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From Changes to Dynamics: Dynamics Analysis of Linked Open Data Sources
1. Institute for Web Science & Technologies – WeST
From Changes to Dynamics:
Dynamics Analysis of Linked Open
Data Sources
Renata Dividino, Thomas Gottron
Ansgar Scherp, Gerd Gröner
May 26th, 2014
PROFILES Workshop, Crete
7. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 7Dynamics of LOD
Change Metrics
Comparison of two RDF data sets (e.g. from different
points in time)
Xi : Set of triple statements
Numeric expression for „distance“
Example:
X1
X2
Δ 0,¥[ )
DJaccard X1, X2( ) =1-
X1 Ç X2
X1 È X2
8. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 8Dynamics of LOD
Toy example: Changes Analysis of LOD
1st snapshot
GerdInstitute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
9. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 9Dynamics of LOD
Toy example: Changes Analysis of LOD
1st snapshot
GerdInstitute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
2nd snapshot
Institute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
Institute
Paluno
10. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 10Dynamics of LOD
Toy example: Changes Analysis of LOD
Changes detected between 1st and 2nd snapshot
1. Deleted: <InstituteWEST hasMember Gerd>
2. New: <InstitutePaluno hasMember Gerd >
1st snapshot
GerdInstitute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
2nd snapshot
Institute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
Institute
Paluno
11. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 11Dynamics of LOD
Toy example: Changes Analysis of LOD
1st snapshot
GerdInstitute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
2nd snapshot
Institute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
Institute
Paluno
3rd snapshot
Institute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
12. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 12Dynamics of LOD
Toy example: Changes Analysis of LOD
1st snapshot 2nd snapshot 3rd snapshot
GerdInstitute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
Institute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
Institute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
Institute
Paluno
Changes detected between 2nd and 3rd snapshot
1. New: <InstituteWEST hasMember Gerd>
2. Deleted: <InstitutePaluno hasMember Gerd >
13. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 13Dynamics of LOD
Toy example: Changes Analysis of LOD
1st snapshot 2nd snapshot 3rd snapshot
GerdInstitute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
Institute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
Institute
ZBW
Institute
WeST
Thomas
Gerd
Ansgar
Renata
Institute
Paluno
Changes detected between 1st and 3rd snapshot
None!
15. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 15Dynamics of LOD
Requirements
Dynamics function Θ
quantify the evolution of a dataset X over a period of time
Qti
tj
(X)= Q(Xtj
)-Q(Xti
) ³ 0
Q
Dynamics as
amount of
evolution
Timeti tj
X
16. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 16Dynamics of LOD
Constructing a Dynamics Function
Function Θ difficult to define directly
Indirect definition over a change rate function c(Xt)
Q(Xtj
)-Q(Xti
) = c Xt( )
ti
tj
ò dt
Time
Q
c
ti tj
X
17. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 17Dynamics of LOD
Change Rate Function
Also c(Xt) not explicitely known!
But can be approximated!
Given snapshots of the data in small time intervals:
The change rate can be approximated via change metrics:
D Xti
, Xti-1
( )
ti -ti-1
ti-1®ti
¾ ®¾¾ c Xti
( )=
d
dt
Q(Xti
)
18. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 18Dynamics of LOD
Dynamics Framework
Approximating c(Xt) as step function
Timeti tj
Q
c
Qt1
tn
(X) = D Xti
, Xti-1
( )
i=2
n
å
X
20. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 20Dynamics of LOD
Introduction of Decay
So far:
Impact of evolution independent of moment in time
Desirable: Focus on certain periods of time
• e.g. recent past
Solution:
Decay function f to assign weights to moments in time
Time
c
ti tj
f
f ×c
21. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 21Dynamics of LOD
Implementing a Decay Function
Exponential decay function:
Incoporated in the framework:
When using the step function approximation of c(Xt) :
f t( )= e-lt
Q(Xtj
)-Q(Xti
) = e
-l tj-t( )
×c Xt( )
ti
tj
ò dt
Qt1
tn
(X) = e
-l tn-ti( )
×D Xti
, Xti-1
( )
i=2
n
å
23. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 23Dynamics of LOD
Experiments
84 snapshots (approx 1.5 years)
652 data sources (PLD)
Dynamics on data level
25. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 25Dynamics of LOD
Conclusion
Summary
Framework to capture the dynamics of LOD data sources
Configurable to use different change metrics
Incorporation of a decay function
Values align with intuitive definition
Future Work
Better approximations of the change rate function
Incorporation notion of dynamics in update strategies for
LOD indices and caches
26. Thomas Gottron PROFILES 26.5.2014, 26Dynamics of LOD
Thanks!
Contact:
Thomas Gottron
WeST – Institute for Web Science and Technologies
Universität Koblenz-Landau
gottron@uni-koblenz.de