Problems2. This is a map for a diploid plantR--------35-------.pdf
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Problems: 2. This is a map for a diploid plant: R--------35--------E--------17---------F One parental plant is R e f/r E F. It is mated with a homozygous recessive plant: r e f/r e f. Give the proportion of the offspring assuming there is both no interference, and complete interference. 3. In a newly discovered insect, the three genes R, A, and P located on the same chromosome (R= red body, A= spotted coloring, P=purple eyes, r=white body, a=solid coloring, p=white eyes). A heterozygous parent(R A P/r a p) is mated with a homozygous recessive parent (r a p/ r a p). The following offspring are shown below: (210) dominant for all traits (16) red body, solid coloring, purple eyes (70) red body, spotted coloring, white eyes (50) red body, solid coloring, white eyes (200) recessive for all traits (55) white body, spotted coloring, purple eyes (13) white body, spotted coloring, white eyes (72) white body, solid coloring, purple eyes Perform a three-point linkage to determine the gene order and relative distance between the genes. How did the distance between the 2 genes affect the frequency of crossing-over events? 4. Here are four recombinant sequences that came from four Hfr matings during an interrupted mating experiment. Determine the order and relative distance by setting A to 0/100 minutes. Hfr1) A T1 H T2 8 26 33 53 Hfr2) E1 T1 E2 E3 4 12 24 54 Hfr3) T2 S T3 A 7 37 52 62 Hfr4) T3 C E1 E3 2 17 22 72 5. In a u-tube experiment, a researcher placed a kanamycin resistant strain of E. coli on one side of a membrane impervious to the cells, and a wild-type strain on the other side. After a day, he then plated a sample from both sides of the tube on plates containing kanamycin and observed growth on both plates. He then repeated this experiment, but this time he added DNase to the tube and observed the same results when he plated both cell types. What happened inside the tube? 6. Pretend the following is a chromosome that underwent some changes. What were they? (the dot is the centromere). A B C D E F . G H I J A B C G . F E H I J a. pericentric inversion, deletion b. paracentric inversion, deletion c. deletion, translocation d. Robertsonian translocation, pericntric inversion 7. Given: Type of mutation Cistron A or B 1. point A 2. point A 3. point B 4. point B 5. deletion A Results from 5 crosses: 1x2 (plaque) 2x3 (plaque) 3x4 (plaque) 4x5 (plaque) 1x3 (plaque) 2x4 (plaque) 3x5 (plaque) 1x4 (plaque) 2x5 (no plaque) 1x5 (plaque) 8. The following nucleotide sequence is found in a piece of DNA 5’-TTAACA-3’ 3’-AATTGT-5’ if the cytosince undergoes a tautameric shift for one replication cycle draw two round of replication and explain what type of mutation occurred (Transition or Transversion)? Bonus: Explain the relationship between mosaicism and x-inactivation using an example. 9. In a diploid fly, the three loci R E and D are linked as follows R--------------22cm------------E----------16cm-------------D One fly is available to you and its genotype is R.
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GenotypeObservedType of GameteY F CV.docx
Genotype
Observed
Type of Gamete
Y F CV
310
Parental
y f cv
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Parental
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Following is the published distances for three genes
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Recombination and Linkage
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Linkage
Relationship between two or more genes near each other on the same chromosome is known as Linkage
Law of independent assortment applies to genes on different chromosomes(non linked genes)
Linkage
In a three point cross if there is no linkage what would be the expected ratio for all classes ?
1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1
Aim for three point linkage experiment
Locate the respective position of the three linked gene loci on the same chromosome
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Phenotype (appearance)
Mutant: wild type:
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f: forked bristles straight bristles
Genes are located on the X chromosome
Parental Cross:
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ycvf / Y X +++ / ycvf
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Grey,crossvein,forked (+ + f)
Yellow,crossveinless,straight (y cv +)
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linkage
This document discusses genetic linkage and crossing over. It defines linkage as genes being inherited together on the same chromosome. Crossing over occurs during meiosis when segments are exchanged between non-sister chromatids, resulting in new combinations of linked genes. The frequency of crossing over between two genes increases with genetic distance. Three-point crosses allow determining gene order and calculating linkage distances between loci. Double crossovers are also discussed.
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Morgan mapped three genes (yellow body (y), white eyes (w), miniature wings (m)) in Drosophila using genetic crosses. He found that the genes exhibited different recombination frequencies: w-y was 0.5%, w-m was 34.5%, and m-y was 35.4%. These recombination frequencies were used to construct the first genetic map, with map units (mu) representing the distance between genes. Morgan's work demonstrated that genes located farther apart on a chromosome recombine more frequently during meiosis than genes located closer together, establishing the basis for using recombination frequencies to determine gene order and distance.
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GenotypeObservedType of GameteY F CV.docx
Genotype
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Y F CV
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Relationship between two or more genes near each other on the same chromosome is known as Linkage
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In a three point cross if there is no linkage what would be the expected ratio for all classes ?
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Measure distances between genes
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1.) The normal eye color of Drosophila is red, but strains in which .pdf
1.) The normal eye color of Drosophila is red, but strains in which all flies have brown eyes are
available. Similarly, wings are normally long, but there are strains with short wings. A female
from a pure line with brown eyes and short wings is crossed with a male from a normal pure line.
The F1 consists of normal females and short-winged males. An F2 is then produced by
intercrossing the F1. Both sexes of F2 flies show phenotypes as follows:
3/8 red eyes, long wings
3/8 red eyes, short wings
1/8 brown eyes, long wings
1/8 brown eyes, short wings
Deduce the inheritance of these phenotypes; use clearly defined genetic symbols of your own
invention. State the genotypes of all three generations and the genotypic proportions of the F1
and F2.
2.) When a cell of genotype A/a ; B/b ; C/c having all the genes on separate chromosome pairs
divides mitotically, what are the genotypes of the daughter cells?
3.) A presumed dihybrid in Drosophila, B/b ; F/f, is test-crossed with b/b ; f/f. (B = black body ;
b = brown body; F = forked bristles; f = unforked bristles.) The results are
black, forked 230
brown, forked 240
black, unforked 210
brown, unforked 250
Use the 2 test to determine if these results fit the results expected from testcrossing the
hypothesized dihybrid.
4.) In mice, dwarfism is caused by an X-linked recessive allele, and pink coat is caused by an
autosomal dominant allele (coats are normally brownish). If a dwarf female from a pure line is
crossed with a pink male from a pure line, what will be the phenotypic ratios in the F1 and F2 in
each sex? (Invent and define your own gene symbols.)
Solution
Answer 2. If a cell divides mitotically (equational division), the genetic constitution of the
daughter cells remains the same as the parents. So a parent with the genotype A/a; B/b; C/c will
give rise to daughter cells with the genotype A/a; B/b; C/c.
However, if the cell was to divide meiotically (reductional division), the genetic constitution
would be different as only one half of the parental chromosomes goes to the daughter cell. So the
genotypes would be as follows:
ABC or AbC or ABc or Abc or aBC or abC or aBc or abc
Answer 3. For the given cross
BbFf X bbff
For such a test cross the resultant phenotypic ration obtained is 1 (BF):1 (Bf):1 (bF):1 (bf).
For dihybrid cross, the degree of freedom will be 4 – 1 = 3
Chi square test is as follows
BF
Bf
bF
bf
Totals
Observed phenotype
230
210
240
250
930
Expected phenotype
930x ¼= 232.5
930x ¼= 232.5
930x ¼= 232.5
930x ¼= 232.5
930
Observed – expected
-2.5
-22.5
7.5
17.5
(Obs – Exp)2
Expected
6.25/232.5= 0.0268
506.25/232.5= 2.1774
56.25/232.5= 0.2419
306.25/232.5= 1.3172
3.7633
Looking at the probability value table for degree of freedom = 3,
df
.90
.70
.50
.30
.20
.10
.05
.01
3
0.58
1.42
2.37
3.67
4.64
6.25
7.82
11.35
Hence we can deduce that there is more than 20% probability for the occurrence of this event.
Answer 4. Let XD = Normal phenotype (tall)
Xd = Dwarf phenotype
P = Pink coat
p = Br.
PPT on duplication; Production and Uses
1. Duplications occur when an additional segment is present compared to what is normally found in the nucleus. They can be inter-chromosomal, involving another chromosome, or intra-chromosomal, within the same chromosome.
2. Duplications originate through primary structural changes, disturbances during crossing over like unequal crossing over, crossing over within inversions or translocations, and segregation of translocation heterozygotes. They form loops during chromosome pairing and can lead to further duplications through unequal crossing over.
3. Duplications can produce phenotypic effects through position effects when gene expression is altered, lead to more intense effects if the duplicated gene is amplified, and increase enzyme activity if the gene is duplicated.
Why did the defendants fight jurisdiction in the United States in th.pdf
Why did the defendants fight jurisdiction in the United States in the Union Carbide Bhopal
disaster case?
Solution
The background of the case is since 1984 ( location: Bhopal, India). The gas leaking incident in
India because of plant run by Union Carbide which is basically a US firm.It results in severe
casuality ( close to 2,500 death rate) and thousands of people had respiratory kind of diseases.
The U.S. District Judge John F. Keenan imposed several conditions designed which is subject to
Union Carbide, they are considred to be the prime defendant in the cases, to the procedures and
they themself has taken themself by reach of American courts, even if all the cases are tried in
India.In 1999 a civil class action lawsuit, under the case reference ( “Bano v. Union Carbide
Corp.,)” or “Bano,” was filed .The defendant are trying to prove that they dont have any laibility
on the alleged.They acncot be sued for ongoing contamination in that particular area.The
agitation against Union carbide is still prevailing and judicial movements in India has taken lot
of years and it actually defame the companys reputation. Thus the company is trying to fix the
case through their home country trials ..
Why was the frontier important in American historySolutionFro.pdf
Why was the frontier important in American history?
Solution
Frontier is the open and free space towards the west side of the America. Boundary of America
and west end moved further with each generation settlers. West land is the center of attraction.
West space includes salts which is necessity to preserve the food. This land also includes mines
and better soil which is required to generate wealth and live better standard of life. Security post
was also important to protect these wealthy natural resources. So, it is become natural for the
people of America to move to the west of country and start living on the available free land and
take the advantage of same.
There were three stages of Frontier settlement.
First phase includes native people who do not believe in wealth accumulation and just survive by
farming and hunting. These people are called as pioneers. These are settlers who found the land
to live. Since American move moved close from east side they migrate to the west and do their
living as usual.
Second phase includes emigrants. They developed good houses, bridges and improve the overall
condition of the region and stay there forever. They created villages, schools and hospitals and
courthouses.
Third phase includes arrival of capitalist. They used the capital and previously created
infrastructure into giant cities and entrepreneurships.
With each generation moves in frontier expands further to the west and moves boundaries. And
since effect on settlement is indigenous and it has not copied European way, it is American in
true sense.
The American institution has adopted very well themselves to the changes of expanding people
while moving the through wilderness, crossing continent and developing each area from
primitive stage of economy and politics.
Most of the nation while expanding has conquered onto the native people and make development
in certain region only. Contrary America has grown all over and adopted the changes received
from the people of west. American social development has been continually beginning over and
over again on the frontier. American social life has touched the primitive life in the west again
and again. This has given unique aspect to the American social character. So, the true point in
viewing America is not the Atlantic Ocean from where it has originated but west where it has
evolved and expanded continuously.
Frontier is maker of America in the wilderness and true character of social life and thus holds the
important place in the history of America in making..
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AP Biology Ch 12 gene linkage groups and chromosome maps
1. The document discusses linkage groups and chromosome mapping in genetics. It provides examples of crosses involving fruit flies that demonstrate genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, while genes on different chromosomes assort independently.
2. The document explains how observing recombinant vs parental offspring types allows geneticists to determine if genes are linked and calculate the distance between genes on a chromosome.
3. It provides practice problems demonstrating crosses to determine linkage and asks the reader questions about linkage and chromosome mapping concepts.
Life sciences p2 gr 12 exemplar 2014 eng
This document provides instructions for a Grade 12 Life Sciences exam. It consists of 14 pages and students have 2.5 hours to complete it. The exam contains 3 sections. Section A has 10 multiple choice questions worth 1 or 2 marks each, and short answer questions worth 1-8 marks. Section B contains diagram and graph interpretation questions worth 1-14 marks. Section C involves investigating the resistance of mosquitoes to DDT over time, with associated graphing and analysis questions worth 1-6 marks. Students are instructed to show all working, use scientific terms correctly, and answer all questions in full sentences in the answer book provided.
PAGE UMUC Asia DE lab – Evolution© UMUC – all rights reserv.docx
The document discusses the classification of organisms and the binomial system of nomenclature. It explains that all organisms are classified based on their characteristics and relationships. Each organism is assigned a genus and species name, with the genus indicating the broader group it belongs to. Classification sorts organisms into a hierarchy of taxonomic ranks including species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom. The example of chimpanzees and their taxonomic classification is provided to illustrate this system.
Essential Biology 10.2 Dihybrid Crosses & Gene Linkage (AHL)
The document discusses Mendelian genetics concepts including:
- Mendel's law of independent assortment and how it applies to traits carried on separate chromosomes like pea color and shape.
- Possible genotypes for given phenotypes in pea crosses.
- Expected phenotypic ratios from dihybrid crosses.
- Using test crosses to determine if peas are homozygous or heterozygous.
- The concept of gene linkage and its consequences, like some alleles being inherited together due to physical proximity on chromosomes.
Linkage and recombination of gene
- A three-point test cross was conducted in Drosophila to map the locations of three genes - black body (b), purple eyes (pr), and curved wings (c) - on the same chromosome.
- Offspring were classified into eight phenotypic classes. Reciprocal classes occurred in roughly equal numbers, indicating recombination between loci.
- Map distances were calculated between loci based on percentages of recombinants. A discrepancy in the direct vs. indirect distance between b and c was resolved by accounting for double crossovers.
- The study demonstrated how three-point test crosses can order loci and more accurately measure map distances compared to two-point crosses by detecting double crossovers.
Class 12 Cbse Biology Sample Paper 2012-13
- Develop extensive root systems to absorb water from deeper soil layers.
du
- Have thick cuticle and sunken stomata to reduce transpiration.
- Possess water storage tissues like succulents.
.e
- Droop or shed leaves during drought.
w
w
Animals:
- Migrate to areas with available water.
w
- Enter state of aestivation or hibernation during drought.
- Concentrate urine to reduce water loss.
- Obtain water from metabolic processes like respiration.
28. (a) Labelled diagram of sectional view of human ovary showing:
- Ovarian surface
Ch 12 gene linkage groups and practice problems
1. The document discusses genetics concepts like linkage groups, chromosome mapping, parental and recombinant types. It provides examples of genetic crosses in pea plants and fruit flies to demonstrate these concepts.
2. Recombinant types result from crossovers during meiosis, where alleles switch positions on homologous chromosomes. The frequency of recombinants allows calculation of distance between genes.
3. A sample genetics problem is presented, asking the reader to analyze a dihybrid cross in pea plants and determine the chromosome arrangement and distance between genes.
Hour 3
The document discusses Mendel's experiments on dihybrid crosses. It explains that Mendel crossed pure-breeding plants that differed in two traits - plant height and flower color. In the F1 generation, all offspring exhibited the dominant traits of tall height and purple flowers. When the F1 plants were self-crossed, the F2 generation showed a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes. This supported Mendel's law of independent assortment, which states that two traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
Hour 3
The document discusses Mendel's experiments on dihybrid crosses. It explains that Mendel crossed pure-breeding plants that differed in two traits - plant height and flower color. In the F1 generation, all offspring exhibited the dominant traits of tall height and purple flowers. When the F1 plants were self-crossed, the F2 generation showed a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes. This supported Mendel's law of independent assortment, which states that two traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
genetic linkage and gene mapping
genetic linkage, types, crossing over, types,
gene mapping for diploid and haploid organisms, types
Chapter 13a
This document summarizes key concepts relating to extensions of Mendelian principles in genetics. It discusses topics like multiple alleles, modifications of dominance relationships, gene interactions, essential genes and lethal alleles, the influence of environment on gene expression, and epigenetics. For example, it explains that multiple alleles of a gene can result in more than two phenotypes, dominance relationships can be complete, incomplete, or codominant, and gene interactions and environment can modify expected Mendelian ratios.
10.2 dihybrid crosses
This document discusses dihybrid crosses in genetics. It explains how to calculate the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios in the F1 and F2 generations of a dihybrid cross using a Punnett square. The ratios are expected to be 9:3:3:1. Crossing over can occur between non-sister chromatids during prophase I, resulting in an exchange of alleles and increasing genetic variation. Autosomes are differentiated from sex chromosomes. An example dihybrid cross problem is shown and solved.
Gate life sciences 2010
The document discusses various biology concepts. It provides answers to 22 multiple choice questions related to topics like nucleolus function, T cell receptor engagement, amino acid roles in protein glycosylation, neurotransmitters, translation product molecular weight, protein separation techniques, membrane protein structure, epigenetics, plant hormones, genetic variation, primary production, electron microscope resolution, gene mapping, enzyme function, Mendel's experiments, speciation modes, niche competition, and vaccine success factors.
BIO Virtual fly lab (final draft)
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how they laid the foundation for genetics. It then describes how the author will simulate Mendel's experiments virtually using fruit flies. The author performs a series of crosses between fruit flies with different traits and uses a chi-square analysis to determine if the results match expected Mendelian ratios. The crosses are designed to show traits behaving as dominant, recessive, recessive sex-linked, and dihybrid traits.
Linkage_Crossing_over.pptx
1) Linkage is the tendency of genes located near each other on the same chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. Genes farther apart on a chromosome assort independently according to Mendel's law of independent assortment.
2) The strength of linkage depends on the physical distance between genes - closely located genes show complete linkage while genes farther apart show incomplete linkage with crossover occurring.
3) Tetrad analysis in fungi allows the direct observation of linkage and estimation of recombination frequencies between genes and centromeres.
Final horizontal gene transfer
This document discusses various mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, including conjugation, transformation, and transduction. It provides details on the genes and proteins involved in these processes, such as the tra genes for conjugation and the com genes for competence in transformation. Examples are given for using these mechanisms to map genes and determine genetic distances. Order of events in phage lifecycles and the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles are also covered.
Genetic linkage
Morgan conducted experiments in Drosophila melanogaster that discovered genetic linkage. He crossed a white-eyed, miniature-winged female to a wild-type male. In the F2 generation, most flies showed the parental phenotypes of white eyes and miniature wings, or wild-type eyes and wings. However, some flies showed non-parental phenotypes of white eyes and normal wings, or wild-type eyes and miniature wings, demonstrating genetic recombination between the two linked genes. This provided evidence that genes on the same chromosome may assort together during meiosis but can also undergo crossing over, resulting in new combinations of alleles. Morgan's discovery established the chromosomal theory of inheritance and allowed the field of genetics to construct genetic maps
Semester pre bio spring 2011 with answers
This document contains a multiple choice quiz with questions about patterns of inheritance and Mendelian genetics. There are 33 questions that cover topics like Mendel's experiments, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, genotypes and phenotypes, inheritance of traits, sex determination, and independent assortment. The questions require recall of genetic concepts and principles as well as the ability to apply this knowledge to analyze inheritance patterns and genetic crosses.
1.) The normal eye color of Drosophila is red, but strains in which .pdf
1.) The normal eye color of Drosophila is red, but strains in which all flies have brown eyes are
available. Similarly, wings are normally long, but there are strains with short wings. A female
from a pure line with brown eyes and short wings is crossed with a male from a normal pure line.
The F1 consists of normal females and short-winged males. An F2 is then produced by
intercrossing the F1. Both sexes of F2 flies show phenotypes as follows:
3/8 red eyes, long wings
3/8 red eyes, short wings
1/8 brown eyes, long wings
1/8 brown eyes, short wings
Deduce the inheritance of these phenotypes; use clearly defined genetic symbols of your own
invention. State the genotypes of all three generations and the genotypic proportions of the F1
and F2.
2.) When a cell of genotype A/a ; B/b ; C/c having all the genes on separate chromosome pairs
divides mitotically, what are the genotypes of the daughter cells?
3.) A presumed dihybrid in Drosophila, B/b ; F/f, is test-crossed with b/b ; f/f. (B = black body ;
b = brown body; F = forked bristles; f = unforked bristles.) The results are
black, forked 230
brown, forked 240
black, unforked 210
brown, unforked 250
Use the 2 test to determine if these results fit the results expected from testcrossing the
hypothesized dihybrid.
4.) In mice, dwarfism is caused by an X-linked recessive allele, and pink coat is caused by an
autosomal dominant allele (coats are normally brownish). If a dwarf female from a pure line is
crossed with a pink male from a pure line, what will be the phenotypic ratios in the F1 and F2 in
each sex? (Invent and define your own gene symbols.)
Solution
Answer 2. If a cell divides mitotically (equational division), the genetic constitution of the
daughter cells remains the same as the parents. So a parent with the genotype A/a; B/b; C/c will
give rise to daughter cells with the genotype A/a; B/b; C/c.
However, if the cell was to divide meiotically (reductional division), the genetic constitution
would be different as only one half of the parental chromosomes goes to the daughter cell. So the
genotypes would be as follows:
ABC or AbC or ABc or Abc or aBC or abC or aBc or abc
Answer 3. For the given cross
BbFf X bbff
For such a test cross the resultant phenotypic ration obtained is 1 (BF):1 (Bf):1 (bF):1 (bf).
For dihybrid cross, the degree of freedom will be 4 – 1 = 3
Chi square test is as follows
BF
Bf
bF
bf
Totals
Observed phenotype
230
210
240
250
930
Expected phenotype
930x ¼= 232.5
930x ¼= 232.5
930x ¼= 232.5
930x ¼= 232.5
930
Observed – expected
-2.5
-22.5
7.5
17.5
(Obs – Exp)2
Expected
6.25/232.5= 0.0268
506.25/232.5= 2.1774
56.25/232.5= 0.2419
306.25/232.5= 1.3172
3.7633
Looking at the probability value table for degree of freedom = 3,
df
.90
.70
.50
.30
.20
.10
.05
.01
3
0.58
1.42
2.37
3.67
4.64
6.25
7.82
11.35
Hence we can deduce that there is more than 20% probability for the occurrence of this event.
Answer 4. Let XD = Normal phenotype (tall)
Xd = Dwarf phenotype
P = Pink coat
p = Br.
PPT on duplication; Production and Uses
1. Duplications occur when an additional segment is present compared to what is normally found in the nucleus. They can be inter-chromosomal, involving another chromosome, or intra-chromosomal, within the same chromosome.
2. Duplications originate through primary structural changes, disturbances during crossing over like unequal crossing over, crossing over within inversions or translocations, and segregation of translocation heterozygotes. They form loops during chromosome pairing and can lead to further duplications through unequal crossing over.
3. Duplications can produce phenotypic effects through position effects when gene expression is altered, lead to more intense effects if the duplicated gene is amplified, and increase enzyme activity if the gene is duplicated.
Similar to Problems2. This is a map for a diploid plantR--------35-------.pdf (20)
AP Biology Ch 12 gene linkage groups and chromosome maps
AP Biology Ch 12 gene linkage groups and chromosome maps
PAGE UMUC Asia DE lab – Evolution© UMUC – all rights reserv.docx
PAGE UMUC Asia DE lab – Evolution© UMUC – all rights reserv.docx
Essential Biology 10.2 Dihybrid Crosses & Gene Linkage (AHL)
Essential Biology 10.2 Dihybrid Crosses & Gene Linkage (AHL)
1.) The normal eye color of Drosophila is red, but strains in which .pdf
1.) The normal eye color of Drosophila is red, but strains in which .pdf
More from Footageetoffe16
Why did the defendants fight jurisdiction in the United States in th.pdf
Why did the defendants fight jurisdiction in the United States in the Union Carbide Bhopal
disaster case?
Solution
The background of the case is since 1984 ( location: Bhopal, India). The gas leaking incident in
India because of plant run by Union Carbide which is basically a US firm.It results in severe
casuality ( close to 2,500 death rate) and thousands of people had respiratory kind of diseases.
The U.S. District Judge John F. Keenan imposed several conditions designed which is subject to
Union Carbide, they are considred to be the prime defendant in the cases, to the procedures and
they themself has taken themself by reach of American courts, even if all the cases are tried in
India.In 1999 a civil class action lawsuit, under the case reference ( “Bano v. Union Carbide
Corp.,)” or “Bano,” was filed .The defendant are trying to prove that they dont have any laibility
on the alleged.They acncot be sued for ongoing contamination in that particular area.The
agitation against Union carbide is still prevailing and judicial movements in India has taken lot
of years and it actually defame the companys reputation. Thus the company is trying to fix the
case through their home country trials ..
Why was the frontier important in American historySolutionFro.pdf
Why was the frontier important in American history?
Solution
Frontier is the open and free space towards the west side of the America. Boundary of America
and west end moved further with each generation settlers. West land is the center of attraction.
West space includes salts which is necessity to preserve the food. This land also includes mines
and better soil which is required to generate wealth and live better standard of life. Security post
was also important to protect these wealthy natural resources. So, it is become natural for the
people of America to move to the west of country and start living on the available free land and
take the advantage of same.
There were three stages of Frontier settlement.
First phase includes native people who do not believe in wealth accumulation and just survive by
farming and hunting. These people are called as pioneers. These are settlers who found the land
to live. Since American move moved close from east side they migrate to the west and do their
living as usual.
Second phase includes emigrants. They developed good houses, bridges and improve the overall
condition of the region and stay there forever. They created villages, schools and hospitals and
courthouses.
Third phase includes arrival of capitalist. They used the capital and previously created
infrastructure into giant cities and entrepreneurships.
With each generation moves in frontier expands further to the west and moves boundaries. And
since effect on settlement is indigenous and it has not copied European way, it is American in
true sense.
The American institution has adopted very well themselves to the changes of expanding people
while moving the through wilderness, crossing continent and developing each area from
primitive stage of economy and politics.
Most of the nation while expanding has conquered onto the native people and make development
in certain region only. Contrary America has grown all over and adopted the changes received
from the people of west. American social development has been continually beginning over and
over again on the frontier. American social life has touched the primitive life in the west again
and again. This has given unique aspect to the American social character. So, the true point in
viewing America is not the Atlantic Ocean from where it has originated but west where it has
evolved and expanded continuously.
Frontier is maker of America in the wilderness and true character of social life and thus holds the
important place in the history of America in making..
What is the multiplication principle Also, provide example.Solu.pdf
What is the multiplication principle? Also, provide example.
Solution
Definition of Multiplication Principle
Multiplication Principle states: If an event occurs in m ways and another event occurs
independently in n ways, then the two events can occur in m × n ways.
Example of Multiplication Principle.
What were the three primary goals of the FASB in developing the Codi.pdf
What were the three primary goals of the FASB in developing the Codification?
Solution
Answer: Following are the three primary goals of the FASB in developing the Codification;
1. Creation of a research system that is up to date for the released results of standard setting
activity.
2. Simlify the user access by codifying all authoritative US GAAP in one spot.
3. Ensure that the codified content accurately represented authoritative US GAAP as of July 1,
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What is the difference between public relations and public affairs.pdf
What is the difference between public relations and public affairs?
Solution
Answer:
Public affairs relates to matters that concern the public directly. This could include legislation,
policing, and public administration, as well as other elements.
Public relations, on the other hand, focuses more on the company’s connection with the public.
PR firms could enhance and strengthen that relationship by implementing marketing and
campaigning policies or through press releases. PR is often regarded as an extension of the
advertising department.
What is Network Chatter and how does it affect performanceSolut.pdf
What is Network Chatter and how does it affect performance?
Solution
Network chatter is used to build up an overall picture of the network. It collects the information
conveyed by the chatters and thus it builds up a picture of the entire network.
This overall structure helps to identify any problem arising in the network and thus enables
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In networks, sometimes chatter badly affects the bandwidth thus making it difficult for users.
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What are the elements types to add video and audio and give some att.pdf
What are the elements types to add video and audio and give some attributes?
Solution
for adding video element the code is shown beow
note:
means paragraph
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before closng is used to control audio and video playback
2)Play a sound
add the audio tag with attributes for the sound to play.
What are the types of nonverbal communication used by President John.pdf
What are the types of nonverbal communication used by President John F. Kennedy in his
inaugural address? How effectively was it used?
Solution
Once you have spoken words, they are no longer yours. Other people will translate them,
evaluate them, and measure them. Choose your words, make them appropriate for the situation,
and be aware of the power of words. Poorly chosen words or speech used for personal, hubris, or
evil can impact self-esteem, destroy morale, kill enthusiasm, inflame bias, incite hatred, lower
expectations, hold people back, and even make people physically or mentally ill. Inappropriate
words can make work and home toxic, abusive environments. There are many empirical studies
showing that people who live and/or work in toxic environments suffer more colds, more cases
of flu, more heart attacks, more depression, more of almost all chronic disorders, physical and
emotional, than people who report living and/or working in happy, enjoyable, caring
environments.
The old parental advice, “Sticks and stones can break your bones, but words can never hurt you,”
was simply bad advice. However, well-chosen words or speech for the benefit of good or hope
for others can motivate or inspire others to greater feats and deeds. They can offer hope; create
vision; impact thinking beliefs and behavior of others; and alter results of strategy, plans,
objectives, and people’s lives.
Peggy Noonan, the national syndicated columnist, knows a thing or two about words and how
they impact us. She wrote recently about the advice Clare Boothe Luce once gave the newly
inaugurated U.S. President John F. Kennedy. Ms. Luce was truly a remarkable woman. Her
career spanned seven decades and nearly as many professional interests—journalism, politics,
theatre, diplomacy, and intelligence.
According to Ms. Noonan, the sentence idea comes from a story Clare Boothe Luce told about a
conversation she had in 1962 in the White House with her old friend John F. Kennedy. She said
she told him that “a great man is one sentence.” His leadership can be so well summed up in a
single sentence that you don’t have to hear his name to know who’s being talked about. “He
preserved the union and freed the slaves” or “He lifted us out of a great depression and helped to
win a World War.” You didn’t have to be told “Lincoln” or “FDR.”
She wondered what Kennedy’s sentence would be. She was telling him to concentrate, to know
the great themes and demands of his time, and focus on them. It was good advice. History has
imperatives, and sometimes they are clear. Sometimes they are met, and sometimes not. When
they’re clear and met, you get quite a sentence
Let’s look at a more contemporary example: the historic 2012 presidential debates. These
debates may have more significance than previous ones because of the words chosen by the
candidates, their rhythm, and their physical, nonverbal cues. A big part of communicating
successfully depends on how well we negotiate the paradox of how th.
The owner of a small business is planning on expanding his business. .pdf
The owner of a small business is planning on expanding his business. The expansion will take
an initial investment of S12,000 in cash from his existing business. The owner is interested in
estimating the risk involved in the expansion. If there is more than a 10% risk ofhaving a
negative net present value of the investment for the expansion, he might reconsider the
expansion. The expansion will have revenues and expenses associated with it The following are
the assumptions about the income and expenses (a) Quarter 1 Sales A normally distributed
variable with a minimum of $110,000 and a maximum of S140,000 (b) Cost of Goods Sold
Ratio: Rate Prob 70%-75% 75%-80% 80%-85% 30% 60% 10% (c) General and Administrative
Expenses Salaries: S14,000 for Quarters 1 and 2 $15,500 for Quarters 3 and 4 The following are
96\'s of Gross Profit Commissions: 10% Utilities Telephone Avriable with a skewed left
distribution with a minimum value of 3%, a most likely value of 6%, and a maximum value of
890
Solution
Quarter 1
Amount ($)
Amount ($)
Sales (110000 x 0.5 + 140000 x 0.5)
125000
Cost of goods sold (125000 x 76.5%)
95625
Gross profit
29375
Salaries
14000
Commission (29375 x 10%)
2937.5
Utilities (29375 x %)
1468.75
Telephone (29375 x 6%)
1762.5
Travel (29375 x 3%)
881.25
Entertainment promotion (29375 x 7.5%)
2203.125
Payroll taxes (14000 x 7%)
980
24233.13
Net profit before tax
5141.875
Less: Tax @36% (5141.875 x 36%)
1851.075
Net profit after tax
3290.8
Quarter 2
Amount ($)
Amount ($)
Gross profit
32312.5
Salaries
14000
Commission (32312.5 x 10%)
3231.25
Utilities (32312.5 x5 %)
1615.625
Telephone (32312.5 x 6%)
1938.75
Travel (32312.5 x 3%)
969.375
Entertainment promotion (32312.5 x 7.5%)
2423.438
Payroll taxes (14000 x 7%)
980
25158.44
Net profit before tax
7154.063
Less: Tax @36% (7154.063 x 36%)
2575.463
Net profit after tax
4578.6
Quarter 3
Amount ($)
Amount ($)
Gross profit
35543.75
Salaries
15500
Commission (35543.75 x 10%)
3554.375
Utilities (35543.75 x5 %)
1777.188
Telephone (35543.75 x 6%)
2132.625
Travel (35543.75 x 3%)
1066.313
Entertainment promotion (35543.75 x 7.5%)
2665.781
Payroll taxes (15500 x 7%)
1085
27781.28
Net profit before tax
7762.469
Less: Tax @36% (7762.469 x 36%)
2794.489
Net profit after tax
4967.98
Quarter 4
Amount ($)
Amount ($)
Gross profit
39098.13
Salaries
15500
Commission (39098.13 x 10%)
3909.813
Utilities (39098.13 x5 %)
1954.906
Telephone (39098.13 x 6%)
2345.888
Travel (39098.13 x 3%)
1172.944
Entertainment promotion (39098.13 x 7.5%)
2932.359
Payroll taxes (15500 x 7%)
1085
28900.91
Net profit before tax
10197.22
Less: Tax @36% (10197.22 x 36%)
3670.998
Net profit after tax
6526.218
Total net profit after tax (3290.8 + 4578.6 + 4967.98 + 6526.22)
19363.6
PV factor @8% pa.
0.925926
Present value of net profit for year (19363.60 x 0.926)
17929.26
Less: Initial investment
12000
Net present value (NPV)
5929.257
As can be seen from the above calculation that the expansion with an initial investment of
$12,000 is expected.
The government safety net creates an adverse selection problem and m.pdf
The government safety net creates an adverse selection problem and moral hazard problem.
Explain.
Solution
Adverse selection occurs when there is an asymmetric information between the two parties. One
who has more information will take advantage. the government safety net creates adverse
selection problem because risk loving individuals might view the banking system as wonderful
opportunity to use other\'s fund as they know those funds are protected. So here customers have
more information than the bank and customers are in advantage.
Moral hazard occurs when the behavior of the people change after getting protection. The
government safety net creates moral hazard problem because depositors do not maintain
discipline as their funds are protected. Banks know that will result in more risk than they would
otherwise..
Syntrophy often involvesA. hydrogenB.OxygenC. fermentation by.pdf
Syntrophy often involves:
A. hydrogen
B.Oxygen
C. fermentation byproducts
D. all of the above
E. all but B
Solution
Syntrophy is a phenomenon where one species lives off the products of other species. The
examples are Hydrogen transfer and fermentation byproducts. In syntrophic association, one
partner growth depends on the nutrients provided by other partner.
Interspecies hydrogen transfer is an excellent example of Syntrony. Some fermenting microbes
degrade organic matter to short chain fatty acids and hydrogen..
scene from American Samoa Paradise Lost •How does power, both form.pdf
scene from American Samoa: Paradise Lost? •How does power, both formal and informal,
influence the interaction of stakeholders in a potential conflict situation?
a scene from American Samoa: Paradise Lost? In this scene the interaction between American
government representatives and the traditional Samoan chiefs is illustrated. Note that the High
Chief, who was educated at the University of Hawaii, is more outspoken and critical of the
American government representatives. Also, note how the apparent tension in the meeting may
signal the potential for conflict among the two groups.
Solution
Different stakeholders interact differently based on their interests and the unfounded of formal
and informal power. The role of the company and the stakeholders might differ based in the
conflict situation and their response to it.
There is cooperation, competition, conflict interest aspects that reflect through this. There are
technical interactions that take place and the way the stakeholders interact differs. This can have
a completely different resolution or outcome for the desired conflict issue.
American Samoa: A Paradise Lost movie has a scene where in the different interests of the two
stakeholders are revealed. The traditional life of Polynesians of American samoa is covered and
the conflict of interest. There is clash of values and the two stakeholders are interacting on the
power dynamics. There were issues and power related concerns in the scene with the educated
chief being critical of the American government representatives. The reflection of strong power
came across through the authoritarian attitude of the American representatives. The efforts to
show a side which is concerned with putting across the information and ideals that both these
parties stand for was apparent.
There is information exchange and the hierarchical relationship explored through the different
stakeholders. Power can have a strong influence on the way the concerns of the company are
tackled.
It is not necessary that the choices or interests of a single stakeholder would meet the other one.
This can vary with time, the type of power in play and the the need to show higher power..
QUESTION 25 Chris Korda, an advocate of a certain religion, publishes.pdf
QUESTION 25 Chris Korda, an advocate of a certain religion, publishes an aršidle in New York
Times magazine insisting that Congress base all federal law on his religion\'s principles The First
Amendment guarantees freedom of O a religion only Ob religion, speech, and the press. O C
speech only o d the press only QUE STION 26 Devin Nunes Construction Corporation makes a
side payment to a senior govemment official in Russia to obtain a contract in the United States,
this is O a unethical but not illegal legal and ethical. O llegal but not unethical Od egal and
unethical
Solution
25) The correct choice is b : - religion , speech , and the press
Explanation : - The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects the rights of U.S. citizens
to express themselves. These rights include freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of
the press , and freedom of assembly (people gathering together).
26) The correct choice is a
Explanation : - The amendment to the foreign corrupt practices act allows for \" facilitating
payment\" which is known as speed money or grease payment ..
Prompt a user to enter a series of integers separated by spaces and .pdf
Prompt a user to enter a series of integers separated by spaces and accept the input as a String.
Display the list of integers and their sum. Save the file as SumIntegersInString.java.
I have tried the following code, but it just runs continuously with no opportunity for input.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
class SumIntegersInString
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
String input = in.nextLine();
int sum = 0;
for(String value : input.split(\" \"))
{
System.out.print(value + \" \");
sum += Integer.parseInt(value);
}
System.out.println(\"Sum:\" + sum);
}
}
Solution
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class SumIntegersInString
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
// statement to prompt the user for a series of integers
System.out.print(\"Enter a series of integers separated by a space: \");
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
String input = in.nextLine();
int sum = 0;
for(String value : input.split(\" \"))
{
System.out.print(value + \" \");
sum += Integer.parseInt(value);
}
System.out.println(\"\ Sum:\" + sum);
}
}.
PLEASE PLEASE use you own words, do not copy and paste !!!This is .pdf
PLEASE PLEASE use you own words, do not copy and paste !!!
This is a computer science/ Data Structure assignment !!
Write one to two paragraphs describing each of the following topics separatly (each paragraph
must be 3 sentences or more):
1. Binary Tree Nodes
2. Binary Search Trees
Make sure to include resources. Thank you,
Solution
The basic difference if we say about Binary Tree Nodes and Binary Search Tree is that BST is a
type of Binary tree.
Binary Tree is the one in where each node will have a left and right node , the topmost elements
of the tree is called root.Every node is connected to another node via directed edge.And when
there are no ledt and right to node which means no children then that node is called leaf and also
called external nodes whereas other nodes are called internal nodes.
Binary Search Tree are the one where everyproperty defined above will be there plus additonal
property that data will be stored in sorted manner , for every node the data on left subtree is less
than parent node and on right subtree will be greater than parent node.Also duplicate keys are not
allowed..
List the limitations of the GDP. Which one is most importantSol.pdf
List the limitations of the GDP. Which one is most important?
Solution
GDP is the money value of all final good and services prduced with in the domestic territory of
the country during a certain time period. And it has some limitations.
In these the failure to indicate the income inequality is the most important..
Information is given about a polynomial f(x) whose coefficients are r.pdf
Information is given about a polynomial f(x) whose coefficients are real numbers. Find the
remaining zeros of f. Degree 4; zeros: 8 - 5i, 2i
Solution
38)
solution
since it is given in the problme that degree of polynominal is 4
and we know that complex roots occur in conjugate pairs
two zeros is given 8-5i,2i
then remainig two is 8+5i ,-2i
answer is 8+5i,-2i.
I need to create two binary search trees in Ruby. One using recursio.pdf
I need to create two binary search trees in Ruby. One using recursion. One using iteration. I\'m
new to programming so I don\'t understand the differences between the two and could use some
help getting started with these two programs.
Solution
For recursive:
def insert_rec(node, value)
if node.nil?
return Node.new(value, nil, nil)
elsif value < node.value
node.left ||= insert_rec(node.left, value)
elsif value > node.value
node.right ||= insert_rec(node.right, value)
else
# TODO return?
end
end
for iteration:
class Node
def initialize(name, nodes
@name = name
@nodes = nodes
end
end
class Iterator
def initialize(node)
@node = node
end
def next
???
end
end
In recursion, function call itself until the base condition is reached whereas iteration means
repetition of process until the condition fails..
I am studying gut flora and had a few questions.Can you discribe a.pdf
I am studying gut flora and had a few questions.
Can you discribe a few gut flora and their function in the human body?
Then can you describe what would happen if they were removed, had altered metabolic activity,
or had an increase/decrease in population size in the human gut.
also could you list a few human diseases caused by gut flora or caused from a
increased/decreased gut flora number
Solution
E coli, Lactobacillus, bacteroids, streptococcus mutans, saccharomyces, enterobacter are few
examples of gut flora...
They grow as commensals in the body and by utilising the available media they prevent that
pathogenic bacteria to grow within by competition ..Thus their presence is needed for normal
body function.
Even they help in synthesis of vitamins like cyanocobalamin, vitamin k.,etc..
If their number Is altered it would usually result in infections to set in..Like gastroenteritis,
chronic diarrhoea..Etc.
They can also lead to diseases if there is contamination with gut flora ,eg urinary tract infections
in females by Ecoli.
httpswww.aitp.orgnews98451 Security Administration and Acces.pdf
https://www.aitp.org/news/98451/ \"Security Administration and Access Control\" Please
respond to the following: From the article, summarize the ethical dilemma, and develop a plan in
which you would mitigate the vulnerability. Compare and contrast physical access controls and
logical access controls. Further explain in what ways both physical and logical access controls
are related to implementing a security policy.
Solution
1.The company that happen to mind is sony. In the previous Year 2011 sony play station was
violated and 77 million accounts are stolen and approximated nearly 171 dollars which were
lost.after four years sony picture was hacked almost across the year duration conceivably be
extensive.Many top level executive,actor and employees personal details were stolen cmprises of
the names,adress,social security and also the accounting details.At the time of investigation it is
noticed that the sony company is not enough and much poorly documented.it is clear that the
sony company is not able to preserve itself. I Migitate that total of sony IT secirity to a third
party in order to handle the logical and physical controls.
physical acess control are just similar to a smart card or Bio_metric scan where the users details
are preserved in the database in order to acess to parking guage and also to unlock the computers
to login.
Logical acess controls are assure who are able to utilize the system and also which file to acess in
order to utilize.
The above two controls are related in such a way that i.e both offers the authorization for the
people who acess the file and to utilize it.additionally they also include discrete variations on
which they recognize the individual users which modifies the data to assist through
accountability..
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Problems2. This is a map for a diploid plantR--------35-------.pdf
- 1. Problems: 2. This is a map for a diploid plant: R--------35--------E--------17---------F One parental plant is R e f/r E F. It is mated with a homozygous recessive plant: r e f/r e f. Give the proportion of the offspring assuming there is both no interference, and complete interference. 3. In a newly discovered insect, the three genes R, A, and P located on the same chromosome (R= red body, A= spotted coloring, P=purple eyes, r=white body, a=solid coloring, p=white eyes). A heterozygous parent(R A P/r a p) is mated with a homozygous recessive parent (r a p/ r a p). The following offspring are shown below: (210) dominant for all traits (16) red body, solid coloring, purple eyes (70) red body, spotted coloring, white eyes (50) red body, solid coloring, white eyes (200) recessive for all traits (55) white body, spotted coloring, purple eyes (13) white body, spotted coloring, white eyes (72) white body, solid coloring, purple eyes Perform a three-point linkage to determine the gene order and relative distance between the genes. How did the distance between the 2 genes affect the frequency of crossing-over events? 4. Here are four recombinant sequences that came from four Hfr matings during an interrupted mating experiment. Determine the order and relative distance by setting A to 0/100 minutes. Hfr1) A T1 H T2 8 26 33 53 Hfr2) E1 T1 E2 E3 4 12 24 54 Hfr3) T2 S T3 A 7 37 52 62 Hfr4) T3 C E1 E3 2 17 22 72 5. In a u-tube experiment, a researcher placed a kanamycin resistant strain of E. coli on one side of a membrane impervious to the cells, and a wild-type strain on the other side. After a day, he then plated a sample from both sides of the tube on plates containing kanamycin and observed growth on both plates. He then repeated this experiment, but this time he added DNase to the tube and observed the same results when he plated both cell types. What happened inside the
- 2. tube? 6. Pretend the following is a chromosome that underwent some changes. What were they? (the dot is the centromere). A B C D E F . G H I J A B C G . F E H I J a. pericentric inversion, deletion b. paracentric inversion, deletion c. deletion, translocation d. Robertsonian translocation, pericntric inversion 7. Given: Type of mutation Cistron A or B 1. point A 2. point A 3. point B 4. point B 5. deletion A Results from 5 crosses: 1x2 (plaque) 2x3 (plaque) 3x4 (plaque) 4x5 (plaque) 1x3 (plaque) 2x4 (plaque) 3x5 (plaque) 1x4 (plaque) 2x5 (no plaque) 1x5 (plaque) 8. The following nucleotide sequence is found in a piece of DNA 5’-TTAACA-3’ 3’-AATTGT-5’ if the cytosince undergoes a tautameric shift for one replication cycle draw two round of replication and explain what type of mutation occurred (Transition or Transversion)? Bonus: Explain the relationship between mosaicism and x-inactivation using an example. 9. In a diploid fly, the three loci R E and D are linked as follows R--------------22cm------------E----------16cm-------------D One fly is available to you and its genotype is R e D /r E d If you cross the parent with a homozygous recessive fly, what is the proportion of the progeny given No Interference Complete Interference Genotype
- 3. Proportion Genotype Proportion What is Interference? 10. Explain conjugation and what 3 cell types are involved in this process. Draw pictures. 11. The ability to roll your tongue into a TACO shape is an X-linked recessive trait. A young boy with Klinefelter syndrome has a TACO tongue. His normal (XY) brother also has a TACO tongue and no non disjunction. The boy’s father has a TACO tongue but his mother sadly does not have a TACO tougue. Where could have non-disjunction occurred? Draw the meiotic event that caused the non-disjunction. No Interference Complete Interference Genotype Proportion Genotype Proportion Solution 2a) Complete Interference = No double crossover Total map units = 35 + 17 = 52 m.u 52 m.u = 52% recombination Remaining 48% parental - type offspring 48 /2 = 24/100 = 0.24 Parental type offspring (female) - 0.24 Parental type offspring (female) - 0.24 Recombinant between R and E = 35/2 = 17.5/100 = 0.175 - Single Crossover (SCO) Recombinant between R and E = 35/2 = 17.5/100 = 0.175 - SCO Recombinant between E and F = 17/2 = 8.5/100 = 0.085 - SCO Recombinant between E and F = 17/2 = 8.5/100 = 0.085 - SCO 2b) No interference = Two double crossover The expected double crossover is simply the chance of recombination in one interval multiplied by the chance of recombination in another interval 0.17 x 0.35 = 0.0595 x 100 = 5.95 % DCO Total recombination = SCO + DCO = 46.05 + 5.95 Parental offspring will be 48 (P) + 5.95 (DCO) = 53.95
- 4. Corrected P = 53.95/2 = 26.975/100 = 0.26975 Parental type offspring (male) = 0.26975 Parental type offspring (female) = 0.26975 Recombinant between E and F = (17- 5.95)/2 = 5.525/100 = 0.05525 - SCO Recombinant between E and F = (17-5.95)/2 = 5.525/100 = 0.05525 - SCO Recombinant between R and E = (35-5.95)/2 = 14.525/100 = 0.14525 - SCO Recombinant between R and E = (35-5.95)/2 = 14.525/100 = 0.14525 - SCO Double cross over between R and E = 5.95/2 = 2.975/100 = 0.02975 Double cross over between R and E = 5.95/2 = 2.975/100 = 0.02975