This document provides an overview of several programming languages including machine language, assembly language, high-level languages like FORTRAN, ALGOL, LISP, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, ADA, SQL, Smalltalk, C, C++, C#, Python and Java. It describes the purpose and key features of each language such as their level of abstraction, syntax, data structures, and application.

1. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
BY: FATIMA ABDUL RAHMAN

2. MACHINE LANGUAGE
 Machine language is collection of binary digits or bits.
 Core language of computer system.
 Computers can understand machine language but difficult for humans to read and write.
 Consists of numeric codes for the operation that a computer executes directly.
 Codes are in the form of 0's and 1's.
 All the high level language are compiled in machine language.
 Example of 'hello world' in machine language:
"01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100000 01010111 01101111 01110010
01101100 01100100"

3. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
 Introduced in1949.
 Uses Mnemonic codes.
 Designed to be easily translated into machine language.
 One of the drawbacks of assembly language is that it requires detailed knowledge of computer
architecture.
 Useful for a programmer when programming a computer to interact with input and output devices(such
as scanner, printer, CD/DVD, etc.

4. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES
 High languages are close to human language.
 Easy syntax.
 Converted into low level or machine language.
 Easy to understand and interpret.
 Programmer’s friendly language.

5. FORTRAN
 Acronym of "Formula Transistor".
 Designed in 1957 by an IBM team lead by John Backus.
 High level language which implemented the concept of algorithm.
 Main purposefor the scientific computations with real numbers and collectionof them organized in the
form of arrays(one or multidimensional)
 Included control structures (Conditional statements, loops, GOTO statement.
 Included mathematical operations in the form of libraries

6. ALGOL
 Acronym of "Algorithmic language".
 Designed by a community of American and European scientists during 1958-1960.
 Had recursive subprograms (Recursive subprograms have the ability to call themselves to solve the
problem by reducing it to smaller problem of the same kind.)
 Introduced block structures (Program composed of blocks contain both data and instructions.
 Helps in creating large program out of small components.

7. LISP
 Acronym of "List Processing".
 Developed during 1958-1960 by John McCarthy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT).
 Founded on mathematical theory of recursive functions.
 It is applied to data, rather being a sequence of procedural steps as in FORTRAN and ALGOL.
 Has become a common language for Artificial Intelligence (AI) programming.

8. COBOL
 Acronym of "Common Business Oriented Language".
 Developed in 1959.
 Uses English like Notation.
 Introduced record data structure.
 Used for application programs.
 Cannot use it to write system software.
 Record data structure is a novel concept introduced by COBOL and appear in all modern computer
languages.

9. BASIC
 Acronym of "Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
 Designed at Dartmouth College in 1960 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz.
 Had simple data structures and was interpreted.
 A BASIC program is translated line by line and executed as it was translated and this made it easy to
locate programming errors.

10. PASCAL
 Designed by Niklaus Writh of Switzerland, in 1970.
 Purpose was to teach structured programming.
 Focused on orderly use of of conditional and loop control structures (without GOTO statements).
 Provided the ability to define data types to organize complex notations.
 Most widely used programming languages during 1970's and 1980's.

11. ADA
 Designed by John Ichbiah and team.
 Designed for long lived and large applications and for embedded systems.
 Supports new and changing technologies.
 Helps you design reliable and efficient code.

12. SQL
 Acronym for "Structured Query language".
 Developed by Donald D.Chamberlin and Raymond F.Boyce in 1974.
 Language for organizing of the databases.
 Let's you access and manipulate databases.
 Commercial database programs like Oracle and Microsoft SQL server use SQL type language for their
queries.

13. SMALLTALK
 Object Oriented Paradigm Programming.
 Developed and designed by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls and others at Xerox PARC.
 Introduced the concepts of Objects, Classes, Inheritance, Encapsulation and Messages for interaction.
 Released in 1980 as Smalltalk-80 System.

14. C LANGUAGE
 Developed by Dennis Ritchie and Brain Kernighan in 1972 at AT&T Corporation.
 Procedural Programming language.
 High level langauge.
 Highly efficient.
 Write once, compile everywhere (standard C is portable as we can write the program in one system and
can compile it on any other system without any kinda change).

15. C++
 Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T in 1983.
 Enhanced version of C by adding Object Oriented Paradigm.
 Middle level language (encapsulates of both high and low level language).
 Supports procedural, object oriented and generic programming.

16. C#
 Designed by Anders Hejisberg.
 general purpose, structured and multi-paradigm programming language.

17. PYTHON
 Created by Guido Van Rossum in 1991.
 It is general purpose, high level, object oriented programming language.
 It has a very easy syntax and we can write codes in fewer lines as compared to other languages.
 It is highly readable.
 It is easy to learn, understand, read, debug and maintain.
 Simple print statement in python: print(“Hello! World”)

18. JAVA
 Developed by James Gosling, at Sun Microsystems.
 It is a class based, object oriented programming language.
 It’s fast and secure.
 Easy to understand.

19. THANK YOU
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