1. This document provides a review of genetics concepts including: Mendelian inheritance patterns like monohybrid and dihybrid crosses; non-Mendelian inheritance like incomplete dominance; DNA and RNA structure; the central dogma of molecular biology; gene regulation; and modern techniques like genetic engineering and gel electrophoresis.
2. It also includes sample multiple choice questions testing these concepts, such as questions about inheritance patterns demonstrated in genetic crosses, DNA replication, transcription and translation processes, and recombinant DNA techniques.
3. The review concludes with sample free response questions asking students to explain meiosis, chromosomal abnormalities resulting from defects in meiosis, and how the human genome demonstrates both continuity and variation.
Biology 204 Principles of Biology I Assignment 2CMichael Taylor
Biology 204 Principles of Biology I Assignment 2C
For students with first names starting with the letters O to Z.
This assignment is graded out of 110 points, and is worth 10% of your final mark. Please submit this assignment after you have completed Chapter 16 and before you write the final exam
Question 1 Random changes in gene frequency that occur in small .docxIRESH3
Question 1
Random changes in gene frequency that occur in small populations describes the concept of
A.
convergent evolution.
B.
adaptive radiation.
C.
sympatric speciation.
D.
genetic drift.
E.
parapatric speciation.
5 points
Question 2
On a molecular level, all organisms
A.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, but use different genetic codes.
B.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, but different amino acids in proteins.
C.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, and use the same genetic code.
D.
show no similarities.
E.
use different means of storing genetic information.
5 points
Question 3
Which of the following is the best description of an adaptation?
A.
a trait that will be beneficial in the future
B.
a trait that was beneficial to survival in the past
C.
an environmental change that selects for certain traits
D.
a trait that is of no advantage to survival
E.
a trait that is currently beneficial to survival
5 points
Question 4
Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?
A.
All individuals within a population have an equal likelihood of survival. Survival is based on chance.
B.
Natural selection results in those individuals within a population who are best-adapted surviving and producing more offspring.
C.
Natural selection leads to extinction.
D.
Natural selection causes variations to arise within a population.
E.
Natural selection leads to increased likelihood of survival for certain individuals based on variation. The variation must come from outside the population.
5 points
Question 5
Embryonic development includes all of the following except
A.
cleavage.
B.
growth.
C.
organogenesis.
D.
gastrulation.
E.
fertilization.
5 points
Question 6
Vestigial organs
A.
include the human appendix and wisdom teeth and a snake’s hipbones.
B.
did not have a function when they first developed, but do so today.
C.
are not found in present-day organisms.
D.
are similar in many organisms.
E.
must have evolved individually in different organisms.
5 points
Question 7
Most mutations lead to a decreased chance of survival for the mutant organism. Rarely, a mutation can provide an increased chance of survival. These rare mutations provide a(n) _____________________ for the mutant.
A.
directional shift
B.
selective disadvantage
C.
adaptive
D.
selective advantage
E.
environmental susceptibility
5 points
Question 8
Which of the following is not true of the punctuated equilibrium theory?
A.
It suggests that most species undergo little phenotypic change during most of their evolutionary duration.
B.
It proposes that most evolutionary change is concentrated in relatively brief episodes of change.
C.
It was inspired in part by patterns observed in the fossil record.
D.
It appears to be well supported by the fossil record.
E.
It suggests that subgroups diverge and evolve at about equal and constant rates.
5 poin ...
Biology questions Please answer all of themTrue or false. If fals.pdfxlynettalampleyxc
Biology questions: Please answer all of them
True or false. If false then state correct answer
1. The frequency of crossing over decreases with the distance seperating genes on a
chromosome.
2. Codominant alleles are expressed equally.
3. Under normal rules of domininace, if two diffferent alleles are present, the dominant allele is
expressed.
4. A mutagen is a substance that causes a change in DNA.
Multiple Choice questions:
5. A DNA nucleotide does not contain A. adenine B. thymine C. uracil
6. Human blood type is determined by A. codominant alleles B. a dominant alleles C. multiple
alleles D. sex-linked genes
7. People who carry genetic disorders (carriers) are A. codominant alleles B. thymine C. uracil
D. cytosine
8. A method to trace the inheritance of a trait over many generations is called a A. carrier tree B.
pedigree C. phenotype D. genotype
9. The insertion or deletion of a single base pair of DNA results in a A. missense mutation B.
nonsense mutation C. duplication mutation D. frameshift mutation
10. Gregor Mendel called the generation created by crossbreeding the parental generation the A.
second parental generation B. cross filial generation C. duplication mutation D. frameshift
mutation.
11. A recessive trait is expressed only in a individual who is A. heterozygous B. homozygous C.
haploid D. polygenic
12. A tall pea plant (TT) and a tall pea plant (Tt) have the same A. alleles B. phenotype C.
genotype D. filial type
13. The faliure of homolougus chromosomes to seperate properly during meiosis is calles A.
nondisjunction B. disjunction C. zygote faliure D. telomere faliure
14. Watson and Crick\'s model of DNA replication is called A. conservation B. semiconservative
C. transcription D. translation
15. Pea plants usually reproduce by A. self-pollination B. cross-pollination C. teste-crossing D.
cloning
16. The pairs of alleles in an organism\'s genetic makeup are called A. phenptype B. genotype C.
parental type D. filial type
Solution
False: As the distance between two gene increases frequency of crossing over between them a
also increases. True : In co dominance both allele are expressed equally True: Cross between
plant having allele TT with plant having allele Tt will show dominant phenotype having
genotype Tt True: Mutation is any sudden change in gene/ DNA that can lead to alteration in
normal genetic make up of an organism False: DNA contain adenine , guanine , cytosine and
thymine; Uracil is present in RNA Co-dominant alleles Pedigree: Change in genetic make up
over generation can be seen in pedigree Missense mutation: Insertion or deletion can lead to
missense mutation First generation b. Homozygous B.Phenotype Non disjunction: is the failure
of homologous chromosome on sister chromatin to separate during cell division
b.Semiconservative model in which one strand is old and another new A. Mendel choose plant
which can do self pollination B.Genotype.
Heredity is the fascinating study of how traits are passed down from one generation to the next. It forms the foundation for understanding the similarities and differences among living organisms, providing insights into the mechanisms of inheritance. From the color of our eyes to the texture of our hair, heredity influences a wide array of physical and physiological characteristics in all living beings.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
FORMATIVE TEST NON MENDELIAN Q1 W4 W5.pptxMARJRegalado
1. The document discusses different patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, and sex-influenced traits.
2. Key points are made about incomplete dominance resulting in an intermediate phenotype, codominance where both alleles are expressed simultaneously, and sex-linked traits being transmitted through and influenced by the X and Y chromosomes.
3. Examples are provided of traits exhibiting these patterns like coat color in cattle showing codominance and color blindness as an X-linked trait in humans.
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins. Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and histone proteins. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits, and alleles are variant forms of genes. Mutations, such as base substitutions, can cause genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions, resulting in genetic variation. Non-disjunction during meiosis can cause aneuploidies like Down syndrome. Mendel's experiments on pea plants established the laws of inheritance and showed dominant and recessive traits.
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins. Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and histone proteins. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits, and alleles are variant forms of genes. Mutations, such as base substitutions, can cause genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions, resulting in genetic variation. Non-disjunction during meiosis can cause aneuploidies like Down syndrome. Mendel's experiments on pea plants established the laws of inheritance and showed dominant and recessive traits.
The document contains questions about cellular structures and organelles, including identifying structures labeled A-E in images and describing their functions. It also provides answers to the questions, identifying structures like the nucleolus and describing its role in synthesizing ribosomal RNA.
Biology 204 Principles of Biology I Assignment 2CMichael Taylor
Biology 204 Principles of Biology I Assignment 2C
For students with first names starting with the letters O to Z.
This assignment is graded out of 110 points, and is worth 10% of your final mark. Please submit this assignment after you have completed Chapter 16 and before you write the final exam
Question 1 Random changes in gene frequency that occur in small .docxIRESH3
Question 1
Random changes in gene frequency that occur in small populations describes the concept of
A.
convergent evolution.
B.
adaptive radiation.
C.
sympatric speciation.
D.
genetic drift.
E.
parapatric speciation.
5 points
Question 2
On a molecular level, all organisms
A.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, but use different genetic codes.
B.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, but different amino acids in proteins.
C.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, and use the same genetic code.
D.
show no similarities.
E.
use different means of storing genetic information.
5 points
Question 3
Which of the following is the best description of an adaptation?
A.
a trait that will be beneficial in the future
B.
a trait that was beneficial to survival in the past
C.
an environmental change that selects for certain traits
D.
a trait that is of no advantage to survival
E.
a trait that is currently beneficial to survival
5 points
Question 4
Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?
A.
All individuals within a population have an equal likelihood of survival. Survival is based on chance.
B.
Natural selection results in those individuals within a population who are best-adapted surviving and producing more offspring.
C.
Natural selection leads to extinction.
D.
Natural selection causes variations to arise within a population.
E.
Natural selection leads to increased likelihood of survival for certain individuals based on variation. The variation must come from outside the population.
5 points
Question 5
Embryonic development includes all of the following except
A.
cleavage.
B.
growth.
C.
organogenesis.
D.
gastrulation.
E.
fertilization.
5 points
Question 6
Vestigial organs
A.
include the human appendix and wisdom teeth and a snake’s hipbones.
B.
did not have a function when they first developed, but do so today.
C.
are not found in present-day organisms.
D.
are similar in many organisms.
E.
must have evolved individually in different organisms.
5 points
Question 7
Most mutations lead to a decreased chance of survival for the mutant organism. Rarely, a mutation can provide an increased chance of survival. These rare mutations provide a(n) _____________________ for the mutant.
A.
directional shift
B.
selective disadvantage
C.
adaptive
D.
selective advantage
E.
environmental susceptibility
5 points
Question 8
Which of the following is not true of the punctuated equilibrium theory?
A.
It suggests that most species undergo little phenotypic change during most of their evolutionary duration.
B.
It proposes that most evolutionary change is concentrated in relatively brief episodes of change.
C.
It was inspired in part by patterns observed in the fossil record.
D.
It appears to be well supported by the fossil record.
E.
It suggests that subgroups diverge and evolve at about equal and constant rates.
5 poin ...
Biology questions Please answer all of themTrue or false. If fals.pdfxlynettalampleyxc
Biology questions: Please answer all of them
True or false. If false then state correct answer
1. The frequency of crossing over decreases with the distance seperating genes on a
chromosome.
2. Codominant alleles are expressed equally.
3. Under normal rules of domininace, if two diffferent alleles are present, the dominant allele is
expressed.
4. A mutagen is a substance that causes a change in DNA.
Multiple Choice questions:
5. A DNA nucleotide does not contain A. adenine B. thymine C. uracil
6. Human blood type is determined by A. codominant alleles B. a dominant alleles C. multiple
alleles D. sex-linked genes
7. People who carry genetic disorders (carriers) are A. codominant alleles B. thymine C. uracil
D. cytosine
8. A method to trace the inheritance of a trait over many generations is called a A. carrier tree B.
pedigree C. phenotype D. genotype
9. The insertion or deletion of a single base pair of DNA results in a A. missense mutation B.
nonsense mutation C. duplication mutation D. frameshift mutation
10. Gregor Mendel called the generation created by crossbreeding the parental generation the A.
second parental generation B. cross filial generation C. duplication mutation D. frameshift
mutation.
11. A recessive trait is expressed only in a individual who is A. heterozygous B. homozygous C.
haploid D. polygenic
12. A tall pea plant (TT) and a tall pea plant (Tt) have the same A. alleles B. phenotype C.
genotype D. filial type
13. The faliure of homolougus chromosomes to seperate properly during meiosis is calles A.
nondisjunction B. disjunction C. zygote faliure D. telomere faliure
14. Watson and Crick\'s model of DNA replication is called A. conservation B. semiconservative
C. transcription D. translation
15. Pea plants usually reproduce by A. self-pollination B. cross-pollination C. teste-crossing D.
cloning
16. The pairs of alleles in an organism\'s genetic makeup are called A. phenptype B. genotype C.
parental type D. filial type
Solution
False: As the distance between two gene increases frequency of crossing over between them a
also increases. True : In co dominance both allele are expressed equally True: Cross between
plant having allele TT with plant having allele Tt will show dominant phenotype having
genotype Tt True: Mutation is any sudden change in gene/ DNA that can lead to alteration in
normal genetic make up of an organism False: DNA contain adenine , guanine , cytosine and
thymine; Uracil is present in RNA Co-dominant alleles Pedigree: Change in genetic make up
over generation can be seen in pedigree Missense mutation: Insertion or deletion can lead to
missense mutation First generation b. Homozygous B.Phenotype Non disjunction: is the failure
of homologous chromosome on sister chromatin to separate during cell division
b.Semiconservative model in which one strand is old and another new A. Mendel choose plant
which can do self pollination B.Genotype.
Heredity is the fascinating study of how traits are passed down from one generation to the next. It forms the foundation for understanding the similarities and differences among living organisms, providing insights into the mechanisms of inheritance. From the color of our eyes to the texture of our hair, heredity influences a wide array of physical and physiological characteristics in all living beings.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
FORMATIVE TEST NON MENDELIAN Q1 W4 W5.pptxMARJRegalado
1. The document discusses different patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked traits, and sex-influenced traits.
2. Key points are made about incomplete dominance resulting in an intermediate phenotype, codominance where both alleles are expressed simultaneously, and sex-linked traits being transmitted through and influenced by the X and Y chromosomes.
3. Examples are provided of traits exhibiting these patterns like coat color in cattle showing codominance and color blindness as an X-linked trait in humans.
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins. Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and histone proteins. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits, and alleles are variant forms of genes. Mutations, such as base substitutions, can cause genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions, resulting in genetic variation. Non-disjunction during meiosis can cause aneuploidies like Down syndrome. Mendel's experiments on pea plants established the laws of inheritance and showed dominant and recessive traits.
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins. Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and histone proteins. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits, and alleles are variant forms of genes. Mutations, such as base substitutions, can cause genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions, resulting in genetic variation. Non-disjunction during meiosis can cause aneuploidies like Down syndrome. Mendel's experiments on pea plants established the laws of inheritance and showed dominant and recessive traits.
The document contains questions about cellular structures and organelles, including identifying structures labeled A-E in images and describing their functions. It also provides answers to the questions, identifying structures like the nucleolus and describing its role in synthesizing ribosomal RNA.
The document contains questions about cellular structures and organelles, including identifying structures labeled A-E in images and describing their functions. It also provides answers to the questions, identifying structures like the nucleolus and describing its role in synthesizing ribosomal RNA.
This document discusses various mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, including conjugation, transformation, and transduction. It provides details on the genes and proteins involved in these processes, such as the tra genes for conjugation and the com genes for competence in transformation. Examples are given for using these mechanisms to map genes and determine genetic distances. Order of events in phage lifecycles and the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles are also covered.
1. The document provides a review of biology concepts related to DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It contains 14 multiple choice questions about DNA replication, molecular clocks, sickle cell anemia treatment via gene therapy, DNA's role in controlling cells, transcription errors, the universal genetic code, DNA and RNA structures, transcription, DNA fingerprinting, and cloning human genes in bacteria.
2. Key concepts covered include that DNA replication involves DNA polymerase joining nucleotides to produce two new complementary DNA strands. Molecular clocks can be used to estimate how long ago species diverged from a common ancestor. Gene therapy for sickle cell anemia may involve inserting DNA that provides a blueprint for normal hemoglobin synthesis.
3. DNA in
This document contains a practice test on mitosis and meiosis. It includes 22 multiple choice questions on mitosis and meiosis concepts such as the stages of cell division, changes in chromosome number, formation of gametes, and karyotypes. It also includes two sample karyotypes with 12 additional true/false questions about the karyotypes.
1. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are single base pair mutations thatJarryMikols
1. SNPs are single base pair mutations that do not always damage the function of the encoded gene product.
2. Mitochondria contain their own double-stranded circular DNA genomes.
3. In the future, SNP profiles will allow doctors to predict in advance which patients will respond well to certain drugs like Albuterol for asthma prevention.
Batch (1) final sem (1) molecular biologySalah Abass
The document is an exam for a Molecular Biology course, consisting of 39 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of key concepts in molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology. Some of the concepts assessed include: the central dogma of molecular biology; DNA structure and replication; gene structure and expression; DNA sequencing techniques; restriction enzymes; cloning vectors; the polymerase chain reaction; and applications of recombinant DNA technology such as DNA fingerprinting.
This document is a multiple choice test on chapters 12 and 13 of an AP Biology textbook. It contains 23 multiple choice questions about DNA structure and replication. The questions cover topics like Griffith's experiments, Chargaff's rules, Watson and Crick's discovery of the DNA structure, semiconservative replication, Meselson and Stahl's experiments, replication forks, Okazaki fragments, and replication in bacteria and eukaryotes. It also includes a diagram labeling exercise related to DNA replication.
Method and Practice in Biological Anthropology 1st Edition Hens Solutions Manualtybozibuto
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/method-and-practice-in-biological-anthropology-1st-edition-hens-solutions-manual/
Method and Practice in Biological Anthropology 1st Edition Hens Solutions Manual
The document discusses various biology concepts. It provides answers to 22 multiple choice questions related to topics like nucleolus function, T cell receptor engagement, amino acid roles in protein glycosylation, neurotransmitters, translation product molecular weight, protein separation techniques, membrane protein structure, epigenetics, plant hormones, genetic variation, primary production, electron microscope resolution, gene mapping, enzyme function, Mendel's experiments, speciation modes, niche competition, and vaccine success factors.
1. Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and e.pdfarchanadesignfashion
1. Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. Eukaryotic cells have a nuclear envelope surrounding the genetic material, whereas
prokaryotes have no nucleus.
B. Prokaryotic cells have multiple paired chromosomes, but eukaryotic cells have
only one.
C. Prokaryotic cells have linear DNA, whereas eukaryotes have circular DNA.
D. Eukaryotes have histone proteins, whereas prokaryotes do not.
E. Plasmids contain some genes for eukaryotes, whereas organelles contain some
genes for prokaryotes.
2. Which of the following are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction?
A. A cell\'s genetic information must be copied.
B. The copies of the genetic information must be separated from one another.
C. The cell must divide.
D. All of the above are fundamental events that must take place in cell
reproduction.
3. What are three essential structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome?
A. Histone proteins, spindle fibers, and a pair of telomeres
B. Origins of replication, chromatids, and kinetochores
C. A centromere, a pair of telomeres, and origins of replication
D. A centromere, chromatids, and kinetochores
E. Spindle fibers, kinetochores, and chromatids
4. The chromosomal structures that serve as the attachment point for spindle fibers are the
_____________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
5. The natural ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that serve to stabilize the ends of the
chromosomes are the ______________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
6. _______________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where the cell growth and
protein synthesis necessary for cell division and DNA replication take place.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
7. __________________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where additional
biochemical reactions take place preparing the cell for mitosis.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
8. __________________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where DNA replication
takes place.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
9. What are checkpoints?
A. Key transition points in the cell cycle that lead to cancer
B. Periods during the cell cycle that ensure all cellular components are in good
working order
C. Transition points during the process of replication that allow DNA repair
D. The last process that occurs before a cell divides
E. Critical points that ensure correct and complete cytokinesis
10. What is the stage in mitosis when sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to
opposite poles of the cell.
A. Prophase
B. Prometaphase
C. Metaphase
D. Anaphase
E. Telophase
11. What is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes are arranged on the equatorial plane of
the cell.
A. prophase
B. prometaphase
C. metaphase
D. anaphase
E. telophase
12. What is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes ini.
1. Linkage occurs when genes located on the same chromosome fail to assort independently during meiosis. This causes traits to be inherited together in offspring.
2. Bateson and Punnett first reported linkage in 1906 while studying flower color and pollen shape in peas. They observed a deviation from expected Mendelian ratios, indicating linkage between the genes.
3. Morgan's studies of fruit flies provided the first evidence that linkage is due to genes being located on the same chromosome. Crossing over during meiosis can lead to new combinations of linked genes.
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The document discusses human genetics and inheritance patterns. It covers topics like human chromosomes, genetic disorders, studying the human genome, and inheritance of traits. Key points include that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y); genetic disorders can be caused by changes in chromosomes or DNA; and traits can be inherited in sex-linked patterns when located on the X or Y chromosome.
Cbse class 10 science chapter 9 heredity and evolution2015 11-09Sameer Bhatta
This document contains a practice test for CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 9 on Heredity and Evolution. It includes 25 multiple choice questions and true/false questions to test understanding of concepts related to inheritance of traits, genetic variation, natural selection, evolution, and Mendel's experiments with garden peas. The questions cover topics such as dominant and recessive traits, genetic drift, inheritance of sex chromosomes, DNA as the source of genetic information, and more.
The document discusses genetics and genes. It states that chromosomes carry genes in a linear sequence shared by members of a species. Genes occupy specific positions on chromosomes and come in different alleles. Biologists have developed techniques to artificially manipulate DNA, cells, and organisms.
Semester pre bio spring 2011 with answersChase Moore
This document contains a multiple choice quiz with questions about patterns of inheritance and Mendelian genetics. There are 33 questions that cover topics like Mendel's experiments, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, genotypes and phenotypes, inheritance of traits, sex determination, and independent assortment. The questions require recall of genetic concepts and principles as well as the ability to apply this knowledge to analyze inheritance patterns and genetic crosses.
This document contains a 40 question multiple choice exam on molecular biology. The exam covers topics such as DNA and RNA structure, gene expression, DNA replication, transcription, translation, gene regulation, and techniques used in molecular biology like PCR, DNA cloning, hybridization probes, and restriction enzymes. The second section asks students to answer 4 out of 5 long answer questions covering topics like ribosomes, cDNA libraries, gene cloning steps, hybridization probes, and polymerase chain reaction.
The document contains 20 multiple choice questions about basic genetics concepts such as Mendel's laws of inheritance, alleles, dominance, genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. The questions cover topics like inheritance of traits in dogs, traits studied by Mendel in peas, parts of flowers, gamete formation, and Punnett squares.
1. An exergonic reaction ____________ . a. has the same amount of .pdfarihantpatna
1. An exergonic reaction ____________ .
a. has the same amount of energy in the reactants and the product
b. has reactants that contain more energy than the product
c. requires the input of energy
d. releases energy
2. Which of these is an example of a phenotype?
a. Bb
b. heterozygote
c. brown hair
d. answers a and c are both correct
3. Polar bodies are ____________ .
a. cells found in the arctic
b. formed during meiosis when sperm are made
c. formed during meiosis when eggs are made
d. an inactive X chromosome
4. True or false: living things are the only things that possess metabolism.
a. True b. False
5. Sister chromatids are produced (not when you can see them) during _____ .
a. Telophase
b. Anaphase
c. Interphase
d. Prophase
6. Trisomy 21 or \"Down\'s Syndrome\" is an example of nondisjunction. This means ___ .
a. chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis
b. chromosomes failed to separate during mitosis
c. two genes overlapped at more than one junction
d. two genes failed to overlap at more than one junction
7.____is an example of Homeostasis.
a. a bird\'s ability to fly (remain in the air against gravity)
b. a mammal\'s ability to regulate glucose levels in the blood
c. a fish\'s ability to stay in one place in water without moving it\'s fins
d. a bee\'s ability to return to it\'s hive after a long flight
8. In a monohybrid cross (with 2 heterozygous parents), we always get a _____ratio of
phenotypes.
a. 3:1 b. 9:3:3:1 c. 1:1 d. 1:2:1
9. Which characteristic is not a characteristic of the kingdom Fungi
a. nonmotile
b. photosynthetic
C. multicellular
d. eukaryotic
10. During diffusion ions will ___________without adding energy.
a. move in both directions
b. move from high concentration
c. move from high concentration to low concentration
d. not move
11. \"P\" in ATP represents the element _______.
a. phosphorus b. sodium c. calcium d. potassium
12. In mitosis during anaphase _____.
a. chromosomes line up at the (equator)
b. DNA unwinds into chromatin and a nuclear membrane forms.
c. sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles
d. DNA winds up into chromosomes and becomes visible under a microscope
13. In humans the first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called ___chromosomes.
a. sex b. lethal c. short d. autosomal
14. These three things are required for photosynthesis to occur
a. sugar, light, carbon dioxide
b. sugar, light, water
c. light, oxygen, carbon dioxide
d. light, carbon dioxide, water
15. Which is true of a \"theory\" in science?
a. it is a best guess
b. It is a statement of facts observed
c. It is a fact that science has been unable to disprove
d. All of the above are correct
16. The process of producing a protein from mRNA is __________.
a. mitosis b. transition c. translation d. transcription
Solution
Answer 1
An exergonic reaction: (d) releases energy
exergonic reaction releases energy, it is exothermic , the reactants lose energy to form the
product, the reaction is spontaneous.\'
2) Which of these is an example .
The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It begins by summarizing Griffith's experiments which showed genetic material can be transferred between bacteria. Next, it describes the discovery of DNA's double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953, including its key features like base pairing and antiparallel strands. The document then reviews three proposed models of DNA replication before summarizing Meselson and Stahl's experiment which supported the semiconservative model where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand. Finally, it provides an overview of the molecular mechanism of DNA replication from the origin of replication to DNA polymerase adding nucleotides.
1. The document provides an overview of genetics concepts including: Mendelian inheritance patterns; DNA structure and replication; gene expression and regulation; and modern applications like biotechnology.
2. Key topics covered include alleles and inheritance ratios; meiosis; linkage and crossing over; mutations and their effects; the central dogma of DNA to protein; gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; and recombinant DNA techniques.
3. Sample multiple choice and free response questions assess understanding of inheritance patterns, molecular genetics concepts, and experimental techniques.
This document provides an overview of cell biology, including cell structure, organelles, and molecular components. It discusses the structures and functions of the cell nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. It describes the roles of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids within cells. Key concepts covered include water properties, cell membrane composition and transport mechanisms, including passive diffusion, facilitated transport, active transport pumps, and endocytosis and exocytosis. The document emphasizes the sodium-potassium pump and its crucial role in maintaining ion gradients across the cell membrane.
The document contains questions about cellular structures and organelles, including identifying structures labeled A-E in images and describing their functions. It also provides answers to the questions, identifying structures like the nucleolus and describing its role in synthesizing ribosomal RNA.
This document discusses various mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, including conjugation, transformation, and transduction. It provides details on the genes and proteins involved in these processes, such as the tra genes for conjugation and the com genes for competence in transformation. Examples are given for using these mechanisms to map genes and determine genetic distances. Order of events in phage lifecycles and the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles are also covered.
1. The document provides a review of biology concepts related to DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It contains 14 multiple choice questions about DNA replication, molecular clocks, sickle cell anemia treatment via gene therapy, DNA's role in controlling cells, transcription errors, the universal genetic code, DNA and RNA structures, transcription, DNA fingerprinting, and cloning human genes in bacteria.
2. Key concepts covered include that DNA replication involves DNA polymerase joining nucleotides to produce two new complementary DNA strands. Molecular clocks can be used to estimate how long ago species diverged from a common ancestor. Gene therapy for sickle cell anemia may involve inserting DNA that provides a blueprint for normal hemoglobin synthesis.
3. DNA in
This document contains a practice test on mitosis and meiosis. It includes 22 multiple choice questions on mitosis and meiosis concepts such as the stages of cell division, changes in chromosome number, formation of gametes, and karyotypes. It also includes two sample karyotypes with 12 additional true/false questions about the karyotypes.
1. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are single base pair mutations thatJarryMikols
1. SNPs are single base pair mutations that do not always damage the function of the encoded gene product.
2. Mitochondria contain their own double-stranded circular DNA genomes.
3. In the future, SNP profiles will allow doctors to predict in advance which patients will respond well to certain drugs like Albuterol for asthma prevention.
Batch (1) final sem (1) molecular biologySalah Abass
The document is an exam for a Molecular Biology course, consisting of 39 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of key concepts in molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology. Some of the concepts assessed include: the central dogma of molecular biology; DNA structure and replication; gene structure and expression; DNA sequencing techniques; restriction enzymes; cloning vectors; the polymerase chain reaction; and applications of recombinant DNA technology such as DNA fingerprinting.
This document is a multiple choice test on chapters 12 and 13 of an AP Biology textbook. It contains 23 multiple choice questions about DNA structure and replication. The questions cover topics like Griffith's experiments, Chargaff's rules, Watson and Crick's discovery of the DNA structure, semiconservative replication, Meselson and Stahl's experiments, replication forks, Okazaki fragments, and replication in bacteria and eukaryotes. It also includes a diagram labeling exercise related to DNA replication.
Method and Practice in Biological Anthropology 1st Edition Hens Solutions Manualtybozibuto
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/method-and-practice-in-biological-anthropology-1st-edition-hens-solutions-manual/
Method and Practice in Biological Anthropology 1st Edition Hens Solutions Manual
The document discusses various biology concepts. It provides answers to 22 multiple choice questions related to topics like nucleolus function, T cell receptor engagement, amino acid roles in protein glycosylation, neurotransmitters, translation product molecular weight, protein separation techniques, membrane protein structure, epigenetics, plant hormones, genetic variation, primary production, electron microscope resolution, gene mapping, enzyme function, Mendel's experiments, speciation modes, niche competition, and vaccine success factors.
1. Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and e.pdfarchanadesignfashion
1. Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. Eukaryotic cells have a nuclear envelope surrounding the genetic material, whereas
prokaryotes have no nucleus.
B. Prokaryotic cells have multiple paired chromosomes, but eukaryotic cells have
only one.
C. Prokaryotic cells have linear DNA, whereas eukaryotes have circular DNA.
D. Eukaryotes have histone proteins, whereas prokaryotes do not.
E. Plasmids contain some genes for eukaryotes, whereas organelles contain some
genes for prokaryotes.
2. Which of the following are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction?
A. A cell\'s genetic information must be copied.
B. The copies of the genetic information must be separated from one another.
C. The cell must divide.
D. All of the above are fundamental events that must take place in cell
reproduction.
3. What are three essential structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome?
A. Histone proteins, spindle fibers, and a pair of telomeres
B. Origins of replication, chromatids, and kinetochores
C. A centromere, a pair of telomeres, and origins of replication
D. A centromere, chromatids, and kinetochores
E. Spindle fibers, kinetochores, and chromatids
4. The chromosomal structures that serve as the attachment point for spindle fibers are the
_____________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
5. The natural ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that serve to stabilize the ends of the
chromosomes are the ______________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
6. _______________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where the cell growth and
protein synthesis necessary for cell division and DNA replication take place.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
7. __________________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where additional
biochemical reactions take place preparing the cell for mitosis.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
8. __________________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle where DNA replication
takes place.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
9. What are checkpoints?
A. Key transition points in the cell cycle that lead to cancer
B. Periods during the cell cycle that ensure all cellular components are in good
working order
C. Transition points during the process of replication that allow DNA repair
D. The last process that occurs before a cell divides
E. Critical points that ensure correct and complete cytokinesis
10. What is the stage in mitosis when sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to
opposite poles of the cell.
A. Prophase
B. Prometaphase
C. Metaphase
D. Anaphase
E. Telophase
11. What is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes are arranged on the equatorial plane of
the cell.
A. prophase
B. prometaphase
C. metaphase
D. anaphase
E. telophase
12. What is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes ini.
1. Linkage occurs when genes located on the same chromosome fail to assort independently during meiosis. This causes traits to be inherited together in offspring.
2. Bateson and Punnett first reported linkage in 1906 while studying flower color and pollen shape in peas. They observed a deviation from expected Mendelian ratios, indicating linkage between the genes.
3. Morgan's studies of fruit flies provided the first evidence that linkage is due to genes being located on the same chromosome. Crossing over during meiosis can lead to new combinations of linked genes.
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The document discusses human genetics and inheritance patterns. It covers topics like human chromosomes, genetic disorders, studying the human genome, and inheritance of traits. Key points include that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y); genetic disorders can be caused by changes in chromosomes or DNA; and traits can be inherited in sex-linked patterns when located on the X or Y chromosome.
Cbse class 10 science chapter 9 heredity and evolution2015 11-09Sameer Bhatta
This document contains a practice test for CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 9 on Heredity and Evolution. It includes 25 multiple choice questions and true/false questions to test understanding of concepts related to inheritance of traits, genetic variation, natural selection, evolution, and Mendel's experiments with garden peas. The questions cover topics such as dominant and recessive traits, genetic drift, inheritance of sex chromosomes, DNA as the source of genetic information, and more.
The document discusses genetics and genes. It states that chromosomes carry genes in a linear sequence shared by members of a species. Genes occupy specific positions on chromosomes and come in different alleles. Biologists have developed techniques to artificially manipulate DNA, cells, and organisms.
Semester pre bio spring 2011 with answersChase Moore
This document contains a multiple choice quiz with questions about patterns of inheritance and Mendelian genetics. There are 33 questions that cover topics like Mendel's experiments, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, genotypes and phenotypes, inheritance of traits, sex determination, and independent assortment. The questions require recall of genetic concepts and principles as well as the ability to apply this knowledge to analyze inheritance patterns and genetic crosses.
This document contains a 40 question multiple choice exam on molecular biology. The exam covers topics such as DNA and RNA structure, gene expression, DNA replication, transcription, translation, gene regulation, and techniques used in molecular biology like PCR, DNA cloning, hybridization probes, and restriction enzymes. The second section asks students to answer 4 out of 5 long answer questions covering topics like ribosomes, cDNA libraries, gene cloning steps, hybridization probes, and polymerase chain reaction.
The document contains 20 multiple choice questions about basic genetics concepts such as Mendel's laws of inheritance, alleles, dominance, genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. The questions cover topics like inheritance of traits in dogs, traits studied by Mendel in peas, parts of flowers, gamete formation, and Punnett squares.
1. An exergonic reaction ____________ . a. has the same amount of .pdfarihantpatna
1. An exergonic reaction ____________ .
a. has the same amount of energy in the reactants and the product
b. has reactants that contain more energy than the product
c. requires the input of energy
d. releases energy
2. Which of these is an example of a phenotype?
a. Bb
b. heterozygote
c. brown hair
d. answers a and c are both correct
3. Polar bodies are ____________ .
a. cells found in the arctic
b. formed during meiosis when sperm are made
c. formed during meiosis when eggs are made
d. an inactive X chromosome
4. True or false: living things are the only things that possess metabolism.
a. True b. False
5. Sister chromatids are produced (not when you can see them) during _____ .
a. Telophase
b. Anaphase
c. Interphase
d. Prophase
6. Trisomy 21 or \"Down\'s Syndrome\" is an example of nondisjunction. This means ___ .
a. chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis
b. chromosomes failed to separate during mitosis
c. two genes overlapped at more than one junction
d. two genes failed to overlap at more than one junction
7.____is an example of Homeostasis.
a. a bird\'s ability to fly (remain in the air against gravity)
b. a mammal\'s ability to regulate glucose levels in the blood
c. a fish\'s ability to stay in one place in water without moving it\'s fins
d. a bee\'s ability to return to it\'s hive after a long flight
8. In a monohybrid cross (with 2 heterozygous parents), we always get a _____ratio of
phenotypes.
a. 3:1 b. 9:3:3:1 c. 1:1 d. 1:2:1
9. Which characteristic is not a characteristic of the kingdom Fungi
a. nonmotile
b. photosynthetic
C. multicellular
d. eukaryotic
10. During diffusion ions will ___________without adding energy.
a. move in both directions
b. move from high concentration
c. move from high concentration to low concentration
d. not move
11. \"P\" in ATP represents the element _______.
a. phosphorus b. sodium c. calcium d. potassium
12. In mitosis during anaphase _____.
a. chromosomes line up at the (equator)
b. DNA unwinds into chromatin and a nuclear membrane forms.
c. sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles
d. DNA winds up into chromosomes and becomes visible under a microscope
13. In humans the first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called ___chromosomes.
a. sex b. lethal c. short d. autosomal
14. These three things are required for photosynthesis to occur
a. sugar, light, carbon dioxide
b. sugar, light, water
c. light, oxygen, carbon dioxide
d. light, carbon dioxide, water
15. Which is true of a \"theory\" in science?
a. it is a best guess
b. It is a statement of facts observed
c. It is a fact that science has been unable to disprove
d. All of the above are correct
16. The process of producing a protein from mRNA is __________.
a. mitosis b. transition c. translation d. transcription
Solution
Answer 1
An exergonic reaction: (d) releases energy
exergonic reaction releases energy, it is exothermic , the reactants lose energy to form the
product, the reaction is spontaneous.\'
2) Which of these is an example .
The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It begins by summarizing Griffith's experiments which showed genetic material can be transferred between bacteria. Next, it describes the discovery of DNA's double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953, including its key features like base pairing and antiparallel strands. The document then reviews three proposed models of DNA replication before summarizing Meselson and Stahl's experiment which supported the semiconservative model where each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand. Finally, it provides an overview of the molecular mechanism of DNA replication from the origin of replication to DNA polymerase adding nucleotides.
1. The document provides an overview of genetics concepts including: Mendelian inheritance patterns; DNA structure and replication; gene expression and regulation; and modern applications like biotechnology.
2. Key topics covered include alleles and inheritance ratios; meiosis; linkage and crossing over; mutations and their effects; the central dogma of DNA to protein; gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; and recombinant DNA techniques.
3. Sample multiple choice and free response questions assess understanding of inheritance patterns, molecular genetics concepts, and experimental techniques.
This document provides an overview of cell biology, including cell structure, organelles, and molecular components. It discusses the structures and functions of the cell nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. It describes the roles of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids within cells. Key concepts covered include water properties, cell membrane composition and transport mechanisms, including passive diffusion, facilitated transport, active transport pumps, and endocytosis and exocytosis. The document emphasizes the sodium-potassium pump and its crucial role in maintaining ion gradients across the cell membrane.
1. The document discusses the basic structure and function of cells. It defines cells as the smallest unit capable of performing life functions and notes that all living things are made up of cells.
2. The document outlines that there are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells do not have internal structures surrounded by membranes, while eukaryotic cells do contain organelles surrounded by membranes.
3. The structures and organelles that make up typical animal and plant cells are described, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other internal structures that allow the cell to carry out its functions.
This document provides definitions and examples to classify different types of matter:
- An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom, represented by a one or two letter chemical symbol with the first letter uppercase and the second lowercase if two letters.
- A compound is a pure substance made of two or more chemically combined elements, represented by a chemical formula with elements always in definite proportions.
- A mixture is made of two or more physically combined substances and can be either homogeneous, where the substances are uniformly mixed like a solution, or heterogeneous, where they are not uniformly mixed like muddy water.
The document provides instructions for setting up a student clicker for a class, including entering the clicker number, recommendations for taking notes from PowerPoint slides, and an example of using the scientific method to form a hypothesis about which type of bacteria could best break down oil from the BP oil spill. It also lists the lab section numbers and times.
1) Matter is anything that has mass and volume. 2) Particles in different states of matter behave differently due to their spacing and movement, as explained by the kinetic molecular theory. 3) The three main states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - can be described based on their particles' shape, volume, spacing, and movement.
This document provides information about mixtures and pure substances including:
1) A table matching statements about mixtures and pure substances to their definitions.
2) Diagrams to label as either a pure substance, solution, or heterogeneous mixture.
3) A practice question section asking to identify examples as pure substances, homogeneous mixtures, or heterogeneous mixtures.
4) A question about why a sugar cube will dissolve in water but a grain of salt may not.
This document provides definitions and examples to classify different types of matter:
- An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom, represented by a one or two letter chemical symbol with the first letter uppercase and the second lowercase if two letters.
- A compound is a pure substance made of two or more chemically combined elements, represented by a chemical formula with elements always in definite proportions.
- A mixture is made of two or more physically combined substances and can be either homogeneous, where the substances are uniformly mixed like a solution, or heterogeneous, where they are not uniformly mixed like muddy water.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
1. Genetics Review
A. Top “10” — If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned:
1. Different versions of same gene are called alleles
a. dominant vs. recessive
b. homozygous vs. heterozygous
c. phenotype vs. genotype
2. Mendelian inheritance
a. monohybrid crosses
• Aa x Aa = 3:1 ratio
• Law of Segregation
b. dihybrid crosses
• AaBb x AaBb = 9:3:3:1 ratio
• Law of Independent Assortment
c. test cross
• determine genotype of individual showing dominant phenotype
• unknown (A_) x aa (homozygous recessive)
3. Non-Mendelian inheritance
a. incomplete dominance (pink flower color), co-dominance (blood type), sex linked (mainly
X-linked: color blindness, hemophilia)
4. Chi-square analysis
a. determining if observed results are significantly different from expected results
b. know how to use formula when given & how to interpret results
• degrees freedom (1 less than number of classes of results)
• less than p=.05, then difference can be due to random chance alone & null hypothesis is accepted
5. Prokaryotic Inheritance
a. Conjugation
b. Plasmids
6. DNA & RNA
a. DNA: ACTG nitrogen bases, double helix
• A : T, C : G
b. RNA: ACUG nitrogen bases, single helix
7. Central Dogma
a. DNA → RNA →protein →trait
b. transcription (DNA →mRNA)
• in nucleus
• RNA polymerase copies coding strand & produces mRNA
c. translation (mRNA →protein)
• in cytoplasm
• codons on mRNA read by ribosome
• matched to anticodons of tRNA
• tRNA carries amino acids to mRNA & ribosome assembles polypeptide chain
• start codon (Met) & stop codons, redundancy in code
• universal code (single common ancestor)
8. Regulation of genes
a. operons
• prokaryotes
• cluster of genes for enzymes in a pathway
• controlled by repressor protein
• repressible operon (synthesis pathway = tryp operon) vs. inducible operon (digestive pathway = lac operon)
9. Mutations
a. fuel for evolution = variation, genetic change
b. gene duplication, point mutation, insertions, deletion, nonsense, missence, frameshift
10. Biotechnology
a. Scientists can modify an organism’s genome by inserting foreign DNA
2. • bacterial transformation (human insulin gene in E. coli)
• possible because of universal genetic code
b. Techniques
• restriction digest: restriction enzymes, sticky ends
• transformation: restriction enzymes, sticky ends, ligase, amp selection
• gel electrophoresis: DNA moves in an electrical field (negative →positive), small
pieces move further
• PCR: DNA amplification
B. Sample Multiple Choice Questions
1. A represents the dominant allele and a represents the recessive allele of a pair. If, in 1000 offspring, 500 are aa and 500 are of some other
genotype, which of the following are most probably the genotypes of the parents?
a. Aa and Aa
b. Aa and aa
c. AA and Aa
d. AA and aa
e. aa and aa
2. A form of vitamin D-resistant rickets, known as hypophosphatemia, is inherited as an X-linked dominant trait. If a male with
hypophosphatemia marries a normal female, which of the following predictions concerning their potential progeny would be true?
a. All of their sons would inherit the disease
b. All of their daughters would inherit the disease
c. About 50% of their sons would inherit the disease
d. About 50% of their daughters would inherit the disease
e. None of their daughters would inherit the disease
3. Which of the following best describes the parents in a testcross?
a. One individual has the dominant phenotype and the other has the recessive phenotype.
b. Both individuals are heterozygous.
c. Both individuals have the dominant phenotype.
d. Both individuals have the recessive phenotype.
e. Both individuals have an unknown phenotype.
4. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for a high rate of crossing-over between two genes?
a. The two genes are far apart on the same chromosome.
b. The two genes are both located near the centromere.
c. The two genes are sex-linked.
d. The two genes code for the same protein.
e. The two genes are on different chromosomes.
5. DNA replication can be described as
a. semiconservative
b. conservative
c. degenerative
d. dispersive
e. radical
6. In the pedigree below, squares represent males and circles represent females. Individuals who express a particular trait are represented
by shaded figures. Which of the following patterns of inheritance best explains the transmission of the trait?
a. Sex-linked dominant b. Sex-linked recessive c. Autosomal recessive d. Autosomal dominant e. Incompletely dominant
3. A male fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) with red eyes and long wings was mated with a female with purple eyes and vestigial wings. All
of the offspring in the F1 generation had red eyes and long wings.
These F1 flies were test crossed with purple-eyed, vestigial-winged flies. Their offspring, the F2 generation, appeared as indicated below.
F2 Generation
125 red eyes, long wings
124 purple eyes, vestigial wings
18 purple eyes, long wings
16 red eyes, vestigial wings
283 Total
7. If in the F1 and F2 generations the same characteristics appeared in both male and females, it would be safe to assume that these traits
for eye color and wing length…
a. are sex-linked
b. vary in dominance according to sex
c. are sex-influenced characteristics
d. are autosomal characteristics
e. follow the Mendelian rule of independent assortment
8. In the F2 generation, the results are best explained by the fact that…
a. the test cross with the F1 flies resulted in sterile offspring
b. these genes for eye color and wing shape do not pass through the F1 generation
c. these genes for eye color and wing shape are found on the same chromosome
d. crossing over decreases variability
e. the genes are sex-linked
9. If a single locus controls wing shape, then the alleles for this gene act as…
a. dominant-recessive alleles
b. incomplete-dominance alleles
c. codominant alleles
d. multiple alleles
e. variable alleles
10. What would be the sequence of bases of an mRNA molecule that was transcribed from the
sequence of DNA bases shown below?
GTAGTAGGT
a. GTAGTAGGT
b. CAUCAUCCA
c. UCGUCGUUC
d. AUGAUGAAU
e. CATCATCCA
11. Some strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes secrete poisonous substances called exotoxins. The gene encoding the exotoxins
are thought to have originated in bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria.
Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which the S. pyogenes acquired the ability to produce exotoxins?
a. Bacteriophages engulfed cellular debris from dead bacteria.
b. Bacteriophages in the environment activated bacterial cell division.
c. Bacteriophage DNA became integrated in the bacterial chromosome.
d. bacteriophage proteins were absorbed into bacterial cells by endocytosis.
4. Questions 12-14 refer to an experiment that was performed to separate DNA fragments from four samples radioactively labeled with 32P.
The fragments were separated by gel electrophoresis. The visualized bands are illustrated in the figure below.
12. The electrophoretic separation of the pieces of DNA in each of the four samples was achieved because of differential migration of the
DNA fragments in an electric field. This differential migration was caused by the
a. relative amounts of radioactivity in the DNA
b. number of cleavage points per fragment
c. size of each fragment
d. overall positive charge of each fragment
e. solubility of each fragment
13. The DNA was labeled with 32P in order to
a. stimulate DNA replication
b. inhibit the uptake of unlabeled ATP
c. show which fragments included the 5' end and which fragments included the 3' end
d. visualize the fragments
e. speed up the rate of separation by electrophoresis
14. Which of the following is an additional use of the gel electrophoresis technique?
a. To express a gene
b. To separate proteins in a mixture
c. To ligate DNA fragments
d. To transform E. coli
e. To amplify genes
5. Questions 15-17 . A scientist is using an ampicillin-sensitive strain of bacteria that cannot use lactose because it has a nonfunctional gene
in the lac operon. She has two plasmids. One contains a functional copy of the affected gene of the lac operon, and the other contains the
gene for ampicillin resistance. Using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase, she forms a recombinant plasmid containing both genes. She
then adds a high concentration of the plasmid to a tube of the bacteria in a medium for bacterial growth that contains glucose as the only
energy source. This tube (+) and a control tube (-) with similar bacteria but no plasmid are both incubated under the appropriate
conditions for growth and plasmid uptake. The scientist then spreads a sample of each bacterial culture (+ and -) on each of the three
types of plates indicated below.
15. If no new mutations occur, it would be most reasonable to expect bacterial growth on which of the following plates?
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 3 and 4 only
c. 5 and 6 only
d. 4, 5, and 6 only
e. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only
16. The scientist used restriction enzymes for what purpose in the experiment?
a. To make the plasmid small enough to transform cells
b. To make cuts in the plasmid DNA
c. To make the plasmid enter the cells
d. To enable the fragments of DNA to form covalent bonds
e. To enable the plasmid to recognize the bacterial cells
17. If the scientist had forgotten to use DNA ligase during the preparation of the recombinant plasmid, bacterial growth would most likely
have occurred on which of the following?
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 4 only
c. 4 and 5 only
d. 1, 2, and 3 only
e. 4, 5, and 6 only
C. Sample Free Response Questions
1. Meiosis reduces chromosome number and rearranges genetic information.
a. Explain how the reduction and rearrangement are accomplished in meiosis .
b. Several human disorders occur as a result of defects in the meiotic process. Identify ONE such chromosomal abnormality;
what effects does it have on the phenotype of people with that disorder? Describe how this abnormality could result from a
defect in meiosis.
2. The human genome illustrates both continuity and change.
a. Describe the essential features of two of the procedures/techniques below. For each of the procedures/techniques you
describe, explain how its application contributes to understanding genetics.
• the use of a bacterial plasmid to clone and sequence a human gene
• polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
b. All humans are nearly identical genetically in coding sequences and have many proteins that are identical in structure and
function. Nevertheless, each human has a unique DNA fingerprint. Explain this apparent contradiction.
6. 3. In fruit flies, the phenotype for eye color is determined by a certain locus. E indicates the dominant allele and e indicates the recessive
allele. The cross between a male wild-type fruit fly and a female white-eyed fruit fly produced the following offspring.
a. Determine the genotypes of the original parents (P generation) and explain your reasoning. You may use Punnett squares to enhance
your description, but the results from the Punnett squares must be discussed in your answer.
b. Use a Chi-squared test on the F2 generation data to analyze your prediction of the parental genotypes. Show all your work and explain
the importance of your final answer.
c. The brown-eyed female in the F1 generation resulted from a mutational change. Explain what a mutation is, and discuss two types of
mutations that might have produced the brown-eyed female in the F1 generation.
Essential Text Content
Chapter 7: The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Concept 7.1 Different Life Cycles Use Different Modes of Cell Reproduction
Sexual reproduction by meiosis results in genetic diversity
Sexual life cycles are diverse
Concept 7.2 Both Binary Fission and Mitosis Produce Genetically Identical Cells
Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis followed by cytokinesis
Chromosomes separation and movement are highly organized
Concept 7.3 Cell Reproduction is Under Precise Control
Cell division is regulated internally
Concept 7.4 Meiosis halves the Nuclear Chromosome Content and Generates Diversity
Meitotic division reduces the chromosome number
Crossing over and independent assortment generate diversity
Meitotic errors lead to abnormal chromosome structures and number
Concept 7.5 Programmed Cell Death is a Necessary Process in Living Organisms
Chapter 8: Inheritance, Gene and Chromosomes
Concept 8.1 Genes are Particulate and Inherited According to Mendel’s Laws
Mendel used the scientific method to test his hypothesis
Mendel’s first experiments involved monohybrid crosses
Mendel’s first law states that the two copies of a gene segregate
Mendel verified his hypothesis by performing test crosses
Mendel’s second law states that copies of different genes assort independently
7. Probability is used to predict inheritance
Mendel’s laws can be observed in human pedigrees
Concept 8.2 Alleles and Genes Interact to Produce Phenotypes
New alleles arise by mutation
Dominance is not always complete
Genes interact when they are expressed
The environment affects gene action
Concept 8.3 Genes are Carried on Chromosomes
Genes on the same chromosome are linked, but can be separated by crossing over
Linkage is also revealed by studies of the X and Y chromosome
Some genes are carried in chromosomes in organelles
Concept 8.4 Prokaryotes Can Exchange Genetic Material
Bacteria exchange genes by conjugation
Plasmids transfer genes between bacteria
The evolution of drug-resistant bacteria is a major public health problem
Chapter 9: DNA and Its role in Heredity
Concept 9.1: DNA structure Reflects Its Role as the Genetic Material
Circumstantial evidence suggested that DNA is the genetic material
Experimental evidence confirmed that DNA is the genetic material
Four key features define DNA structure
The double-helical structure of DNA is essential to its function
Concept 9.2: DNA Replicates Semi conservatively
Telomeres are not fully replicated in most eukaryotic cells
Errors in DNA replication can be repaired
The basic mechanism of DNA replication can be used to amplify DNA in a test tube
Concept 9.3: Mutations are Heritable changes in DNA
Mutations can have various phenotypic effects
Point mutations ae changes in a single nucleotide
Chromosomal mutations are extensive changes in the genetic material
Mutations have both benefits and costs
We attempt to minimize our exposure to mutagens
Chapter 10: From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression
Concept 10.1 Genetics Shows the Genes Code for Proteins
The concept of the gene has changed over time
Genes are expressed via transcription and translation
Concept 10.2 DNA expression Begins with Its Transcription to RNA
RNA polymerases share common features
Transcription occurs in three steps
Eukaryotic gene transcripts are processed by translation
Concept 10.3 The genetic Code in RNA is Translated into the Amino Acid Sequences of Proteins
The information for protein synthesis lies in the genetic code
Point mutations confirm the genetic code
Concept 10.4 Translation of the Genetic Code is Mediated by tRNAs and Ribosomes
Transfer RNAs carry specific amino acids and bind to specific codons
Translation occurs at the ribosome
Translation takes place in three steps
Polysome formation increases the rate of protein synthesis
Concept 10.5 Proteins are modified after Translation
Many proteins are modified after translation
Chapter 11 Regulation of Gene Expression
Concept 11.1 Many prokaryotic Genes are Regulated in Operons
Genes are subject to positive and negative regulation
Regulating gene transcription is a system that conserves energy
Operons are units of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes
Operator-repressor interactions regulate transcription in the lac and trp operons
Chapter 13: Biotechnology
Concept 13.2 DNA can Genetically Transform Cells and Organisms
Genes can be inserted into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells