Presentation made by Raffaele Della Croce, Financial Affairs Division & Dejan Makovsek, Investment Division, OECD, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
Managing VfM: a project lifecycle approach - Fernando Crespo Diu, PortugalOECD Governance
Presentation made by Fernando Crespo Diu, Ministry of Finance, Portugal, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
Maintaining and enhancing value from existing PPPs - Jo Fox, United KingdomOECD Governance
Presentation made by Jo Fox, Infrastructure and Projects Authority, United Kingdom, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
After Paris - How do we meet the infrastructure targets that the COP21 Paris ...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Simon Buckle, Environment Directorate, OECD, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
6
PPP disclosure - A view from the UK audit office - Daniel Fairhead, United Ki...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Daniel Fairhead, National Audit Office, United Kingdom, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
Aligning Sponsor and Investor Interests in P3s - Alternative Risk and Profit...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Elaine Buckberg, US Treasury Department, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
Project on Connectivity Infrastructure to Enhance Productivity and GVCs - Fer...OECD Governance
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Public Private Partnerships in Italy - Marco Tranquilli, ItalyOECD Governance
Presentation made by Marco Tranquilli, Presidency of tne council of Ministers, Italy, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
Presented at the 4th Global Infrastructure Basel Summit 21 & 22 May 2014.
Read more about the world leading platform for Sustainable Infrastructure Finance at www.gib-foundation.org.
Next Summit: 27 & 28 May 2015 in Switzerland
Managing VfM: a project lifecycle approach - Fernando Crespo Diu, PortugalOECD Governance
Presentation made by Fernando Crespo Diu, Ministry of Finance, Portugal, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
Maintaining and enhancing value from existing PPPs - Jo Fox, United KingdomOECD Governance
Presentation made by Jo Fox, Infrastructure and Projects Authority, United Kingdom, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
After Paris - How do we meet the infrastructure targets that the COP21 Paris ...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Simon Buckle, Environment Directorate, OECD, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
6
PPP disclosure - A view from the UK audit office - Daniel Fairhead, United Ki...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Daniel Fairhead, National Audit Office, United Kingdom, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
Aligning Sponsor and Investor Interests in P3s - Alternative Risk and Profit...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Elaine Buckberg, US Treasury Department, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
Project on Connectivity Infrastructure to Enhance Productivity and GVCs - Fer...OECD Governance
Presentation made by Fernando Mistura, Investment Division, DAF, OECD, at the 9th annual network meeting of Senior Infrastructure & PPP Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 1 March 2016
Public Private Partnerships in Italy - Marco Tranquilli, ItalyOECD Governance
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Presented at the 4th Global Infrastructure Basel Summit 21 & 22 May 2014.
Read more about the world leading platform for Sustainable Infrastructure Finance at www.gib-foundation.org.
Next Summit: 27 & 28 May 2015 in Switzerland
Presented at the 4th Global Infrastructure Basel Summit 21 & 22 May 2014.
Read more about the world leading platform for Sustainable Infrastructure Finance at www.gib-foundation.org.
Next Summit: 27 & 28 May 2015 in Switzerland
This presentation was held during the 5th GIB Summit, May 27-28 2015.
The presentation and more information on the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation are available on www.gib-foundation.org
This presentation was held during the 5th GIB Summit, May 27-28 2015.
The presentation and more information on the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation are available on www.gib-foundation.org
This presentation was held during the 5th GIB Summit, May 27-28 2015.
The presentation and more information on the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation are available on www.gib-foundation.org
Presented at the 4th Global Infrastructure Basel Summit 21 & 22 May 2014.
Read more about the world leading platform for Sustainable Infrastructure Finance at www.gib-foundation.org.
Next Summit: 27 & 28 May 2015 in Switzerland
The governance of mega infrastructure projects - Juliane JANSEN, OECD Secreta...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Juliane JANSEN, OECD Secretariat, at the 11th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network of Senior PPP & Infrastructure Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 27 March 2018
This presentation was held during the 5th GIB Summit, May 27-28 2015.
The presentation and more information on the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation are available on www.gib-foundation.org
Ensuring affordability, economic viability and fiscal sustainability - Duncan...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Duncan Kernohan, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, at the 4th OECD Forum on Governance of Infrastructure held in Paris, on 17 April 2019
Presented at the 4th Global Infrastructure Basel Summit 21 & 22 May 2014. Read more at www.gib-foundation.org.
Next Summit: 27 & 28 May 2015 in Switzerland
PPP for regional development - Michael BURNETT, EIPAOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Michael BURNETT, EIPA, at the 11th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network of Senior PPP and Infrastructure Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 27 March 2018
There is a massive gap between the need for infrastructure investment around the world and the ability of governments to pay for those investments. Public-private partnerships, in which the private sector builds, controls, and operates infrastructure projects subject to strict government oversight and regulation, can help bridge that gap. (www.bcgperspectives.com)
OECD project on institutional investors and long term investment - Raffaele D...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Raffaele Della Croce, OECD, at the 8th meeting of Senior Public-Private Partnerships and Infrastructure Officials held in Paris on 23-24 March 2015.
Transport sectors projects are very political entities and governments are still held responsible should there be revenue short fall or distressed situation. further modes of transport do compete with each other but in a limited manner, however, global threats nowadays require certain redundancy in transport network, this affects PPP structure!
Also experience suggests that negotiations between public authorities and prospective concessionaires are rather asymmetrical, and lead to asymmetric risk sharing. Concessionaires have extraordinary bargaining powers as they know no competition exists after the concession is signed.
Presented at the 4th Global Infrastructure Basel Summit 21 & 22 May 2014.
Read more about the world leading platform for Sustainable Infrastructure Finance at www.gib-foundation.org.
Next Summit: 27 & 28 May 2015 in Switzerland
This presentation was held during the 5th GIB Summit, May 27-28 2015.
The presentation and more information on the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation are available on www.gib-foundation.org
This presentation was held during the 5th GIB Summit, May 27-28 2015.
The presentation and more information on the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation are available on www.gib-foundation.org
This presentation was held during the 5th GIB Summit, May 27-28 2015.
The presentation and more information on the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation are available on www.gib-foundation.org
Presented at the 4th Global Infrastructure Basel Summit 21 & 22 May 2014.
Read more about the world leading platform for Sustainable Infrastructure Finance at www.gib-foundation.org.
Next Summit: 27 & 28 May 2015 in Switzerland
The governance of mega infrastructure projects - Juliane JANSEN, OECD Secreta...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Juliane JANSEN, OECD Secretariat, at the 11th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network of Senior PPP & Infrastructure Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 27 March 2018
This presentation was held during the 5th GIB Summit, May 27-28 2015.
The presentation and more information on the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation are available on www.gib-foundation.org
Ensuring affordability, economic viability and fiscal sustainability - Duncan...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Duncan Kernohan, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, at the 4th OECD Forum on Governance of Infrastructure held in Paris, on 17 April 2019
Presented at the 4th Global Infrastructure Basel Summit 21 & 22 May 2014. Read more at www.gib-foundation.org.
Next Summit: 27 & 28 May 2015 in Switzerland
PPP for regional development - Michael BURNETT, EIPAOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Michael BURNETT, EIPA, at the 11th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network of Senior PPP and Infrastructure Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 27 March 2018
There is a massive gap between the need for infrastructure investment around the world and the ability of governments to pay for those investments. Public-private partnerships, in which the private sector builds, controls, and operates infrastructure projects subject to strict government oversight and regulation, can help bridge that gap. (www.bcgperspectives.com)
OECD project on institutional investors and long term investment - Raffaele D...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Raffaele Della Croce, OECD, at the 8th meeting of Senior Public-Private Partnerships and Infrastructure Officials held in Paris on 23-24 March 2015.
Transport sectors projects are very political entities and governments are still held responsible should there be revenue short fall or distressed situation. further modes of transport do compete with each other but in a limited manner, however, global threats nowadays require certain redundancy in transport network, this affects PPP structure!
Also experience suggests that negotiations between public authorities and prospective concessionaires are rather asymmetrical, and lead to asymmetric risk sharing. Concessionaires have extraordinary bargaining powers as they know no competition exists after the concession is signed.
This power project finance primer draws upon the works on Esty, Finnerty, and Sawhney - some of the top financial engineers of our time. It also builds from my experience in the sector and follows a framework commonly used by infrastructure investors at large.
Chho diya hai kya 😐 baat nhi h to delay ho gaya hoya tha ki kal baat nhi kar sakti ho gaya hai tab se baat kar rahe ho aap abhi nhi khaye ka bhoot h to delay pregnancy kya kar sakta mere pass net ni h to kya kar rahi ho kya abhi nhi h mere se bat hai tab to thik hai kya 😐 aap log jag rhe h ji pagaliya pagaliya ho gaya hoya h to delay pregnancy kya hota h
Presented at the 4th Global Infrastructure Basel Summit 21 & 22 May 2014.
Read more about the world leading platform for Sustainable Infrastructure Finance at www.gib-foundation.org.
Next Summit: 27 & 28 May 2015 in Switzerland
Capital Summit 2015 - IFC, partner of Municipalities for a successfull introd...NALED Serbia
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A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
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Private sector in infrastructure funding/financing models and role of institutional investors - Raffaele Della Croce, Dejan Makovsek, OECD
1. PRIVATE SECTOR IN INFRASTRUCTURE
FUNDING/FINANCING MODELS AND
ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS
1 March 2016, OECD Paris
Raffaele DELLA CROCE
Lead Manager, LTI Project,
Financial Affairs Division - OECD
Raffaele.dellacroce@oecd.org
Dejan MAKOVSEK
Economist
Investment Division/ ITF - OECD
Dejan.MAKOVSEK@oecd.org
2. 1. Private Investment in Infrastructure: a typology
2. Financing structures for infrastructure and Role of
Institutional Investors
3. OECD relevant work
2
Outline
4. • What is infrastructure in the context of private investment:
– Is it the physical structures or operations (services that run on
them)?
• Why would such a split be relevant:
– The characteristics of infrastructure and operations are different.
– Infrastructure has inherent characteristics that make private
investment difficult. Operations less so. Though it is the contract
that primarily defines risk exposure.
• What’s the difference between private participation and
private investment in infrastructure
– There are many forms of private participation in infrastructure, but
only a few actually involve significant private investment.
Defining the subject of analysis and understanding the
problem
5. Private investment in infrastructure: A typology (I)
• What basic types of infrastructure are there?
– Economic/Social ; Networks (discrete sections only have value if
connected to other sections)/Node (no such link necessary)
• What are the challenges to private investment in
infrastructure?
– By it’s nature, the infrastructure is a service. It only has value if there
is a need for that service (there is no intrinsic value/only the contract).
– Infrastructure affects third parties (externalities) and in some cases
full cost recovery is not even possible from the users directly.
Involvement and commitment of the state is necessary.
– The primary challenge is cost recovery. It comes from the nexus of
infrastructure characteristics/market failures (sunk cost, long-life…)
and the challenge of the government to commit (government failures).
6. Private investment in infrastructure: A typology (II)
• What forms of private investment actually involve significant
private investment?
Characteristics
Forms of PSP
Service contract
(outsourcing)
Management
contract
Lease/
Affermage
BOT and
variants
Concession Divestitures
(privatisation)
What PPPs
encompass
Scope (discrete
piece or
network)
Discrete existing
assets and
network
Normally
discrete
existing assets
Discrete
existing assets
(e.g. port
terminal) and
networks (e.g.
water)
Discrete new
assets or
refurbishment
Existing
networks and
normally
existing point
infrastructure
(e.g. sea/
airports)
Existing
network and
point
infrastructure
(e.g. sea/
airports)
Contract
duration
1-3 years 2-5 years 10-20 years 25-30 years 25-30 years Perpetual/
subject to
licence
Commercial risk
for the private
party
None None Yes Both options
(yes or no)
Both options
(yes or no)
Both options
(yes or no)
Money at risk ex
ante
No No No Yes Yes Yes
Provider of service or management Private Private Private Private Private Private
9. Financial structure: A Taxonomy of
Instruments
9
Modes Infrastructure Finance Instruments Market Vehicles
Asset Category Instrument
Infrastructure
Project
Corporate Balance
Sheet /
Other Entities
Capital Pool
Fixed Income
Bonds
Project Bonds
Corporate Bonds,
Green Bonds Bond Indices, Bond
Funds, ETFs
Municipal, Sub-
sovereign bonds
Green Bonds,
Sukuk
Subordinated
Bonds
Loans
Direct/Co-
Investment lending
to Infrastructure
project, Syndicated
Project Loans
Direct/Co-
investment lending
to infrastructure
corporate
Debt Funds (GPs)
Syndicated Loans,
Securitized Loans
(ABS), CLOs
Loan Indices, Loan
Funds
Mixed Hybrid
Subordinated
Loans/Bonds,
Mezzanine Finance
Subordinated
Bonds, Convertible
Bonds, Preferred
Stock
Mezzanine Debt Funds
(GPs), Hybrid Debt
Funds
Equity
Listed YieldCos
Listed infrastructure
& utilities stocks,
Closed-end Funds,
REITs, IITs, MLPs
Listed Infrastructure
Equity Funds, Indices,
trusts, ETFs
Unlisted
Direct/Co-
Investment in
infrastructure
project equity, PPP
Direct/Co-
Investment in
infrastructure
corporate equity
Unlisted Infrastructure
Funds
10. Classification of Risk
10
Risk Categories Development Phase Construction Phase Operation Phase
Termination
Phase
Political and
regulatory
Environmental
review
Cancellation of permits
Change in tariff
regulation
Contract duration
Rise in pre-
construction costs
(longer permitting
process)
Contract renegotiation
Decommission
Asset transfer
Currency convertibility
Change in taxation
Social acceptance
Change in regulatory or legal environment
Enforceability of contracts, collateral and security
Macroeconomic
and business
Prefunding Default of counterparty
Financing availability
Refinancing risk
Liquidity
Volatility of demand/market risk
Inflation
Real interest rates
Exchange rate fluctuation
Technical
Governance and management of the project
Termination value
different from
expected
Environmental
Project feasibility Reliability of forecasts for
construction costs and
delivery time
Qualitative deficit
of the physical
structure/ serviceArchaeological
Technology and obsolescence
Force Majeure
Public
Sector
Private
Sector
12. Alternative funding/financing models for
Infrastructure
• Risk/profit sharing models, new forms of PPPs, RAB
( i.e. USA, UK, Korea)
• Collaboration with Institutional Investors
– Equity/ Debt financing models (Debt partnership – Co
Investment model; Debt/credit funds; Direct Lending)
– Equity/Debt Vehicles (CKDs/Trusts; MLPs; Yieldcos)
– Securitization of MDBs BS (brownfield assets)
• Risk mitigation instruments
12
13. Risk Mitigation Tools
13
Focus on Market risks: Mapping risk mitigation instruments
Type of Measure Instrument
1. Guarantees, realised directly by Government or by its own controlled
agency or development bank
1. Minimum payment, paid by contracting authority
2. Guarantee in case of default
3. Guarantee in case of refinancing
4. Exchange rate guarantees
2. Insurance (private sector)
1. Wrap insurance, technology guarantees, warranties, commercial
and political risk insurance
3. Hedging (private sector) 1. Derivatives contracts such as swaps, forwards, options etc.
4. Contract design, paid by contracting authority
1. Availability payment mechanisms
2. Offtake contracts
5. Provision of capital, realised directly by Government or by its own
controlled agency or development bank
1. Subordinated (junior) debt
2. Debt:
2.1 at market condition
2.2 at lower interest rate
3. Equity:
3.1 at market conditions
3.2 at more advantageous conditions
6.Grants, generally delivered by contracting authority, even if some
dedicated fund at national level may exists. Tax incentives can be
delivered by national or local authorities
1. Lump sum capital grant
2. Revenue grant:
2.1 Periodic fixed amount (mitigating the demand risk)
2.2 Revenue integration (it leaves the demand risk on the private
player)
3. Grant on debt interests
4. Favourable taxation schemes for SPV
5. Favourable taxation schemes for equity investors
15. Infrastructure as An Asset Class: The
Research Question
15
Expected Risk (Standard Deviation)
ExpectedReturn
?
?
GMP
GMP with infrastructure
Does the addition of infrastructure
increase portfolio efficiency?
Source: Authors
17. Institutional investors and long-term investment project
www.oecd.org/finance/lti
• Focusing on “Patient”,“Engaged”,“Productive” capital
• Large Network of LTI Investors (>3,000 members)
G20-OECD work on long-term financing
http://www.oecd.org/finance/private-pensions/g20-oecd-long-term-financing.htm
• High Level Principles for Institutional Investors and LTI (2013)
• the G20/OECD Task Force on Long-term Investment Financing by Institutional Investors
• the OECD has developed a large amount of work with the Turkish presidency of the G20 and
is working on next year deliverables with the Chinese presidency
17
Recent OECD work on long-term investment
The OECD has been developing a vast program of work on LTI for the G20
“The draft [Addis Ababa Accord] stresses the important role of private investment.
Investment in sustainable infrastructure for example is recognised as a major cross-
cutting driver that can contribute to achieving all the SDGs. In this regard, I welcome the
work of the OECD and the G20 on High-level Principles of Long-term Investment
Financing by Institutional Investors."
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
Keynote address at the OECD - 28 April 2015