This document covers several key topics for project management including machinery and equipment selection, environmental aspects, structures and civil works, and project charts and layouts. It discusses determining machinery needs based on production levels, selecting appropriate equipment types, and factors to consider for procurement. Environmental impact assessment is described as an important tool for developing management plans to reduce obstacles. Structures and civil works involve site preparation activities. Project charts can include functional layouts, material flow diagrams, and plant layouts depicting the physical arrangement.

1. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
MSE 1
TOPICS COVERED:
1. Machinery and Equipment
2. Structure and Civil Work
3. Environmental Aspects
4. Project Charts and Layouts

2.  Machinery & Equipment requirement depends upon the
production technology and plant capacity of the proposed
project.
 Steps to select machinery and equipment for a project:
1. Estimate levels of production over time
2. Define various machining and operations
3. Calculate machine hours required for each type of
operations
4. Select equipment and machinery for each function
1.1.1. Machinery & Equipment
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3.  Types of Machinery and equipment:
1. Plant equipment
2. Mechanical equipment
3. Electrical equipment
4. Instruments
5. Controls and internal transportation system
6. Spare parts & tools
 Things to be considered while selecting machinery and equipment:
1. Availability of power to rum machines
2. Transporting heavy equipment
3. Ease of use
4. Import policies of Govt. if the machines are to be imported from a
foreign country
 Factored affecting the procurement of machinery:
1. Quality of machinery
2. Level of technical sophistication
3. Reputation of supplier
4. Expected delivery schedule
5. Payment terms
6. Performance guarantees
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4.  Size of the job: Larger volumes of excavation will require larger
excavators, or smaller excavators in greater number.
 Activity time constraints: Shortage of time for excavation may force
contractors to increase the size or numbers of equipment for activities
related to excavation.
 Availability of equipment: Productivity of excavation activities will
diminish if the equipment used to perform them is available but not the
most adequate.
 Cost of transportation of equipment: This cost depends on the size of
the job, the distance of transportation, and the means of transportation.
 Type of excavation: Principal types of excavation in building projects are
cut and/or fill, excavation massive, and excavation for the elements of
foundation. The most adequate equipment to perform one of these
activities is not the most adequate to perform the others.
Choice of Machinery
(with the example of an excavation project)
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5.  Soil characteristics: The type and condition of the soil is important when
choosing the most adequate equipment since each piece of equipment
has different outputs for different soils. Moreover, one excavation pit
could have different soils at different stratums.
 Geometric characteristics of elements to be excavated: Functional
characteristics of different types of equipment makes such
considerations necessary.
 Space constraints: The performance of equipment is influenced by the
spatial limitations for the movement of excavators.
 Characteristics of haul units: The size of an excavator will depend on the
haul units if there is a constraint on the size and/or number of these units.
 Location of dumping areas: The distance between the construction site
and dumping areas could be relevant not only for selecting the type and
number of haulers, but also the type of excavators.
 Weather and temperature: Rain, snow and severe temperature
conditions affect the job-site productivity of labour and equipment.DIKSHA PRAKASH 5

6.  WHY?
For manufacturing a product, more than one
process/technology may be available.
For example, steel can be manufactured either by the
Bessemer process or by the open-hearth process.
Cement can be manufactured either by the wet
process or by the dry process.
1.1.2. Choice of Technology
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7.  Depends on quality and quantity of product.
 If quantity increases then, mass production technique
with relevant technology is required.
 Quality depends upon what use it is meant for. Eg:
(a) Any pharmaceutical grade product should have high
quality and hence demands sophisticated technology.
(b) Any product for commercial use doesn’t need to be of
extra high quality.
Selection of Process/ Technology
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8.  For technology, latest technology should be chosen
provided it has no constraints & proves successful for
large scale production at factory.
 Any technology protected by patent rights can be
purchased outright if the cost of acquisition is
affordable.
 The term ‘appropriate technology’ is the one suitable
for local economic, social and cultural conditions.
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9. Appropriate technology can be identified by asking the
following questions:
1. Does the technology makes use of the locally available
raw material ?
2. Can the technology by implemented and maintained by
the locally available man power ?
3. Is the technology in tune with the local social and
cultural conditions ?
4. Does the technology protects ecological balance etc. ?
Appropriate Technology
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10.  Often, the basic flaw in project planning and design is the
complete neglect or minimal consideration of
environmental and social costs and dependence only on
economic analysis for project preparation and investment.
 A failure to understand and internalize adverse or negative
impacts on environment during project preparation could
lead to several undesirable consequences, which may
ultimately jeopardize the very objectives of growth and
development for which the project was proposed.
1.2. Environmental Aspects
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11.  Environment management reduces the unforeseen
obstacles and bottlenecks that may otherwise
hamper the delivery of project objectives while
helping to improve the environmental performance
of project operations.
 Environmental impact assessment (EIA) study is
suggested as a tool for formulating an environment
management plan
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12. Environmental Impact Analysis
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13.  For Example, a forest ecosystem is a complete
ecosystem which provides food, shelter to a wide
variety of species. It provides firewood, resins,
timber, medicinal herbs, etc.. to us. Therefore forests
are our lifeline. Whenever a project is undertaken
which demands clearing of the forest like
construction of road or a dam, then EIA helps us to
access the impact of that activity on this life line. It
also suggests alternate project sites and alternate
process technologies.
Example:
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14.  Surface water quality ?
 Air quality ?
 Seismology/geology impact?
 Erosion ?
 Land quality ?
 Fisheries ?
 Forests ?
 Terrestrial wildlife ?
 Noise?
 Archaeological/historical significance ?
 Public health ?
FAQ : Environmental aspects
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15.  Site preparation and development ( grading and levelling
of the site, demolition and removal of existing structure,
relocation of existing pipelines, cables, roads, power lines
etc. connection of public network like electric power,
water, communications, transportations etc. )
 Building and Structures ( involves construction of factory
or process building, ancillary buildings, administrative
buildings, residential buildings)
 Outdoor works ( involves the supply and distribution of
utilities, handling and treatment of emission, wastages,
transportation, supervision etc)
1.3. Structures and Civil Works
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16.  Technical Analysis of a project for buildings,
structures and civil works involves the preparation
and development of site which includes
1. Grading and levelling of land
2. Demolition of existing structures
3. Relocation of pipeline, cables, roads
4. Reclamation of sewers and drainage
5. Connections for utilities
6. Arranging for electricity, water etc.
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17.  General functional layout
 Material flow diagram
 Production line diagram
 Transport layout
 Utility consumption layout
 Communication layout
 Organizational layout
 Plant layout
1.4. Project charts and Layout
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18.  General Functional Layout shows the functional relationship between
building, civil works and machines. It facilitates smooth and
economical movement of raw materials, work in progress and
finished products.
 Material flow diagram shows the quantum of flow of materials, work-
in-progress, finished products etc. along with the basic flow of these
items.
 Product Line Diagram shows the production process envisaged for
the project. It also shows the vital information for the main machines
and equipment's (description, location, foundation, space
requirement, power and utilities required, distance between one
centre to another etc.)
 Plant Layout indicates the physical layout of the entire factory. In
case of the process industry, the plant layout depends upon the
production process involved chronologically.
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19.  Utility Consumption Layout shows main points of consumption
of utilities and the qualities and quantities required.
 Transport Layout indicates the distance and means of
transportation outside the production line.
 Communication layout shows how various departments of the
project are connected with the communication system.
 Organization layout indicates the organization structure of the
project, the interrelationship between different departments
and the manpower required for the various departments.
 Plant Layout refers to the arrangement of physical facilities
such as machinery, equipment, furniture etc. with in the factory
building in such a manner so as to have quickest flow of
material at the lowest cost.DIKSHA PRAKASH 19

20.  “Project Management & Control” : Subhash Chandra Das. ISBN:
8120344502
 http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/04_Labor,_Material,_And_Equipment_
Utilization.html
 http://ijiset.com/vol3/v3s5/IJISET_V3_I5_16.pdf
 http://www.bbamantra.com/technical-analysis-of-a-project/
 https://enviroliteracy.org/environment-
society/economics/environmental-impact-analysis/
 http://www.newagepublishers.com/samplechapter/001059.pdf
 www.ef.uns.ac.rs/mis/archive-pdf/2008%20-
%20No1/MIS2008_1_1.pdf
 https://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header
&q=project+management
REFERENCES
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