Software development failure rates are higher than any other mankind activity. Lack of quality is frequently the most relevant underlying reason. Agile methodologies offer a framework that try to support change, covering scope and time/budget, and keeping quality at an adequate level at the same time. But the gap between current software complexity and the Software Quality Assurance (SQA) knowledge, techniques and tools has grown bigger, even for organizations with high maturity level correctly using Agile methodologies.
Experience tells us that simply adopting Agile was not sufficient for producing software with quality above average. The most efficient techniques and trends from the SQA arsenal, adapted to Agile methodologies, will be discussed. Their cost/benefit ratios will be analyzed, and a process improvement roadmap will be presented, as a practical way to made software deliverables both more agile and with higher technical quality, under the constraints dictated by the Global Economic Crisis.
The presentation ends with a case study in process improvement for quality in a TSP + Agile scenario, and final recommendations that any organization using Agile methodologies could implement for short-term benefits.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software engineering as the systematic application of engineering principles to software development, maintenance, and operation. The document discusses key questions about software engineering, including what it is, how it differs from computer science and systems engineering, the "software crisis" involving cost overruns and defects, and attributes of good software like maintainability and dependability. It also covers software engineering processes, methods, costs, and challenges.
Defect Prevention Based on 5 Dimensions of Defect Originijseajournal
Discovering the unexpected is more important than confirming the known [7]. In software development,
the “unexpected” one relates to defects. These defects when unattended would cause failure to the product
and risk to the users. The increasing dependency of society on software and the crucial consequences that a
failure can cause requires the need to find out the defects at the origin itself. Based on the lessons learnt
from the earlier set of projects, a defect framework highlighting the 5 Dimensions (Ds) of defect origin is
proposed in this work. The defect framework is based on analyzing the defects that had emerged from
various stages of software development like Requirements, Design, Coding, Testing and Timeline (defects
due to lack of time during development). This study is not limited to just identifying the origin of defects at
various phases of software development but also finds out the reasons for such defects, and defect
preventive (DP) measures are proposed for each type of defect. This work can help practitioners choose
effective defect avoidance measures.
In addition to arriving at defect framework, this work also proposes a defect injection metric based on
severity of the defect rather than just defect count, which gives the number of adjusted defects produced by
a project at various phases. The defect injection metric value, once calculated, serves as a yardstick to
make a comparison in the improvements made in the software process development between similar set of
projects.
A PROCESS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT MECHANISM FOR REDUCING THE RISK OF CI ENVIRONMENTijcsit
In the age of fast evolution, software development project must accept many challenges of unpredicted requirements change and new technology environment. Software development processes should have adjustable and extendable features to meet the multifaceted needs of the users. Iterative and Incremental Development (IID) is a practical approach to overcome the various challenges of software development.
However, continuous testing and building new versions need to spend more time and human resources that is a major obstacle of IID. The other, the iterative operations must have a sound communication skills. Lack of standard version control and intercommunication manner often lead to failure of software project. High quality Continuous Integration (CI) environment can effectively make up the defects of IID. In this paper, CI environment and advantages are deeply surveyed. In order to overcome the defects of IID, CI environment needs combine the perfect procedures and qualified tools, and concretely enhance the quality of CI environment. Based on the process quality measurement model, this paper proposes the Process
Quality Improvement Mechanism (PQIM). Applying PQIM, in software development, the processes problems and the CI environment quality defects can identify timely and indeed revise to reduce the risk of CI environment.
IT PROJECT SHOWSTOPPER FRAMEWORK: THE VIEW OF PRACTITIONERSijseajournal
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors affecting requirements adherence to business processes in agile projects. The study conducted a cross-case analysis of seven companies, collecting data through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The analysis identified that customer business knowledge by the development team and customer availability during requirements elicitation and validation are essential for requirements to align with business needs in agile projects. This allows developed systems to better meet the needs of an organization's business processes.
Software quality requirements and evaluationEric Lai
This document provides an overview of software quality requirements and evaluation based on international standards. It discusses the organization of the SQuaRE series, which defines quality models for product quality, quality in use, and data quality. Models include characteristics like functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, and more. The document also provides agendas and descriptions of the different quality models.
This document discusses software quality and its attributes. It defines software quality as conformance to functional and performance requirements, development standards, and implicit expectations. Problems in ensuring quality include incomplete specifications and tensions between different stakeholder needs. Quality is described using a hierarchical model, with attributes including reliability, efficiency, usability, maintainability, and portability. Internal attributes like correctness, verifiability and understandability contribute to external attributes like reliability, usability and maintainability. Productivity, timeliness and visibility are described as important process quality attributes.
Modern gadgets and machines such as medical equipments, mobile phones, cars and even military hardware run on software. The operational efficiency and accuracy of these machines are critical to life and the well being of modern civilization. When the software powering these machines fail it exposes life to danger and can cause the failure of businesses. In this paper, software quality measure is presented with the emphasis on improving standard and controlling damages that may result from badly developed application. The research shows various software quality standards and quality metrics and how they can be applied. The application of the metrics in measuring software quality in the research produced results which shows that the code metrics performance is better than the design metrics performance and points to a new way of improving quality by refactoring application code instead of developing new designs. This is believed to ensure reusability and reduced failure rate when software is developed
The document discusses project risk management. It defines risk as uncertainty that could negatively or positively impact a project's objectives. There are various types of risks like schedule, budget, operational, technical, and programmatic risks. Risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks throughout the project life cycle to help meet objectives. The key aspects of risk management are planning risk management, identifying risks, performing qualitative and quantitative risk analysis, planning risk responses, and monitoring and controlling risks. The overall goal is to minimize threats and maximize opportunities related to project risks.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software engineering as the systematic application of engineering principles to software development, maintenance, and operation. The document discusses key questions about software engineering, including what it is, how it differs from computer science and systems engineering, the "software crisis" involving cost overruns and defects, and attributes of good software like maintainability and dependability. It also covers software engineering processes, methods, costs, and challenges.
Defect Prevention Based on 5 Dimensions of Defect Originijseajournal
Discovering the unexpected is more important than confirming the known [7]. In software development,
the “unexpected” one relates to defects. These defects when unattended would cause failure to the product
and risk to the users. The increasing dependency of society on software and the crucial consequences that a
failure can cause requires the need to find out the defects at the origin itself. Based on the lessons learnt
from the earlier set of projects, a defect framework highlighting the 5 Dimensions (Ds) of defect origin is
proposed in this work. The defect framework is based on analyzing the defects that had emerged from
various stages of software development like Requirements, Design, Coding, Testing and Timeline (defects
due to lack of time during development). This study is not limited to just identifying the origin of defects at
various phases of software development but also finds out the reasons for such defects, and defect
preventive (DP) measures are proposed for each type of defect. This work can help practitioners choose
effective defect avoidance measures.
In addition to arriving at defect framework, this work also proposes a defect injection metric based on
severity of the defect rather than just defect count, which gives the number of adjusted defects produced by
a project at various phases. The defect injection metric value, once calculated, serves as a yardstick to
make a comparison in the improvements made in the software process development between similar set of
projects.
A PROCESS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT MECHANISM FOR REDUCING THE RISK OF CI ENVIRONMENTijcsit
In the age of fast evolution, software development project must accept many challenges of unpredicted requirements change and new technology environment. Software development processes should have adjustable and extendable features to meet the multifaceted needs of the users. Iterative and Incremental Development (IID) is a practical approach to overcome the various challenges of software development.
However, continuous testing and building new versions need to spend more time and human resources that is a major obstacle of IID. The other, the iterative operations must have a sound communication skills. Lack of standard version control and intercommunication manner often lead to failure of software project. High quality Continuous Integration (CI) environment can effectively make up the defects of IID. In this paper, CI environment and advantages are deeply surveyed. In order to overcome the defects of IID, CI environment needs combine the perfect procedures and qualified tools, and concretely enhance the quality of CI environment. Based on the process quality measurement model, this paper proposes the Process
Quality Improvement Mechanism (PQIM). Applying PQIM, in software development, the processes problems and the CI environment quality defects can identify timely and indeed revise to reduce the risk of CI environment.
IT PROJECT SHOWSTOPPER FRAMEWORK: THE VIEW OF PRACTITIONERSijseajournal
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors affecting requirements adherence to business processes in agile projects. The study conducted a cross-case analysis of seven companies, collecting data through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The analysis identified that customer business knowledge by the development team and customer availability during requirements elicitation and validation are essential for requirements to align with business needs in agile projects. This allows developed systems to better meet the needs of an organization's business processes.
Software quality requirements and evaluationEric Lai
This document provides an overview of software quality requirements and evaluation based on international standards. It discusses the organization of the SQuaRE series, which defines quality models for product quality, quality in use, and data quality. Models include characteristics like functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, and more. The document also provides agendas and descriptions of the different quality models.
This document discusses software quality and its attributes. It defines software quality as conformance to functional and performance requirements, development standards, and implicit expectations. Problems in ensuring quality include incomplete specifications and tensions between different stakeholder needs. Quality is described using a hierarchical model, with attributes including reliability, efficiency, usability, maintainability, and portability. Internal attributes like correctness, verifiability and understandability contribute to external attributes like reliability, usability and maintainability. Productivity, timeliness and visibility are described as important process quality attributes.
Modern gadgets and machines such as medical equipments, mobile phones, cars and even military hardware run on software. The operational efficiency and accuracy of these machines are critical to life and the well being of modern civilization. When the software powering these machines fail it exposes life to danger and can cause the failure of businesses. In this paper, software quality measure is presented with the emphasis on improving standard and controlling damages that may result from badly developed application. The research shows various software quality standards and quality metrics and how they can be applied. The application of the metrics in measuring software quality in the research produced results which shows that the code metrics performance is better than the design metrics performance and points to a new way of improving quality by refactoring application code instead of developing new designs. This is believed to ensure reusability and reduced failure rate when software is developed
The document discusses project risk management. It defines risk as uncertainty that could negatively or positively impact a project's objectives. There are various types of risks like schedule, budget, operational, technical, and programmatic risks. Risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks throughout the project life cycle to help meet objectives. The key aspects of risk management are planning risk management, identifying risks, performing qualitative and quantitative risk analysis, planning risk responses, and monitoring and controlling risks. The overall goal is to minimize threats and maximize opportunities related to project risks.
Alice is a project manager leading a team developing assistive technology. She notices one team member, Dorothy, has lost motivation and interest in the project. After speaking with Dorothy, Alice learns Dorothy is worried her hardware skills are not being utilized and she may have trouble finding future work. Alice understands the importance of team cohesion and motivation. She works to create cohesion through involving the team in product planning and design, and arranging informal monthly lunches for the team to bond.
This document contains questions and answers about software engineering topics. It discusses definitions of software engineering, elements of computer-based systems, factors to consider in system modeling, what a system engineering model accomplishes, frameworks, roles of components in software architecture, differences between methods/tools/procedures, stakeholders, real-time systems, distributed systems, software characteristics, categories of software, challenges in software, definitions of software process and activities, work breakdown structures, issues discussed in project closure, process frameworks, generic framework activities, stakeholders, differences between process models, reasons for waterfall model failures, drawbacks of RAD models, disadvantages of classic lifecycles, task regions in spiral models, objectives of win-win spiral models, effectiveness
This document discusses definitions of software quality from Deming, Feigenbaum, and Juran. It also discusses different types of quality like external/functional quality which is compliance to requirements/specifications, and internal/structural quality like robustness and maintainability. Motivations for quality include risk and cost management. Improving quality involves choosing standards, defining metrics to measure against them, testing, analyzing, reviewing code, refactoring, and automating processes. Simplicity is important for reliability according to Dijkstra. Quality is an ongoing effort not a one-time thing.
The document discusses software engineering risk management strategies. It describes proactive and reactive risk strategies, where proactive strategies begin before work starts to identify potential risks, while reactive strategies monitor an ongoing project. Key risks include project risks impacting budget, schedule, and resources, technical risks impacting quality and timeliness, and business risks impacting viability. Common business risks involve building something no one wants, a product no longer fitting strategy, sales not understanding the product, losing management support, and losing budget/staff commitment. Risk management aims to specify threats and focuses on known and predictable risks through risk identification techniques.
The document discusses software quality management and outlines five units: introduction to software quality; software quality assurance; quality control and reliability; quality management systems; and quality standards. It defines quality, discusses hierarchical models of quality including those proposed by Boehm and McCall, and explains techniques for improving software quality like metrics, reviews, and standards.
The document discusses various topics related to software quality management including defining software products and processes, important quality attributes, quality assurance and standards, quality planning and control, software testing, inspections and reviews, software measurement and metrics, and the role of formal methods. Quality is defined as a product meeting its specifications and having required quality attributes. Both product and process quality are important and various activities help ensure quality is achieved.
This document provides an overview of software quality assurance. It begins with the course outcomes, which focus on explaining software quality standards and models, applying various project management techniques like configuration management and quality assurance practices. It then discusses the uniqueness of software quality assurance compared to other products. Key differences include software's invisibility and complex nature. The document emphasizes that software quality assurance is an ongoing challenge due to these differences. It provides definitions of software quality and outlines the goals of software quality assurance activities.
IRJET- Factors Affecting the Delivery of Quality Software and their Relations...IRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that affect the delivery of quality software and their relationship to the software development process. It identifies key factors such as the amount of testing, costs involved, time spent, and following proper software development life cycle (SDLC) phases. The document presents a literature review on how these factors influence software quality. It then defines variables, hypotheses, and a regression model to analyze the relationship between delivery of quality software and the identified factors. The results of distributing and analyzing questionnaires indicate that amount of testing, costs involved, and time spent have a statistically significant correlation with delivering quality software. Therefore, paying attention to these factors during development can help improve software quality.
Swetha has over 3 years of experience in software testing. She has experience testing web applications, databases, and both Windows and web-based applications. She is proficient in functional testing, performance testing, regression testing, and defect tracking tools like Mantis and ALM. She has tested projects in the healthcare domain for clients like Medtech Global Pvt Ltd.
This document discusses software engineering and software quality assurance. It begins by defining software and describing a case study on the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine which suffered from a software failure disaster. It then covers classification of causes of software errors, definitions of software quality from IEEE and Pressman, and objectives of SQA activities. Key causes of errors listed include faulty requirements, client-developer communication failures, deliberate deviations from requirements, logical design errors, coding errors, non-compliance with documentation, shortcomings in testing, procedure errors, and documentation errors. The document also discusses definitions of quality assurance and quality control and the goals of SQA in software development and maintenance.
The document discusses quality standards, practices, and conventions for software testing and quality assurance. It covers topics such as software testing types, quality assurance, quality concepts, software standards organizations, basic practices like reviews and inspections, and coding conventions. Software configuration management is also introduced which involves tracking and controlling changes in software.
This is my current work and thinking on how to do Scrum within heavily regulated industries like healthcare, government, and finance. For more information join my community at http://scrumandcompliance.com/
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A study of various viewpoints and aspects software quality perspectiveeSAT Journals
Abstract The software quality is very important research of software engineering grown from the last two decades. The software engineering paradigm adopted by many organizations to develop the high quality software at affordable cost. The high quality software is considered as one of the key factor in the rapid growth of Global Software Development. The software metrics computes and evaluates the quality characteristics and used to take quantitative and qualitative decisions for risk assessment and reduction. The multiple stakeholders can view the software quality in multiple angles with various aspects. In this paper we present multiple views of the software quality with respect to various quality aspects. Key Words : Stakeholders, Functional aspect, Structural aspect, Process aspect, Metrics etc.
Flexibility a key factor to testability ijseajournal
Testability is an important software quality factor that is ineffective if it is not available at an early stage in
the development life-cycle. It becomes more essential in the case of object oriented design. Flexibility is an
important key factor to testability analysis and measurement for delivering high class testable and
maintainable software. Flexibility is a criterion of crucial significance to software developers, designers
and the quality controllers. It constantly guides and supports to avoid wastage of resources as well as
enable the designers for continuous improvement in the development process. Flexibility is concerned with
building high quality and reliable software within the constraints of cost and time. It greatly influences
cost, quality and reliability at software evolution process. Despite the fact flexibility is vital and highly
significant aspect for software development processes, it is poorly managed. This paper focuses the need
and importance of flexibility early at design phase. A model has been proposed for flexibility measurement
of object oriented design by establishing multiple linear regression. Finally the proposed model has been
validated using experimental tryout.
Software development is a process that involves planning, designing, coding, testing, and maintaining software. It includes identifying requirements, analyzing requirements, designing the software architecture and components, programming, testing, and maintaining the software. There are various software development models that guide the process, such as waterfall, rapid application development, and agile development. Choosing the right development model and tools, clearly defining requirements, managing changes, and testing thoroughly are important best practices for successful software projects.
FISHBONE ANALYSIS ON WASTES IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT USING THE LEAN I.T. PRINC...ecij
The transformative global economy posed challenges to businesses in service management. In this computing age, the perceptual and operational edge of a certain business or organization manifested on the kind of technology it offers in the Service Management. Organizations have long recognized the
importance of managing key resources such as people and information. Information has now moved to its rightful place as a key resource in the organization and therefore management of the same can be instituted by employing methodology. To keep their brand promise, technology has been used;The number of new entrants to every sectors of economy has grown significantly in recent years, and each firm strives to make their daily operation efficient in which demand for business software or application software getting higher and businesses or organizations opted to build or buy this software. Because of
new entrants, it had offered opportunity to software developers to translate business processes into systems. This study investigates waste in the software development by application of Lean principles. Like any conventional projects, software becomes buggy and oftentimes it fails. Software failure is always attributed to the software engineering, not the incompetence of project managers, inadequacy of the
people on the project, or lack of clear goal. The researchers’ contentions are there wastes in the software development and serve as mechanism and evidence to why software fails. Software failure is not attributed to the software itself, it includes however the acceptance of the clients and end-users. Descriptive secondary data analysis, participant observation and Fishbone Analysis were the methodology used in the study. Wastes include unfinished or partially done work, extra features,
relearning, handoffs, delays, task switching, and defects.
Este documento describe los procesos de gestión de la configuración del software, incluyendo la identificación de elementos de configuración, el control de cambios, y el uso de herramientas como Harvest y Team Foundation Server. La gestión de la configuración del software está ligada a todo el proceso de desarrollo y se basa en la auditoría para controlar las versiones y configuraciones del software.
The document discusses software configuration management processes for development, testing, and release. It outlines the key roles and responsibilities including an executive sponsor, project director, process owner, and configuration manager. The process includes developing code in a configuration management system, baselining the code, testing through different environments, and promoting changes until requirements are met to move to the next stage.
The document discusses software configuration management (SCM), including its definition, need, elements, roles and access levels, and version numbering. SCM involves managing project items like software, code, and artifacts in a structured way, securing them for privileged users only, and controlling modifications. It establishes configuration identification, control over elements like libraries and access, and change management.
Alice is a project manager leading a team developing assistive technology. She notices one team member, Dorothy, has lost motivation and interest in the project. After speaking with Dorothy, Alice learns Dorothy is worried her hardware skills are not being utilized and she may have trouble finding future work. Alice understands the importance of team cohesion and motivation. She works to create cohesion through involving the team in product planning and design, and arranging informal monthly lunches for the team to bond.
This document contains questions and answers about software engineering topics. It discusses definitions of software engineering, elements of computer-based systems, factors to consider in system modeling, what a system engineering model accomplishes, frameworks, roles of components in software architecture, differences between methods/tools/procedures, stakeholders, real-time systems, distributed systems, software characteristics, categories of software, challenges in software, definitions of software process and activities, work breakdown structures, issues discussed in project closure, process frameworks, generic framework activities, stakeholders, differences between process models, reasons for waterfall model failures, drawbacks of RAD models, disadvantages of classic lifecycles, task regions in spiral models, objectives of win-win spiral models, effectiveness
This document discusses definitions of software quality from Deming, Feigenbaum, and Juran. It also discusses different types of quality like external/functional quality which is compliance to requirements/specifications, and internal/structural quality like robustness and maintainability. Motivations for quality include risk and cost management. Improving quality involves choosing standards, defining metrics to measure against them, testing, analyzing, reviewing code, refactoring, and automating processes. Simplicity is important for reliability according to Dijkstra. Quality is an ongoing effort not a one-time thing.
The document discusses software engineering risk management strategies. It describes proactive and reactive risk strategies, where proactive strategies begin before work starts to identify potential risks, while reactive strategies monitor an ongoing project. Key risks include project risks impacting budget, schedule, and resources, technical risks impacting quality and timeliness, and business risks impacting viability. Common business risks involve building something no one wants, a product no longer fitting strategy, sales not understanding the product, losing management support, and losing budget/staff commitment. Risk management aims to specify threats and focuses on known and predictable risks through risk identification techniques.
The document discusses software quality management and outlines five units: introduction to software quality; software quality assurance; quality control and reliability; quality management systems; and quality standards. It defines quality, discusses hierarchical models of quality including those proposed by Boehm and McCall, and explains techniques for improving software quality like metrics, reviews, and standards.
The document discusses various topics related to software quality management including defining software products and processes, important quality attributes, quality assurance and standards, quality planning and control, software testing, inspections and reviews, software measurement and metrics, and the role of formal methods. Quality is defined as a product meeting its specifications and having required quality attributes. Both product and process quality are important and various activities help ensure quality is achieved.
This document provides an overview of software quality assurance. It begins with the course outcomes, which focus on explaining software quality standards and models, applying various project management techniques like configuration management and quality assurance practices. It then discusses the uniqueness of software quality assurance compared to other products. Key differences include software's invisibility and complex nature. The document emphasizes that software quality assurance is an ongoing challenge due to these differences. It provides definitions of software quality and outlines the goals of software quality assurance activities.
IRJET- Factors Affecting the Delivery of Quality Software and their Relations...IRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that affect the delivery of quality software and their relationship to the software development process. It identifies key factors such as the amount of testing, costs involved, time spent, and following proper software development life cycle (SDLC) phases. The document presents a literature review on how these factors influence software quality. It then defines variables, hypotheses, and a regression model to analyze the relationship between delivery of quality software and the identified factors. The results of distributing and analyzing questionnaires indicate that amount of testing, costs involved, and time spent have a statistically significant correlation with delivering quality software. Therefore, paying attention to these factors during development can help improve software quality.
Swetha has over 3 years of experience in software testing. She has experience testing web applications, databases, and both Windows and web-based applications. She is proficient in functional testing, performance testing, regression testing, and defect tracking tools like Mantis and ALM. She has tested projects in the healthcare domain for clients like Medtech Global Pvt Ltd.
This document discusses software engineering and software quality assurance. It begins by defining software and describing a case study on the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine which suffered from a software failure disaster. It then covers classification of causes of software errors, definitions of software quality from IEEE and Pressman, and objectives of SQA activities. Key causes of errors listed include faulty requirements, client-developer communication failures, deliberate deviations from requirements, logical design errors, coding errors, non-compliance with documentation, shortcomings in testing, procedure errors, and documentation errors. The document also discusses definitions of quality assurance and quality control and the goals of SQA in software development and maintenance.
The document discusses quality standards, practices, and conventions for software testing and quality assurance. It covers topics such as software testing types, quality assurance, quality concepts, software standards organizations, basic practices like reviews and inspections, and coding conventions. Software configuration management is also introduced which involves tracking and controlling changes in software.
This is my current work and thinking on how to do Scrum within heavily regulated industries like healthcare, government, and finance. For more information join my community at http://scrumandcompliance.com/
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A study of various viewpoints and aspects software quality perspectiveeSAT Journals
Abstract The software quality is very important research of software engineering grown from the last two decades. The software engineering paradigm adopted by many organizations to develop the high quality software at affordable cost. The high quality software is considered as one of the key factor in the rapid growth of Global Software Development. The software metrics computes and evaluates the quality characteristics and used to take quantitative and qualitative decisions for risk assessment and reduction. The multiple stakeholders can view the software quality in multiple angles with various aspects. In this paper we present multiple views of the software quality with respect to various quality aspects. Key Words : Stakeholders, Functional aspect, Structural aspect, Process aspect, Metrics etc.
Flexibility a key factor to testability ijseajournal
Testability is an important software quality factor that is ineffective if it is not available at an early stage in
the development life-cycle. It becomes more essential in the case of object oriented design. Flexibility is an
important key factor to testability analysis and measurement for delivering high class testable and
maintainable software. Flexibility is a criterion of crucial significance to software developers, designers
and the quality controllers. It constantly guides and supports to avoid wastage of resources as well as
enable the designers for continuous improvement in the development process. Flexibility is concerned with
building high quality and reliable software within the constraints of cost and time. It greatly influences
cost, quality and reliability at software evolution process. Despite the fact flexibility is vital and highly
significant aspect for software development processes, it is poorly managed. This paper focuses the need
and importance of flexibility early at design phase. A model has been proposed for flexibility measurement
of object oriented design by establishing multiple linear regression. Finally the proposed model has been
validated using experimental tryout.
Software development is a process that involves planning, designing, coding, testing, and maintaining software. It includes identifying requirements, analyzing requirements, designing the software architecture and components, programming, testing, and maintaining the software. There are various software development models that guide the process, such as waterfall, rapid application development, and agile development. Choosing the right development model and tools, clearly defining requirements, managing changes, and testing thoroughly are important best practices for successful software projects.
FISHBONE ANALYSIS ON WASTES IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT USING THE LEAN I.T. PRINC...ecij
The transformative global economy posed challenges to businesses in service management. In this computing age, the perceptual and operational edge of a certain business or organization manifested on the kind of technology it offers in the Service Management. Organizations have long recognized the
importance of managing key resources such as people and information. Information has now moved to its rightful place as a key resource in the organization and therefore management of the same can be instituted by employing methodology. To keep their brand promise, technology has been used;The number of new entrants to every sectors of economy has grown significantly in recent years, and each firm strives to make their daily operation efficient in which demand for business software or application software getting higher and businesses or organizations opted to build or buy this software. Because of
new entrants, it had offered opportunity to software developers to translate business processes into systems. This study investigates waste in the software development by application of Lean principles. Like any conventional projects, software becomes buggy and oftentimes it fails. Software failure is always attributed to the software engineering, not the incompetence of project managers, inadequacy of the
people on the project, or lack of clear goal. The researchers’ contentions are there wastes in the software development and serve as mechanism and evidence to why software fails. Software failure is not attributed to the software itself, it includes however the acceptance of the clients and end-users. Descriptive secondary data analysis, participant observation and Fishbone Analysis were the methodology used in the study. Wastes include unfinished or partially done work, extra features,
relearning, handoffs, delays, task switching, and defects.
Este documento describe los procesos de gestión de la configuración del software, incluyendo la identificación de elementos de configuración, el control de cambios, y el uso de herramientas como Harvest y Team Foundation Server. La gestión de la configuración del software está ligada a todo el proceso de desarrollo y se basa en la auditoría para controlar las versiones y configuraciones del software.
The document discusses software configuration management processes for development, testing, and release. It outlines the key roles and responsibilities including an executive sponsor, project director, process owner, and configuration manager. The process includes developing code in a configuration management system, baselining the code, testing through different environments, and promoting changes until requirements are met to move to the next stage.
The document discusses software configuration management (SCM), including its definition, need, elements, roles and access levels, and version numbering. SCM involves managing project items like software, code, and artifacts in a structured way, securing them for privileged users only, and controlling modifications. It establishes configuration identification, control over elements like libraries and access, and change management.
Software configuration management is important for controlling changes, monitoring versions, and maintaining traceability during software development. It involves identifying configuration items, controlling releases and changes, recording status, and auditing products. Key aspects include defining baselines, establishing a configuration control board to approve changes, using version control and change control processes, and managing baselines and workspaces. Tools and training are needed to implement configuration management practices.
The document discusses a smart home system based on 6LowPAN. It first defines IoT and describes how devices will be connected through communications infrastructure to provide services. It then discusses how 6LowPAN allows IPv6 packets to be carried efficiently within small link layer frames, enabling communication between devices. The proposed smart home system architecture uses 6LowPAN to implement a low-power wireless network between sensors and controllers that can remotely monitor and control home appliances and systems.
CS 584 - Aligning development tools with the way programmers think about code...Sergii Shmarkatiuk
This presentation reviews a proposed visual tool for generating source code transformations based on the edit-by-example principle. The tool aims to address limitations of existing approaches like regular expressions, IDE search/replace, and AST-based tools by allowing programmers to intuitively create custom transformations through direct manipulation of code representations. An initial prototype was implemented and evaluated via a user study, which provided insights for future iterations. The tool combines textual and graphical elements to naturally fit programmers' mental models of code structure.
This document outlines a series of software configuration management trainings covering topics such as introduction to SCM, version control, build and deployment management, continuous integration, agile SCM, and merge management. The trainings will utilize formats like seminars, webinars, workshops, and conferences. Attendees include software engineers, testers, and project managers. The content is organized into 6 modules with examples and demos. Attendance and active participation are required to receive a score. The trainings will be presented in English by lecturer Sergii Shmarkatiuk.
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Configuration management (CM) is a field of management that focuses on establishing and maintaining consistency of a system's or product's performance and its functional and physical attributes with its requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life.[1] For information assurance, CM can be defined as the management of security features and assurances through control of changes made to hardware, software, firmware, documentation, test, test fixtures, and test documentation throughout the life cycle of an information system.
Configuration management (CM) is a field of management that focuses on establishing and maintaining consistency of a system's or product's performance and its functional and physical attributes with its requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life.[1] For information assurance, CM can be defined as the management of security features and assurances through control of changes made to hardware, software, firmware, documentation, test, test fixtures, and test documentation throughout the life cycle of an information system.
scmGalaxy.com is dedicated to software configuration, build and Release management. This covers CVS, VSS (Visual Source Safe),Perforce, SVN(Subversion) MKS Integrity, ClearCase,TFS,CM Synergy, Best Practices ,AnthillPro, Apache Ant, Maven, Bamboo, Cruise Control and many more tools.
Software Configuration Management (CM) establishes and maintains product integrity throughout development. CM involves four key functions: identification, control, status accounting, and audits of configuration items. CM planning tasks include identifying items, baselines, and roles. CM execution tasks are configuration control, status accounting, and audits. CM records like plans, schedules, change requests, audit results must be organized and maintained.
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2. Engineers measure things quantitatively when appropriate, calibrate and validate measurements, and use approximations based on experience.
3. Engineers design things, whether physical systems, software systems, or business processes. Design involves establishing requirements, generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives, and choosing a solution.
4. Engineers build or construct things, whether physical prototypes or software systems. They integrate components and ensure everything works together as intended.
5. Engineers test things, whether by simulation, experimentation, or operational trials,
The document discusses principles of software management and development practices. It covers:
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2. Transitioning design methods to emphasize component-based development using pre-existing code to reduce custom development.
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- Generic software processes involve communication, planning, modeling, construction and deployment activities in an iterative fashion to develop
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Process Improvement for better Software Technical Quality under Global Crisis Scenario
1. Process Improvement for better
Software Technical Quality under
Global Crisis scenario
Luis Rodriguez Berzosa –
lrodriguez@optimyth.com
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
2. Software Quality under a Global Crisis Scenario?
• Current situation: Economic crisis
– Decrease in new SW development projects investment. Higher % of IT
budget for Maintenance (corrective and perfective).
– Existing software has to work better and must admit change with less cost.
– Less resources for software quality.
• Software is more and more ubiquitous
– Who doesn‟t use a mobile device and mobile apps, or a social network, or
electronic transaction systems with government agencies or their bank?
– How many process are NOT supported by software?
– How many key infrastructure of a country are NOT based on software
systems?
– How many organizations could shutdown their information systems and
not disappear?
• Even though software is one of the most widely used products of
human civilization, it shows shocking failure rates, more than any other
human invention mainly due to lack of quality.
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
3. Recipes to tackle the crisis. Manager‟s view
Subprime crisis global financial crisis real economy crisis recession ?
• Well known recipes.
Size reduction
• Important: accept the
situation, analyze the
causes, accurate
diagnosis, and propose
effective measures in short
term plan.
• Objective: Stay alive when
the crisis is over.
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
4. Software Quality trends (2011)
1. Quality is not a software development add-on, but an integral part of the
process from the beginning. It is not an expense: High quality levels are
related with shorter than average development time and cost.
2. Software development/maintenance creates business risk that should be
deleted by independent quality assurance.
3. Higher use of open source frameworks.
4. Use of cloud solutions to substitute ‘in-house’ solutions.
5. Quality = Testing + … not only testing.
• The # of defects is a quality indicator but not the only one
• Wider angle approach: verify the compliance with standards and
normatives, avoid common coding and configuration , detect design anti-
patterns defects or not compliance with architectural normatives, make
software easier to maintain, and in general technically measure other
characteristics (efficiency, portability, usability, reliability…)
QA InfoTech, 2011 - http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/01/prweb4959164.htm
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
5. The gap widens…
• … between current software systems complexity and software quality
assurance technology “in the broad sense”
– Test automation has been evolving for 20 years, but hasn‟t been able to
advance to cope with current software platforms. The cost to maintain the
automated tests has not diminish, on the contrary1.
– Static code analysis technology has been around for even longer, but the
number of languages, frameworks, middleware and architectural models
have grown exponentially. The static analyzers haven‟t been able to keep
the pace.
– The knowledge on software quality metrics, security
vulnerabilities, techniques to facilitate future maintenance and so
on, haven‟t changed much in the past 20 years. It is true that the
acknowledgement that there are quality problems has grown, but that is
not enough.
– Organization's software complexity has grown, but not at the same rate as
the use of tools to generate a software element catalog and the
dependencies between them.
(1) http://www.origsoft.com/_assets/client/docs/pdf/whitepapers/throw_away_test_automation.pdf
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
6. Maintenance: What kind of changes can you
afford?
Fuente: Boehm B., “Software Engineering Economics”, Prentice Hall (1981).
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
8. Analyzing Software Quality issues
Possible framework
Situation analysis
Diagnostics, by quality
characteristic
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
9. Let‟s try to define Software Quality
• Software quality is much more than the absence of known defects (the
goal of testing)
• Different types classes: functional quality, technical quality, process
quality, quality in-use, service quality (support), subjective quality (user
satisfaction), quality against standards (compliancy), legal quality
(SLA, contracts)
• Key aspects that our definition must include:
– Ease to accommodate changes (in the business, in the environment, in the
technology, in the load, in the regulation…)
– Must be predictable, measurable (in economic terms), accommodate new
characteristics and environments (virtualization and cloud).
– It must include the benefit of quality for the business, not only the implicit cost
of its treatment.
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
10. Classic framework: ISO 9126 / 25000 (SQuaRe)
Este marco sigue vigente, pero se cambia el énfasis en otras características.
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
11. Situation analysis: “soul searching”
• What are the software quality issues?
– Software does not fulfill user nor business expectations (functionality).
– Bad requirements, not up to date, badly defined (functionality)).
– Software has security issues (Functionality)).
– Software is not stable. Under specific circumstances, issues arise or the
system stops being reliable (reliability).
– Software is difficult to use and users and less productive (usability).
– Users only use a reduce set of functionality and are prompt to errors when
they try other characteristics (usability).
– Software requires frequent hardware updates or response times soar
under heavy loads (efficiency).
– Software changes are costly and there is a high risk of regression errors
(maintainability).
– To test the changes you need a lot of resources (maintainability).
– Software has to be maintained for a legacy platform and it is hard to
integrate with other systems (portability).
– Software also has “toxic asset”.
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
12. Diagnostic: root cause
• We are looking for root causes of the software quality
problems:
• Functionality problems: Badly designed requirements or
not up to date. Not reviewed requirements. No user
acceptance tests. No product security audits. Development
teams don‟t have software security knowledge…
• Reliability problems: Concurrency defects (race conditions
or sync failures), transactional control failures, memory
leaks, wrong error control, failover environments not
supported, no technical tests to detect these problems…
• Usability problems: Product definition did not consider user
interface, wrong user interface components used, lack of
documentation, UI not intuitive enough, complex and/or
limited configuration, no user testing.
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
13. Diagnostic (2)
• Efficiency problems: In efficient DB queries, unused available physical
resources (memory, CPU), unnecessary contention, excessive
granularity in external interfaces, no performance related requirements,
no performance tests, development teams don‟t have optimization
techniques knowledge…
• Maintainability problems: Not well documented code, unnecessary
complexity or excessive coupling, no public well documented API, the
initial design is no longer valid due to continuous patches and
modifications, no regression tests, lack of a development normative to
assure future maintenance…
• Portability problems: Excessive coupling with the execution
environment, lack of API to ease integration with other systems, no
portability requirements, the design doesn't allow to replace
environment components, lack of platform migration documentation…
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
14. Defect injection: where, how, when…
• The diagnosis has to identify the causes that inject quality defects.
Under what circumstances, when in the development lifecycle, what is
so particular about the process, the methodology, the teams, the tools
or the approach that makes some defects to be injected in the software
ending up in the product.
• Example: If I‟m suffering performance problems in the SQL sentences,
how do we get to this problem? How can I prevent it?
• The true causes are in the process, the commitment and knowledge of
the software quality teams, the development and QA practices applied.
• This analysis yields to propose specific actions to improve the quality
process.
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
15. Technical quality issues
Reliability
Efficiency
Maintainability
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
16. Technical quality: Reliability
(robustness)
Reliable software = Software that is not prone to errors or problems (crashes,
infinite loops, performance degradation, sporadic errors, etc.)
Usual suspects: defects (design, implementation) that yield to memory leaks,
deadlocks, race conditions, data inconsistency, inefficient use of resources,
inadequate error management.
Process causes: Reactive approach, lack of reliability testing and detection
techniques, regression errors, development and QA teams inexperience
Trends:
• Better detection and testing tools.
• Frameworks with better
monitoring, transaction support and fault
tolerance capabilities.
• Easy to use APIs.
http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/des_s99/sw_reliability/
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
17. Technical quality: efficiency
• Specification issues: If there are non functional requirements specifying the
expected load, the response times nor the expected operation rates, there is
nothing to test or to comply to… until the user complaints start coming.
• Design flaws: excessive granularity in the remote interfaces, lack of
optimization like cache use, unnecessary I/O.
• Implementations flaws: too many locks or concurrency serialization, incorrect
use of the APIs. An unpredicted infinite loop is simultaneously an availability
and performance problem.
• Database problems (lack of indices or inefficient SQL). DB programming needs
specialists.
• To assure efficiency you need knowledge about performance and the
optimization of the software technology used, performance
requirements, specific tests (load, stress, performance) and other techniques
(like profiling and design and code reviews).
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
18. Technical quality: Maintainability
• A hidden characteristic for the final user.. Unless the user has to pay
the corrective/perfective maintenance cost
• A significant amount of the software cost is due to maintenance.
Corrective maintenance is important but statistically perfective
maintenance consumes a bigger portion of the cake.
• Any maintainability improvement will have an important impact on
software cost and the response to demand changes.
• Software maintenance depends on the organization, the infrastructure
and how the software is built.
• “The software is not usually designed for change. Even when it
complies with the operational specification, its design and
documentation is usually poor for maintenance”. Review “The
Lehmann laws” [*]
• In times of crisis, is it useful to do preventive maintenance to improve
this characteristic and reduce cost?
[*] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_evolution
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19. How are the software cost distributed
• The % of the overall development cost used for maintenance has
increased from 50% in the „70s to up to 90% today. By maintenance
type:
– Corrective: Fix software problems (20%)
– Adaptative: Adapt the software to a changing environment (25%)
– Perfective: Update the software with new functionality (50%)
– Preventive: Improve the software make it easier to maintain, or detect
problems not identified by users (5%)
• Almost half of the maintenance time is used in the analysis (SWEBOK)
– 50% understanding/analysis, 10% design, 10% documentation, 5% implementation, 25% testing
• Functional changes: 7% of the size (FP) / year
• Problems concentrate: Typically it takes x5 times more effort to
maintain problematic modules.
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20. Maintenance problems root causes
• Software systems are built under deadline pressure, functionality is
the priority and, if there is time, performance, reliability and usability
• Design does not have change into account. The necessary features
for a later software modification are overlooked:
– Requirements rarely take this into account.
– Logical architecture is not designed for change.
– Maintainability is not measured, hence it is not improved before delivery.
– Inadequate approach of the maintenance process.
– Poor documentation about the evolution of the software (beyond the
historical change log), of the design or software structure.
– Knowledge loss due to people rotation.
– “Maintenance = mechanic task for junior developers”.
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21. What can you do?
Action plan
Technical quality “upsell”
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012
22. Effectiveness/efficiency quality metrics
• Let‟s use a classic metric (IBM, 1973): Defect removal (DRR)
– % of detected, identified and removed defects before a given phase (or release).
The average DDR is around 85% in USA (IBM).
– Defect detection rate (DDR) is a little above higher (92%)
Potential defects per FP, by size (FP)
Defects source
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Requirements 0.25 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
Architecture 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 0.75
Design 0.50 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
Source code 1.65 1.70 1.75 2.00 2.10
Tests 1.25 1.50 1.85 2.00 2.10
Documents 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80
Database 1.50 2.00 2.75 3.00 3.20
Web content 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25
TOTAL 7.05 9.20 11.30 13.00 14.45
Source: Applied Software Measurement, C. Jones
• Target (measurable, even reachable): DRR > 95%
• The metric needs an estimation of the potential defects . There are models that
offer a defect estimation by system size (in FP or other volume metric), the
defects fixed in each phase can be counted directly. This way you cam
measure DRR/RDD.
Potential defects = FPE, where E depends on the project and team
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23. Action plan (in times of economic
crisis…)
• Actions have to be necessarily short term and prioritized:
– Outsource part of the quality management.
– Centralize quality management (look for scale economy).
– Train the development teams to avoid repeating errors, or be more efficient
solving the quality problems during maintenance.
– Apply cheap technical solutions (technical quality analyzers).
– Refactor software with higher priority, where the immediate benefit is higher.
– Detect and remove “dead code”, to reduce volume of code to maintain.
– Introduce efficient techniques to solve quality problems with higher impact:
Design / code inspections, requirements review, special testing, coding
standards, etc.
– Forget about reaching a high test automatization rates (or try to automate
some type of tests if its future maintenance cost allows it).
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24. How much do the defects cost
• The cost of a defect grows as we move along in the life
cycle. This fact encourages a strategy of early detection
and correction, or even prevention.
• The quality problems underlying cost is not only the cost
of correcting them…
– But sorter development time,
– Less development and maintenance cost,
– Less project failure probability,
– Less contractual problems,
– Higher user satisfaction
• Cf. The Economics of Software Quality - Capers Jones &
Olivier Bonsignour.
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25. Scale economy for quality techniques
• The bigger the size of the software, the bigger the impact due to lack of
quality. Size increases the unitary cost (FP), but using prevention
defect removal techniques before testing, yield to higher cost reduction
for bigger sizes.
Cost reduction
Size (FP) Low quality Medium quality High quality
(BC)->AC)
10 688 625 594 14%
100 886 787 748 16%
1,000 1,040 920 847 19%
10,000 2,393 2,380 1,872 22%
100,000 5,078 4,340 3,819 25%
Cost in $ per function point.
Source: The Economics of Software Quality, C. Jones, O. Bonsignour
• All types of testing reach up to 85% effectiveness (15% of defects end
up in the released version). High quality demand prevention and
correction techniques before testing (> 95% effectiveness).
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26. Quality toolbox: prevention techniques
• Reuse of certified components
• [*] Training and software quality awareness
• [*] Formal inspections or reviews. http://www.gilb.com/Inspection
• Specialized techniques: Poka-Yoke (ポカヨケ “error proof”), QFD
• [*] Prototyping
• Patterns (design, requirements, code, architecture, documentation…)
• [*] Quality analysis (and management) tools
• [*] Include quality score in status reports
• Agile development(TDD, pair programming)
In these times of economic crisis, implement practices that
produce value in the short/mid term [*]
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27. “Quality debt”: How to “upsell” technical
quality
• Quality debt: Measures the necessary cost and effort to fix detected
quality problems (acquired debt, that has to be returned in the future with
accrued interests)
• State the lack of technical quality in economic terms is not very
accurate, but it gets a positive effect and help justify the preventive work
(*) Similar term: technical debt, introduced by Ward Cunningham in1992.
http://www.martinfowler.com/bliki/TechnicalDebt.html
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30. Final recommendations
• Soul search. Where do you have higher impact quality problems, their
root cause, how were they introduced and what can you do to
detect/fix/prevent them.
– After this evaluation, build an action prioritized action plan that takes into
account the organization‟s principles
• Up the ladder awareness: “upsell” the immediate and tangible benefits
that quality improvement offers, and that it should be a priority one
objective in times of economic crisis.
– Historical data, quality debt metrics, benchmarking, learn from others
– The metric “cost per defect” is not useful in economic terms
• Quality innovation. Old approaches may not be valid in the actual
context..
– Other classical practices, like inspection, are still valid; if the soul search
dictates them, use them.
– You can even propose a complete change in the paradigm:
http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2011/01/how-google-tests-software.html
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31. Situations that reduce quality
• Not structures requirement definition; lack of volume metrics
• Inexistence of any kind of risk analysis
• Lack of explicit quality rules; not include internal quality in the project
status reports
• High requirement change rate + inadequate requirement change
management
• Excessive final user or project managers pressure
• Inexperience on how to avoid common defects (i.e. reliability,
performance, security, maintainability…)
• The attitude “Only the quality we can afford” (usually nothing)
Any improvement actions you may implement will easily outweighed by
a nasty combination of these “negative forces”
Madrid, 4th-7th of June 2012