Centre lathe, constructional features, specification, operations – taper turning methods, thread cutting methods, special attachments, machining time and power estimation. Capstan and turret lathes- tool layout – automatic lathes: semi automatic – single spindle : Swiss type, automatic screw type – multi spindle:
Centre lathe, constructional features, various operations and specifications, taper turning methods, thread cutting methods, special attachments, machining time and power estimation. Capstan and turret lathes – Automatic lathe: single spindle, swiss type, screw type, multi spindle - Turret Indexing mechanism - Bar feed mechanism
Centre lathe, constructional features, specification, operations – taper turning methods, thread cutting methods, special attachments, machining time and power estimation. Capstan and turret lathes- tool layout – automatic lathes: semi automatic – single spindle : Swiss type, automatic screw type – multi spindle:
Centre lathe, constructional features, various operations and specifications, taper turning methods, thread cutting methods, special attachments, machining time and power estimation. Capstan and turret lathes – Automatic lathe: single spindle, swiss type, screw type, multi spindle - Turret Indexing mechanism - Bar feed mechanism
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. • UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS PLANNING
• UNIT II PROCESS PLANNING ACTIVITIES
• UNIT III INTRODUCTION TO COST ESTIMATION
• UNIT IV PRODUCTION COST ESTIMATION
• UNIT V MACHINING TIME CALCULATION
3. UNIT IV
PRODUCTION COST ESTIMATION
• Estimation of different types of jobs
• Estimation of forging shop
• Estimation of welding shop
• Estimation of foundry shop
4. FORGING PROCESS
• Hand or Smith Forging
• Drop Forging
• Press Forging
• Machine or Upset Forging
5. • The metal is heated in a smithy and forged using
forging tools manually or using hand
• It is used to produce small number of light forgings
• It involves a lot of skill on the part of the operator and
also is more time consuming
Hand or Smith Forging
6. • It utilizes a closed impression die to obtain the desired
shape of the component
• The shaping is done by the repeated hammering given to the
material in the die cavity
• The equipment used for delivering the blows are called drop
hammers
• The drop forging die consists of two halves. The lower half
of the die is fixed to the anvil of the machine, while the
upper half is fixed to the ram. The heated stock is kept in
the lower die while the ram delivers four to five blows on
the metal.
• crank, crank shaft, connecting rod, wrench, crane hook, etc.
Drop Forging
7. • Press forging is similar to drop forging as also the
forging dies.
• The metal is shaped not by means of n series of blows
as in drop forging, but by means of a single
continuous squeezing action.
• This squeezing is obtained by means of hydraulic
presses.
• This method is used for producing very heavy
forgings.
Press Forging
8. • Press forging where the material is drawn out, in
machine forging, the material is only upset to get the
desired shape.
• The heated bar stock is held between two dies and the
protruding end is hammered using another die
• The cross section of the metal is increased with a
corresponding reduction in its length
• This method is used for making gear blanks, shafts,
axles and similar parts
Machine or Upset Forging
9. • Upsetting
• Drawing Down (Fullering)
• Setting Down
• Bending
• Punching
• Drifting
• Swaging
FORGING OPERATIONS
10. Upsetting
• This is the process of increasing the thickness or the
cross-sectional area of the work piece by reducing its
length.
• Force is applied in a direction parallel to the length
axis
Drawing Down (Fullering)
• This is the process of increasing the length of the bar
and reducing its thickness or width
• Force is applied in a direction perpendicular to the
length axis
11. Setting Down
• This operation can be performed with a hammer and
a flatter
• This method is used for smoothing off a square or
rectangular article
Bending
• Metal rod or pipe can be bent to form various shapes
without damaging its internal gain structure.
• Bent shapes such as angles, ovals, circles. etc..
12. Punching
• This is the process of producing holes in a work
piece.
Drifting
• After a hole is punched, it may be opened out to any
size and shape by driving a tapered drift through it.
Swaging
• This is the process of removing the irregularities on
the surface of the work piece produced by the process
of drawing down
13. • Shear Loss
• Tonghold Loss
• Scale Loss
• Flash Loss
• Sprue Loss
FORGING OPERATIONS
14. • Shear Loss
Shear loss is generally taken as 5% of the net weight.
• Tonghold Loss
Tonghold loss =
Area of
Cross − section
of bar
×
Length of
tonghold
• Scale Loss
Generally scale loss is taken as 6% of the net weight.
15. • Flash Loss
Flash loss =
Volume of
flash
×
Density of the
material
where
Volume of loss =
Circumference
of component
at parting time
×
Cross − sectional
area of flash
Cross − sectional
area of flash
= Flash thickness × Flash width
Flash is generally taken as 20 mm wide and 3 mm thick.
• Sprue Loss
The sprue loss is generally taken as 7% of the net weight.
16. ESTIMATION OF FORGING COST
The cost of a forged component consists of
(i) Material cost
(ii) Labour cost
(iii) Overhead cost
Total forging
cost
=
Labour
cost
+
Material
cost
+
Overhead
cost
17. (i) Calculation of Material Cost
Step 1: To calculate the net weight of forging :
Net weight =
Volume of
forging
×
Density of
material
used
Step 2 : To calculate the gross weight:
Gross weight = Net weight +
Material loss
in the process
In case of smith or hand forging, only scale loss and shear loss are to
be added to net weight. But in case of die forging, all the losses are
taken into account and added to net weight.
18. Step 3 : To find material cost:
Material cost = Gross weight +
Price of raw
material per kg
Step 4 : To select the diameter and length of stock :
The length of the stock to be used is given by
Length of stock =
Gross weight
Density of
material
×
Cross − sectional
area of stock
The diameter of the greatest section of the forging gives the diameter
of the stock to be used
19. (ii) Calculation of Labour Cost
Labour cost =
Forging time per
piece in hours
×
Labour rate
per hour in
rupees
Estimation of forging time
Though the estimation of forging time is very difficult, the past
experiences have given us the approximate time required as shown in
Table
22. (iii) Calculation of Overheads Cost
• The overheads includes supervisory charges, depreciation of
plant and machinery, consumables, power and lighting
charges, office expenses, etc.
• The overheads are generally expressed as percentage of the
labour cost.
37. Estimation in Welding Shop
• Welding is the process of joining similar or dissimilar
metals by the application of heat.
• Welding can be done with or without application of
pressure and with or without the addition of filler
metal.
• While welding. the edges of metal pieces are either
melted or brought to plastic condition
• The filler material has a similar composition and
melting point as the base metal.
38. • The filler rod is used to make up Losses during
welding, to fill up any gap between the joint surfaces
and to produce a fillet.
• A flux is required in some welding processes, so as to
remove the oxide layers, in the form of fusible slag
which floats on the molten metal
• The flux also provides a shield preventing the re-
formation of the oxide layer.
39. (i) Plastic or pressure welding
Ex: Spot welding, projection welding, and seam
welding.
ii) Fusion or non-pressure welding.
Ex: Gas welding and electric arc welding.
TYPES OF WELDING
45. ESTIMATION OF WELDING COST
i. Direct material cost
ii. Direct labour cost
iii. Direct expenses
iv. Overhead expenses
46. (i) Direct Material Cost:
• Cost of base materials to be welded
• Cost of consumables such as electrodes, flux,
O2, C2H2, etc
47. (ii) Direct Labour Cost:
(a) Preparation or pre-welding labour cost :
• It is the cost of preparing the base material for
welding.
• It includes the cost of edge preparation, the cost of
machining of welded joints to shape, and the cost of
cleaning of the foreign material from the surface be
welded.
48. (b) Welding cost:
It is the cost of labour in actual welding operation.
(c) Post welding or finishing cost:
• It is the cost of labour for finishing the welding joint
after welding.
• Post welding operations such as grinding, machining,
heat treatment. painting, etc., of welded joints.
49. (iii) Direct Expenses :
It includes:
(a) Cost of power consumed, and
(b) Cost of welding fixtures used.
(iv) Overhead Expenses :
The overheads consist of all other charges which
include the salaries of supervisors, indirect labour
charges, depreciation of welding tools and auxiliaries,
administrative expenses, water and electricity charges,
etc.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55. ELECTRIC ARC WELDING
Electric arc welding is defined as the
process of joining two metal parts by melting
their edges by an electric arc using filler rod
without application of pressure. It is a type of
fusion welding.
56. Principle of the process
Heat required for welding is obtained from the
arc struck between a coated electrode and the
workpiece.
When current is passed, an electric arc is
produced between the electrode and the
workpiece.
The arc temperature and the arc heat can be
increased or decreased by employing higher or
lower arc currents.
58. ESTIMATION OF ELECTRIC ARC
WELDING COST
• Direct material cost =
Cost of
base
materials
+ Cost of electrode
•
Direct
labout
cost
=
Preparation
or
pre − welding
labour cost
+
Welding
cost
+
Post
welding or
finishing
cost
59. • Cost of power
Power cost =
V × A
1000
×
t
60
×
1
η
×
1
r
× C
V = Voltage in volts
A = Current in amperes
T = Welding time in minutes
η = Efficiency of the welding machine
= 0.6 for welding transformer (or) 0.25 for welding
generator,
r = Ratio of operating time to connecting time taken by the
operator
C = Rate of electricity per kWhr in rupees
• Overhead expenses
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67. Foundry
• Founding is the process of casting metals into objects
of specified shapes.
• The molten metals or alloys are poured in the moulds
and allowed to cool. The object after cooling is
known as casting.
• A mould is a cavity or a matrix formed in a heat
resistant material, usually sand
• Foundry consists of pattern making section, sand
mixing section, core making section, mould making
section, melting and pouring section, fettling section,
heat treatment section and inspection section
68. Applications:
By casting any size, shape and weight of components
can be made .
Advantages:
(i) It is possible to cast practically any material be it
ferrous or non-ferrous
(ii) The necessary tools required for casting moulds are
very simple and inexpensive.
Disadvantage:
The dimensional accuracy and surface finish obtained
are comparatively less.
69. Pattern
• A pattern is a replica of the object to be made by the
casting process.
• Pattern Materials - wood, metal & plastics,
• The most commonly used pattern material is wood -
easy availability, low weight, easily shaped &
relatively cheap.
• Metal pattern – Aluminium, white metal, brass, etc., -
used for large scale casting production & for closer
dimensional tolerance
• Plastic or Plaster of Paris – low weight, easier
formability, smooth surface & durability
70. Pattern Allowances
• The dimensions of the pattern are different from the
final dimensions of the casting required.
• Therefore the patterns are given certain allowances for
acquiring exact dimensions.
• The various allowances provided to the pattern are as
follows :
(i) Contraction or shrinkage allowance,
(ii) Draft allowance.
(iii) Machining allowance,
(iv) Distortion allowance, and
(v) Shake allowance.
71. Contraction or Shrinkage Allowance
• All metals (except bismuth) contract during cooling at
different rates.
• The shrinkage is volumetric which affects the
dimensions all around the casting.
72. Draft Allowance
• The pattern damages the vertical sides of the mould
on its with-drawal.
• A taper is provided to the pattern to facilitate the
withdrawal without damaging the vertical sides.
73. Machining Allowance
• Machining allowance is the extra material is to be
provided which is to be subsequently removed by
machining or cleaning process.
• This allowance depends upon certain factors like
shape, size, metal used for casting, method of
machining and the finish required.
• This allowance may range from 2 to 20 mm. But
usually it is 2 mm.
74. Distortion Allowance
• The castings on cooling distort or undergo warpage,
particularly into irregular shapes
• Thus the patterns are made with an opposite type of
distortion so as to obtain the correct shape on cooling
75. Shake Allowance
• The pattern when pulled from the mould distort the
slide and shape of the mould even with utmost
precaution.
• To avoid this, the pattern are subjected to shake to
create a small void between the mould and the pattern
to facilitate its pulling.
• To compensate this, patterns are made slightly
smaller in size.
• This negative allowance is known as shake allowance
76. Estimation of Pattern Cost
Direct material cost
Direct material cost =
Gross weight of the
pattern material
including
pattern allowance
×
Cost per
unit weight
Direct labour cost =
Estimated time
to manufacture
the pattern
× Labour rate
Total cost =
Direct
material
cost
+
Direct
labour
cost
+ Overheads
77. Estimation of Foundry Cost
Estimation of foundry cost consists of the
following elements:
1. Material cost,
(i) Direct material cost
(ii) Indirect material cost.
2. Labour cost,
3. Direct expenses, and
4. Overhead expenses.
78. Material Cost
Direct Material Cost:
In Foundry process, the direct material cost means the cost of
material required for casting.
Step 1: To calculate the net weight of the casting:
From the component drawing, first calculate the volume of
material required for casting. Then,
Net weight
of casting
=
Volumle of material
required for casting
×
Density of
material
Step 2 : Add the weight of process scrap i.e., weight of
runners, gates, risers. etc., consumed as a part of process in
getting the casting . This is generally taken as 15 to 20% of the
net weight of casting.
79. Step 3: Add the weight of metal lost in oxidation in furnace
and in cutting gates, spills, and over arm etc., which is not
recoverable. This is usually taken as 8 to 10% of the net
weight of casting.
Step 4: Find out the cost of material by multiplying the
gross weight by cost per unit weight.
cost of material =
Gross weight
of casting
×
Cost per
unit weight
Step 5: Subtract the return value of scrap, if any, from the
cost of material to get the direct material cost.
Direct material cost =
Cost of
material
−
Return value
of scrap
80. Indirect Material Cost:
• Material required in melting the metal such as coal,
limestone, other fluxes, etc.,
• Material used in core shop for making the cores i.e., oils,
binders and refractories, etc.,
• Generally the expenditure made on these indirect
materials is expressed as per kg of casting weight and is
covered in overhead costs.
81. Labour Cost
• The cost of labour involved in making the cores and
moulds. It is based on the time taken for making various
moulds and cores.
• The cost of labour involved in melting the metal, firing the
furnace, baking of cores, cleaning of castings, fettling,
painting of castings, etc. It is generally calculated on the
basis of per kg of cast weight.
Direct Expenses
Direct expenses include the expenditure incurred on
patterns, core boxes, cost of using machines and other items
which can be directly identified with a particular product.
82. Overhead Expenses
• It include the salaries of supervisors, indirect labour
charges, depreciation of tools and machines, administrative
expenses, water and electricity charges, etc.
• The overheads are generally expressed as percentage of
labour charges.
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐚
𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐭
=
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥
𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭
+
𝐋𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐫
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭
+
𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭
𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐬
+
𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝
𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐬