purpose in terms of sustainable benefits to be
delivered to beneficiaries. Stakeholders can contribute their expert knowledge;
offer their political endorsement which is essential to the success of the project,
provide access (to power, influential people and or resources).

5. Effective change management
• In a project, set-up change is unavoidable. A flexible approach needs to be
maintained to absorb any changes that may arise but also not divert
completely from the initial plan and intended project objectives. Change
management is an approach to shifting or transitioning individuals, teams
and organizations from a current state to a desired future state. It is an
organizational process aimed at helping stakeholders to accept and embrace
changes in their environment.
• In some project management contexts, change management refers to a
process wherein changes to a project are formally introduced and approved.
Change management uses basic structures and tools to control any
organizational change effort.

6. The goal is to maximize benefits and minimize the change impacts on workers
and avoid distractions
Sustainability
• There should be aspects incorporated for sustainability of the project within
the plan at the project design stage. Sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In other words, it
ensures that today’s growth does not jeopardise the growth possibilities of
future generations

7. Project planning and design
Project planning -is the process of developing and maintaining or adapting a
project plan that provides supporting details to the project definition in terms
of resources, time, cost, scope and quality plan and schedules.
• The major inputs to project planning process are the ;scope statement,
environmental factor analysis, which include political, economic, technical,
social cultural and technological factors and a good understanding of the
resource requirements for the proposed activities

8. • The main output for project planning is the project management plan. The
planning phase involves ;
• scheduling of time
• costing and budgeting
• risk management.

9. Importance of project planning and design
Cost-effectiveness
• Project management provides a roadmap for the journey of success. It is the
greatest resource that allows the manager to understand available resources and
their use. Thus, with a plan in hand, it is easy to utilise the resources in the best
possible way. Project planning, prior to launching a project, identifies irrelevant
costs, reduces wastage of resources and thus ensures cost-effectiveness in the
longer run.
Better Productivity
• Project management keeps the quality of products and services in constant check
thus ensuring better productivity in terms of quality and quantity. This not only
helps the organisation in earning goodwill for a lifetime but also promises
customer satisfaction. Trustworthy quality of products and services is intended to
retain existing clientele and attracting new ones.

10. Minimisation of Risks
• By planning and analysing, a project manager can mitigate risks and be a part
of fair competition. Project management helps in identification of loopholes
and potential threats. Once these are singled out, the management can then
take decisions to change strategies to minimise risks that can negatively
affect productivity
Accomplishing Predetermined Goals
• Every viable organisation has goals and objectives which allow the
organisation or institution to fulfil its mission.
• Project management is the key tool for achieving predetermined targets in a
structured way. It decides the strategies that will be used to reach the goal
quickly. It is a structured way of getting to your objectives

11. Project cycle management
• Project cycle management is the systematic process of programming,
project identification, project appraisal, financing, implementing,
monitoring and evaluation. It is used to guide management activities and
decision making procedures during the life-cycle of a project from start to
end

12. Programming/project
concept
Project
identification/formulation
Project appraisal
financing
implementation
Monitoring
Evaluation

13. Planning tools
• Types of tools
Logical framework matrix
Gantt charts
Brainstorming
Fishbone diagrams
Project critical path analysis

14. Types of plans
• Strategic plans
• operational plans
• Departmental plans
• Individual plans

15. STRATEGIC PLANS
• Strategic planning is part of an organisation’s activities. It is
used to set priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen
operations, ensure that employees and stakeholders are
working towards common goals, establish agreement around
intended outcomes/results and assess and adjust the
organisation's direction in response to a changing
environment.
• This is done through establishing priorities, making of
strategic choices, pulling the entire organisation together
and providing an outline on the application of resources

16. • The strategic plan focuses on the following:
• Where we are now? This is based on a comprehensive
assessment of the internal and external environment.
• Where do we want to be?This is a picture (real or mental)
of the desired future x number of years from now.
• What keeps us or might keep us from moving to where
we want to be (obstacles)?.

17. Operational plans
• Annual operation plans, also known as annual operating plans or
annual business plans, are strategic documents that outline an
organization's goals, objectives, and strategies for a specific fiscal
year.
• These plans provide a roadmap for how the organization intends
to achieve its strategic objectives and manage its day-to-day
operations.
• Key components typically included in an annual operation plan:
I. Executive Summary: A concise overview of the plan,
highlighting key goals and strategies.

18. ii. Organizational Goals: Clear and measurable objectives that the
organization aims to achieve during the year.
iii. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Specific metrics used to
assess the progress and success of the organization's activities.
iv. Operational Strategies: Detailed plans and tactics that will be
implemented to achieve the stated goals. This section may cover
areas such as marketing, sales, operations, finance, human
resources, and technology.
v. Budget and Resource Allocation: Financial projections and
resource allocation plans to support the implementation of
strategies and achieve goals. This includes revenue forecasts,
expense budgets, and investment plans.

19. VI. Performance Measures: Methods for tracking and evaluating the
performance of various initiatives and activities within the
organization.
VII.Risk Assessment and Mitigation: Identification of potential risks
and challenges that may impact the organization's operations,
along with strategies to mitigate those risks.
VIII.Timeline and Milestones: A timeline indicating key milestones,
deadlines, and deliverables throughout the year to ensure timely
execution of the plan.
IX. Communication and Stakeholder Engagement: Strategies for
effectively communicating the plan to employees, stakeholders,
and other relevant parties, and engaging them in its
implementation.

20. x. Monitoring and Review: Processes for monitoring progress,
reviewing performance against targets, and making necessary
adjustments throughout the year. Annual operation plans serve as
a guiding document that aligns the efforts of different
departments and teams within an organization towards common
objectives. They provide a framework for decision-making and
resource allocation, helping to ensure that the organization
remains focused and accountable throughout the year

21. Departmental Plans
• A department plan defines the goals and activities a department will
undertake for a specified time period and may be included as a
section in the organisation’s overall plan. The department plan is
linked to the operation plan. It shows clear deliverables and output
for the department.
• Because different departments have different responsibilities, the
particular data needed for and useful in department business plans
varies widely.

22. • Mission and vision of the department
• The results of a situational analysis that is relevant to the mission of
the department;
• The goals of the department that derive from the mission, vision
and analysis.
• Overall strategies, sometimes called strategic thrusts or directions
• Objectives for each strategic direction
• Key performance indicators for the department
• The budget to support the plan
• The long term outlook.

23. Individual plans
• The individual plan has two component parts:The performance plan
and a (professional) development plan.
• The individual plan, sometimes called a performance agreement,
results from periodic conversations between the supervisor and
employee for a particular performance management cycle. Once
agreed, it is signed off by the functional head (or supervisor) to
ensure that resource implications are taken into account (and
provided).

24. • The individual plan link back to the departmental plan, and ultimately
the organisation’s or agency’s strategic plan, with all plans adding up
to create progress towards the vision within the confines of the
mission.
• The individual development plan includes the following:
• Key result areas
• Key performance indications and targets
• Individual action plans
• Professional development (continuing education) plans.

25. Project planning process
• The project planning process is a series of steps that project
managers and teams follow to create a comprehensive plan
for the successful execution of a project.
Steps of project planning process:
Define Project Objectives: Clearly articulate the project's
goals, objectives, and desired outcomes. This involves
understanding the project's purpose, identifying
stakeholders, and determining the project's scope.

26. Conduct Project Feasibility Analysis: Assess the feasibility of the
project by considering factors such as resource availability, budget
constraints, technical feasibility, legal and regulatory requirements,
and potential risks and challenges.
Identify Deliverables and Milestones: Determine the key deliverables
and milestones that will mark the progress of the project. Break down
the project scope into manageable components and define specific
outcomes or results for each

27. Create Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): Develop a hierarchical
breakdown of the project tasks and activities. This involves
decomposing the project scope into smaller, more manageable work
packages, subtasks, and activities.
Define Project Schedule: Determine the sequence and
dependencies of the project activities. Develop a timeline that
outlines the start and end dates for each task, along with any critical
paths or milestones that need to be met.
Allocate Resources: Identify the necessary resources for each task,
including personnel, equipment, materials, and budget. Ensure that
the required resources are available and allocated effectively to
support the project's execution

28. Develop Risk Management Plan: Identify potential risks and uncertainties that
may impact the project's success. Assess the likelihood and potential
impact of each risk and develop strategies to mitigate or respond to
them effectively.
Estimate Time and Cost: Estimate the time required to complete
each task or activity, considering factors such as task duration,
resource availability, and dependencies. Determine the project's
budget, including cost estimates for resources, materials, and any
additional expenses.
Create Communication and Reporting Plan: Define the project's
communication channels, frequency of updates, and reporting
mechanisms. Identify the stakeholders who need to be kept informed
and establish effective communication strategies.

29. Review and Gain Approval: Present the project plan to relevant stakeholders,
such as project sponsors or executives, for review and approval. Incorporate
any feedback or necessary revisions before finalizing the plan.
Document the Project Plan: Compile all the planning information into a
comprehensive project plan document. This document serves as a reference
and guide for the project team and stakeholders throughout the project's
execution.
Communicate and Distribute the Plan: Share the project plan with the project
team, ensuring that everyone understands their roles, responsibilities, and the
project's overall objectives. Distribute relevant sections of the plan to
stakeholders and other relevant parties.

30. Review and Update: Regularly review and update the project plan as
needed throughout the project's lifecycle. Monitor progress, track
changes, and adjust the plan as new information or circumstances
arise.
• The project planning process is an iterative and ongoing activity. It
sets the foundation for effective project execution, helping to align
efforts, manage resources, and ensure that the project stays on track
to achieve its objectives.

31. Situation analysis
• Situational analysis, also known as a project context analysis or
project environmental analysis, is a critical step in project
management that involves evaluating and understanding the
internal and external factors that may impact a project.
• It provides project managers with valuable insights into the
project's current situation and helps them make informed decisions
and develop effective strategies.

32. The key elements of a situational analysis in project management:
• Internal Analysis: This involves assessing the internal factors and
resources within the organization that can influence the project.
Consider factors such as the organization's structure, culture,
capabilities, available resources (human, financial, and technological),
and project team dynamics. Identify strengths, weaknesses, and
potential constraints that may affect project execution.

33. • External Analysis: Evaluate the external environment and factors that
can impact the project. This includes analyzing the political,
economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE)
factors. Consider industry trends, market conditions, regulatory
requirements, competitive landscape, and any other external forces
that may affect the project's success or create opportunities.
• Stakeholder Analysis: Identify and analyze the stakeholders who
have an interest in or influence over the project. Understand their
expectations, needs, and concerns. Evaluate their power, level of
influence, and potential impact on the project. This analysis helps in
developing appropriate stakeholder engagement strategies and
managing their expectations throughout the project.

34. • Risk Analysis: Identify and assess potential risks and uncertainties that may impact
the project's objectives and outcomes. This includes analyzing both internal and
external risks, such as technical risks, resource risks, market risks, legal risks, and
project-specific risks. Evaluate the likelihood and potential impact of each risk and
develop risk mitigation and contingency plans.
• SWOT Analysis: Conduct a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats)
analysis to identify the project's internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as
external opportunities and threats. This analysis helps in understanding the project's
competitive position, identifying areas for improvement, and identifying potential
opportunities to leverage.

35. • Historical Data Analysis: Review historical project data and lessons
learned from previous projects or similar initiatives. Analyze
successes, failures, challenges, and best practices to identify
patterns and insights that can guide decision-making and improve
project performance.
• Constraints and Assumptions: Identify any project constraints, such
as budget limitations, time constraints, resource availability, or
regulatory requirements. Also, document any assumptions made
during the planning process to ensure clarity and manage

36. feedback
• Feedback helps project managers and teams refine their plans, improve
decision-making, and ensure that the project stays on track
Key aspects of feedback
• Stakeholder Input: Gathering feedback from stakeholders, including project
sponsors, team members, clients, and end-users, is essential
• Regularly engage stakeholders through meetings, surveys, interviews, or
workshops to understand their expectations, requirements, and concerns.

37. • Expert Advice: Seek feedback from subject matter experts, experienced project
managers, or individuals with relevant expertise. Their knowledge and insights can
contribute to more informed decision-making and help identify potential gaps or risks in
the project plan
• Lessons Learned: Review feedback and lessons learned from previous projects or similar
initiatives. By analyzing successes, failures, and best practices, project managers can
incorporate valuable insights into the current project plan
• Iterative Planning: Encourage an iterative approach to planning where feedback is
actively sought and incorporated throughout the process. Regularly review and refine
the project plan based on the input received. This ensures that the plan remains
relevant, adaptable, and aligned with changing circumstances

38. • Performance Metrics: Establish key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics
to monitor progress and measure the success of the project plan. Continuously
track and analyze these metrics to identify areas for improvement and make
data-driven adjustments to the plan as needed
• Collaboration and Communication: Foster open communication channels
within the project team and encourage team members to provide feedback on
the project plan. This promotes collaboration, encourages diverse perspectives,
and helps identify potential issues or improvements.

39. • Project Reviews: Conduct regular project reviews or checkpoints to
evaluate the progress and effectiveness of the project plan. Use these
reviews as opportunities to gather feedback, assess performance against
the plan, identify deviations, and make necessary adjustments.
• Change Management: Feedback becomes particularly important when
changes occur during the project. Maintain open lines of communication
and gather feedback from stakeholders and team members when changes
are proposed or implemented. This helps ensure that the project plan can
be adjusted effectively to accommodate changes while minimizing
negative impacts.

40. • Documentation: Document all feedback received during the project
planning process. Ensure that it is properly recorded and incorporated
into the project plan or relevant project documentation. This ensures
transparency, traceability, and accountability.

41. Public involvement techniques
• Public involvement in the project management process is crucial for ensuring
transparency, accountability, and gaining support from stakeholders.
Techniques commonly used to facilitate public involvement:
• Stakeholder Analysis: Conduct a thorough analysis to identify all relevant
stakeholders, including community members, interest groups, and affected parties.
Categorize them based on their level of influence, interest, and potential impact on
the project
• Public Consultation: Organize public consultations to provide opportunities for
stakeholders to voice their opinions, concerns, and suggestions. This can include
public meetings, workshops, focus groups, surveys, and online platforms. Gather
feedback and consider it in the decision-making process.

42. • Information Sharing: Share project-related information, progress updates, and relevant
documents with the public. Use various channels such as project websites,
newsletters, social media, and local media outlets to disseminate information
effectively.
• Public Hearings: Hold public hearings to allow stakeholders to present their views,
concerns, and evidence related to the project. This formal process encourages
dialogue, allows for cross-examination, and ensures transparency.
• Collaboration and Partnerships: Foster collaboration with community organizations,
NGOs, or advocacy groups that represent the interests of specific communities or
causes. Engage them in the project planning and decision-making process to ensure
their perspectives are considered.

43. • Advisory Committees: Establish advisory committees composed of
representatives from diverse stakeholder groups. These committees can
provide ongoing input, review project plans, and offer recommendations to
project managers.
• Mediation and Facilitation: In situations where there are conflicting interests
or disputes, consider engaging a neutral third-party mediator or facilitator to
assist in finding common ground and reaching mutually acceptable solutions.
• Public Reporting: Provide regular reports on the project's progress, including
milestones achieved, challenges faced, and lessons learned. This ensures
transparency and builds trust with the public.

44. • Education and Awareness Programs: Conduct educational campaigns and
awareness programs to inform the public about the project's purpose,
benefits, potential impacts, and mitigation measures. This helps in managing
expectations and fostering understanding.
• Decision-making Involvement: Involve the public in decision-making processes
whenever possible. This can include participatory budgeting, voting on project
options, or engaging in consensus-building exercises

45. Community development
Community development refers to a process that aims to enhance the
quality of life and well-being of individuals within a particular community. It
involves collective efforts by community members, organizations, and
government agencies to address social, economic, and environmental issues.
The key focus of community development is empowering individuals and
communities to actively participate in decision-making processes and take
ownership of their development

46. Concepts
Empowerment: Community development emphasizes empowering individuals
and communities to take control of their own development. This involves
providing resources, skills, and opportunities for community members to become
active participants in decision-making and problem-solving processes.
Participation: Active participation of community members is crucial in
community development. It involves engaging individuals in planning,
implementing, and evaluating projects and initiatives that affect their lives.
Participation ensures that community needs and aspirations are heard and
addressed.
.

47. • Collaboration: Community development promotes collaboration among
various stakeholders, including community members, organizations, and
government agencies. Collaborative efforts facilitate the sharing of resources,
expertise, and responsibilities to achieve common goals and maximize the
impact of community development initiatives.
• Sustainability: Sustainable development is an essential principle in community
development. It involves implementing strategies and initiatives that meet the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs. Sustainable community development considers
environmental, social, and economic factors to ensure long-term positive
outcomes

48. Community Work:
• Community work refers to the practice of engaging with communities to
address their needs, promote social justice, and facilitate positive
change.
• It involves working directly with community members, organizations,
and institutions to identify challenges, develop strategies, and
implement initiatives that benefit the community as a whole.
Community workers often serve as facilitators, advocates, and
coordinators, supporting community members in their efforts to
improve their lives and environments.

49. Case Work:
• Case work, also known as casework, is a method of individualized social work
practice that focuses on addressing the needs and challenges of specific
individuals or families.
• In case work, social workers or community workers work closely with
individuals to assess their situation, identify strengths and weaknesses, set
goals, and develop strategies to address their issues.
• Case work involves conducting assessments, providing counseling or support,
advocating for services, and coordinating resources to help individuals achieve
their desired outcomes

50. Group Work:
• Group work involves bringing together individuals facing similar challenges or
sharing common goals to participate in a structured process facilitated by a
professional or trained individual.
• The group setting provides a supportive and collaborative environment for
members to share experiences, learn from each other, develop skills, and work
towards common objectives.
• Group work can be used in various community development contexts, such as
support groups, educational workshops, or community action planning
sessions, to foster mutual support, skill-building, and collective problem-

51. Community organisations
• Community organizations play a crucial role in addressing the needs
and improving the well-being of communities.
• They are typically nonprofit or voluntary groups that work at the local
level to address specific issues or promote positive change. They
include:
Nonprofit Organizations: These organizations are established to
fulfill a specific mission or purpose, such as providing healthcare
services, supporting education, or addressing social issues like
poverty or homelessness.

52. Community Development Corporations (CDCs): CDCs focus on improving
the economic and social conditions within a specific community or
neighborhood. They may work on affordable housing, job creation, small
business development, or other initiatives that enhance the local
economy.
Community Action Agencies (CAAs): CAAs are organizations that receive
funding from the government to address poverty-related issues. They
provide a range of services like energy assistance, food programs,
employment training, and housing support.

53. • Advocacy Groups: These organizations work to raise awareness about specific
issues and advocate for policy changes or social reforms. They often mobilize
community members, organize campaigns, and engage in lobbying efforts to
bring about positive change
• Volunteer Organizations: These groups rely on the contribution of volunteers to
carry out their initiatives. They may focus on areas like disaster response,
environmental conservation, healthcare outreach, or community education.
• Community projects can vary widely depending on the specific needs and
priorities of a community. Examples include:
• .

54. • Health and Wellness Programs: These projects aim to promote healthy
lifestyles, disease prevention, and access to healthcare services. They may
include initiatives like health screenings, vaccination drives, health education
campaigns, or setting up community health clinics
• Environmental Initiatives: Projects focused on environmental sustainability
can involve activities such as community gardens, recycling programs, clean-
up campaigns, or advocacy for renewable energy.

55. • Education and Youth Development: Community projects in this area may
involve after-school programs, tutoring services, mentorship programs, career
development workshops, or initiatives to enhance educational opportunities
for disadvantaged youth.
• Community Infrastructure: Projects related to community infrastructure focus
on improving facilities such as parks, community centers, playgrounds,
libraries, or public transportation systems

56. National projects
• National projects are larger-scale initiatives that aim to address issues at a
national level. They often involve collaboration between various stakeholders,
including government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and community
groups.
Examples of national projects may include:
• Public Health Campaigns: National projects focused on public health can
include initiatives like nationwide vaccination drives, disease prevention
campaigns, or efforts to address specific health concerns such as obesity or
smoking.

57. • Disaster Response and Recovery: These projects involve national coordination
and resources to respond to and recover from natural disasters or emergencies.
They may include efforts to provide immediate relief, rebuild infrastructure, or
enhance disaster preparedness.
• Infrastructure Development: National projects in this area can include the
construction or improvement of major transportation networks, energy grids, or
communication systems to enhance connectivity and economic growth

58. Role of a nurse in community organization
• Nurses play a vital role in promoting and maintaining the health and
well-being of individuals, families, and communities.
• Some of the key roles of nurses in community settings include:
• Health Promotion and Education: Nurses educate community
members about healthy lifestyles, disease prevention, and self-
care practices. They may conduct workshops, provide health
screenings, and offer guidance on managing chronic conditions.

59. • Care Coordination: Nurses coordinate and deliver healthcare services in
community clinics, schools, or home care settings. They assess individuals'
health needs, develop care plans, administer medications, and provide
ongoing monitoring and support.
• Advocacy: Nurses advocate for the health needs of individuals and
communities, working to ensure equitable access to healthcare services and
resources. They may collaborate with community organizations and
policymakers to address health disparities and promote health equity.
• Disaster Preparedness and Response

60. Identification of community needs
• Involves understanding the challenges, strengths, and aspirations of a
community to effectively address their needs and improve their overall well-
being.
• Conduct surveys, interviews, and focus groups: Engage with community
members to gather their perspectives, concerns, and aspirations. Use
various methods to ensure representation from diverse groups within the
community.
• Review existing data: Analyze available data from government reports,
census data, health records, and other relevant sources to identify trends,
disparities, and areas of concern.

61. • Consult with community stakeholders: Collaborate with local organizations,
leaders, and service providers to gain insights into community needs and
existing initiatives.
• Assess community assets and resources: Identify the existing strengths,
resources, and capacities within the community that can be leveraged to
address its needs.
• Prioritize needs: Analyze the collected information to determine the most
pressing needs of the community based on urgency, impact, and feasibility.

62. Community diagnosis
• Process through which health workers together with members of
the community identify the community’s priority problems and
together make plans for action and implement them.
• Community’s full participation depends on for concepts of primary
health care:
I. Accessibility
II. Acceptability
III. Affordability
IV. Availability

63. Types of community
diagnosis
• Comprehensive community
diagnosis- aims at obtaining
general information about the
community
• Problem oriented community
diagnosis- responds to a particular
need

64. Purpose of community diagnosis
• Community diagnosis is carried out to collect information on the following;
I. Demographic statistics
II. Causes of morbidity and mortality by age and gender
III. Mch/family planning services
IV. Nutrition- diet, weaning methods of the community
V. Leadership and communication between the community
VI. Epidemiological details of endemic diseases
VII. Sources of water
VIII.Housing.....

65. Ethical considerations in community diagnosis
Obtain permission to enter into the community boundaries
Obtain informed consent before interviewing your clients
Establish a rapport before exploring sensitive areas
Confidentiality of data collected
Training interviewers

67. Community diagnosis uses
Identify at risk and high risk population-elderly, troubled teens,
unemployed, low birth weight, Women without prenatal care
Assess nutritional needs ; housing ,jobs , social services etc...
Assess changing population trends
Identify trends in illnesses and deaths and factors which may
cause these events
Identify community perception about health issues
Collecting data regarding specific population

68. Process of community diagnosis
The nursing process commonly consists of five phases:
• Community assessment;
• Community diagnosis;
• Planning;
• Implementation and;
• Evaluation.

69. 1.Community Assessment
Involves needs assessment
Community assessment includes;
• Collecting pertinent community data
• Analyzing and interpreting the collected data

70. 2. Community analysis
• The phases of analysis include:
1. Data categorization (demographic, geographic, socioeconomic,
health resource and services…etc)
2. Data summarization (rates, charts graphs…etc.)
3. Comparing data (with similar data, identification of data gaps,
incongruence…etc)
4. Draw inferences (draw logical conclusions from the evidence)

71. 3. Community diagnosis
1. Description of the problem (specific target or groups)
2. Identification of factors/etiology related to (r/t) the problem
3. The sign and symptoms (the manifestations) that characteristics of the
problem.
Example: Inadequate ANC r/t inadequate health informationor service
accessibility as evidenced by 70% of female delivering at hospital with no
antenatal care

72. 4. Planning
It is a logical, decision making process of design and orderly , detailed
programs of action to accomplish specific goals an objectives based
on assessment of the community and the nursing diagnosis
formulated.

75. 5. Implementation
• Implementation is putting the plan into actions and actually
carrying out the activities delineated in the Plan, either by nurse
or other professionals
• Community interventions are the therapeutic actions designed
to promote and protect the community

76. Key areas of nursing intervention in the community are:
• link the community members with the available resources
• pulls together information and resources to assist community in
addressing its health concern and problems
• marinating its strength through facilitation, education, organization,
consultation and direct data

77. 6. Evaluation
• It is systematic, continuous process of comparing the
community’s response with the outcome as defined by the plan
of care.
• The ultimate purpose of evaluating interventions in community
health nursing is to determine weather planned actions met
client needs, if so how well they were met, and if not why not.

79. Importance of community diagnosis
• Involved in the decision-making process, helps them understand the difficult
choices that need to be made, and builds support and commitment for
addressing health needs on a community-wide basis.
• Can be used to guide policy and program development.
• Can assist in mapping out links and interdependence to other sectors.
• Can provide insight into the fundamental causes and pathways of identify
opportunities for disease prevention, health promotion and health protection

80. Cont…..
• Provides baseline information about the health status of community
residents.
• Ensures that decisions are based on solid information and evidence.
• Helps Regional Health Authorities assess outcomes and results in
the longer term

81. Community development approaches
Multidisciplinary Approach:
The multidisciplinary approach emphasizes collaboration and involvement
of professionals from various disciplines such as social work, public health,
urban planning, and education. These professionals work together to
address the complex needs of a community. The approach recognizes that
community development requires diverse expertise and perspectives to
tackle social, economic, and environmental challenges effectively.
.

82. Directive Approach:
• The directive approach involves an authoritative and top-down style
of community development. In this approach, a central authority or
government agency takes the lead in identifying community needs,
setting goals, and implementing strategies
• The decision-making power lies primarily with the authority, which
may provide resources, guidelines, and regulations to guide the
development process. While this approach can ensure efficient

83. Non-directive Approach:
• The non-directive approach, also known as the facilitative or grassroots
approach, emphasizes community empowerment and self-determination. It
encourages active involvement of community members in identifying their
needs, setting priorities, and designing and implementing solutions. The role of
external agencies or professionals is to facilitate and support the community's
efforts rather than imposing pre-defined solutions. This approach aims to build
local capacity and sustainable community ownership.

84. Bureaucratic Approach:
• The bureaucratic approach relies on established procedures, rules, and
regulations to guide community development initiatives. It often involves
multiple layers of government bureaucracy, where decisions are made based on
predefined policies and protocols. This approach can provide structure,
accountability, and consistency in implementation, but it may be rigid and slow
to respond to the dynamic needs of the community. It is important to balance
bureaucratic processes with flexibility to foster community engagement

85. Community care; project process
Project Identification:
• Identify the need or issue in the community that requires attention and care.
• Conduct a needs assessment to gather information about the specific
challenges, resources, and stakeholders involved.
• Set goals and objectives for the project based on the identified needs.

86. Planning:
• Develop a detailed project plan that outlines the steps, activities, and timeline
for implementation.
• Identify the resources required, such as funding, personnel, and materials.
• Formulate a budget for the project, considering both the expenses and
potential sources of funding.
• Determine the roles and responsibilities of project team members and
stakeholders.
• Establish communication channels and strategies for effective collaboration

87. Implementation:
• Execute the planned activities and initiatives outlined in the project plan.
• Mobilize resources, including volunteers, community members, and any
external partners or organizations involved.
• Monitor progress and ensure that the project is being implemented according
to the established timeline and objectives.
• Adjust the implementation strategies as needed based on feedback and
emerging issues.

88. Evaluation:
• Assess the outcomes and impacts of the project in relation to the stated goals and
objectives.
• Gather data and feedback through various evaluation methods, such as surveys,
interviews, or focus groups.
• Analyze the collected information to determine the effectiveness of the project and
identify areas for improvement.
• Use the evaluation findings to inform future decision-making and enhance the
sustainability and impact of the project.
• Share the evaluation results with stakeholders and the broader community to