Computer programming involves writing instructions to enable computers to perform processes. Programming languages allow humans to communicate with computers through specific sets of words, symbols, and codes. Some of the earliest programming languages included FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, BASIC, PL/1, Pascal, and C. Many modern languages like C++, Java, and Visual Basic were influenced by these early languages and were created to serve different purposes like systems programming, business applications, and building graphical user interfaces.

1. Introduction to ComputerIntroduction to Computer
ProgrammingProgramming
Grade 10 - ICT

2. The Concept of Computer ProgrammingThe Concept of Computer Programming
 The purpose of computer programming is to create sets of
instructions to enable a computer to do a certain process.
 It is the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and
maintaining the source code of computer programs.

3. What is a Programming Language?What is a Programming Language?
A Programming Language is a set of
words, symbols and codes that enable
human to communicate with computers.
A good Programming style requires using
programming concepts that are usually
associated with different models.

4. II. History ofII. History of
Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages

5. Early LanguagesEarly Languages
 Pseudocode- Most software programs are developed
using a programming language, like C++ or Java. These
languages have a specific syntax that must be adhered to
when writing program's source code. Pseudocode, on the
other hand, is not a programming language, but simply an
informal way of describing a program. It does not require
strict syntax, but instead serves as a general
representation of a program's functions. Since each
programming language uses a unique syntax structure,
understanding the code of multiple languages can be
difficult. Pseudocode remedies this problem by using
conventional syntax and basic English phrases that are
universally understood.

7. Early LanguagesEarly Languages
 FORTRAN – One of the oldest programming languages, the
FORTRAN was developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by
John Backus, and was first published in 1957. The name FORTRAN
is an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, because it was designed
to allow easy translation of math formulas into code.
 The objective during it's design was to create a programming
language that would be: simple to learn, suitable for a wide variety
of applications, machine independent, and would allow complex
mathematical expressions to be stated similarly to regular algebraic
notation.

8. Early LanguagesEarly Languages
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)- primarily
used for business, finance and administrative systems for
companies and government. It is imperative procedural and
since 2002, object oriented. Appeared in 1959, designed by
Grace Hopper.

9. Early Languages- ALGOL based languagesEarly Languages- ALGOL based languages
ALGOL means “ALGOrithmic Language.
ALGOL 60 (ALGOL 1960) - the first language
implementing nested function definitions
with lexical scope.

10. Early Languages- ALGOL based languagesEarly Languages- ALGOL based languages
 BASIC- Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz
 They wanted to enable students in fields other than science and mathematics
to use computers. At that time, nearly all use of computers required writing
custom software, which was something only scientists and mathematicians
tended to learn.

11. Early Languages- ALGOL based languagesEarly Languages- ALGOL based languages
 PL/1- Programming language 1, designed by IBM and
SHARE Language Development Committee in 1964.
 Is a computer programming language designed for scientific,
engineering, business and systems programming
applications. It has been used by various academic,
commercial and industrial organizations since it was
introduced in the 1960s, and continues to be actively used as
of 2011.

12. Early Languages- ALGOL based languagesEarly Languages- ALGOL based languages
 PASCAL- designed in 1968-1969 and named after the
mathematician Blaise Pascal. This was created by Niklaus
Wirth. Many of its features came from other languages like
ALGOL 68, ALGOL-W, and COBOL. PASCAL has been
most useful as a teaching tool and is employed as a
beginner’s programming language. By the mid-1970s, it was
the most widely used language for instruction.

13. Early Languages- ALGOL based languagesEarly Languages- ALGOL based languages
 C – is a general purpose programming language initially
developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at
AT&T Bell Labs. C is one of the most widely used
programming languages of all time, and C compilers are
available for the majority of available the majority of
available computer architectures and operating systems.

14. Early Languages- 1980s and beyondEarly Languages- 1980s and beyond
PROLOG –
PROgramming in
LOGic, designed by
Alain Colmerauer
in 1972 and was
popularly known,
when the software
for the BURAN
spacecraft was
written in
PROLOG
programming
language.

15. Early Languages- 1980s and beyondEarly Languages- 1980s and beyond
 C++ - designed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983. It is designed with a bias for
systems programming, embedded systems, operating systems, with
performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its design requirements. C+
+ has also been found useful in many other contexts including desktops
applications, servers, performance critical applications like telephone
switches, space probes and entertainment software such as video games.

16. Early Languages- 1980s and beyondEarly Languages- 1980s and beyond
 JAVA – is specifically designed
to let application developers
“write once, run anywhere”
(WORA), meaning that code
that runs on one platform does
not need to be recompiled to
run on another. JAVA is as of
2014, one of the most popular
programming languages in use,
particularly for client-server
applications, with a reported 9
million developers.
 Java was developed by James
Gosling at Sun Microsystems
which has since merged into
Oracle Corporation and
released in 1995.

17. Early Languages- 1980s and beyondEarly Languages- 1980s and beyond
 Visual Basic- is a third
generation integrated
development environment
from Microsoft which was first
released in 1991. Microsoft
intended Visual Basic to be
relatively easy to learn and
use. VB was derived from
BASIC and enables the
development of Graphical
User Interface (GUI)
applications, and access to
databases.
 A programmer can create
application using the
components provided by the
VB program itself.