This document defines toxicity and describes various types of poisons including irritants, corrosives, neurotics, and more. It then discusses the general treatment of poisoning which includes removing unabsorbed poison, using antidotes, promoting excretion of absorbed poison, treating symptoms, and maintaining the victim's condition. Specific poisonings from heavy metals, barbiturates, and narcotics are also outlined with their symptoms, fatal doses, and recommended treatments.
In this presentation Pharmacology III Unit V covered
Following points are included;
Various Definitions:
Acute toxicity
Subacute toxicity
Chronic toxicity
Genotoxicity,
Carcinogenicity,
Teratogenicity
Mutagenicity
General principles of treatment of poisoning
Clinical symptoms and management of various poisoning conditions.
like Barbiturate poisoning, Morphinpoisoning, Organophosphoruspoisoning, Lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, Arsenin poisoning, And its specific antidote
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
Chronopharmacology is the branch of science which deals with the pharmacological action of a drug in relation to biological rhythm.
(Chronos: time; Pharmacon: drug; Logos: study)
It is concerned with the effects of drugs upon the timing of biological events and rhythms.
It is important to enhance the therapeutic efficacy, optimization of drug effects, minimization of adverse effects by using timing medications in relation to biological rhythm.
History:
Jean-Jaques d’Ortous de Mairan: Described circardian rhythm in plants in the 18th century.
Franz Halberg : coined the term ‘Circardian’ in 20th century (about 24 hr or about a day)
Franz Halberg : Founder of Chronobiology.
Biological Rhythm:
Biological rhythm: It is the determined rhythmic biological process or function within a defined time period.
TYPES OF RHYTHM
Circadian (last for 24 hr) – Sleep wake cycle
Infradian (> 24 hr) – Menstrual cycle
Ultradian (< 24 hr) – Neuronal firing time
Biological Clock:
An internal biological clock located in mammals, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN), delivering its message of time throughout the body.
It is responsible for circadian rhythms and annual/seasonal rhythm.
The SCN uses its connections with the autonomic nervous system for spreading its time-of-day message, either by setting the sensitivity of endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal, ovary) or by directly controlling an endocrine output of pineal gland (i.e. melatonin synthesis)
Application:
Chronotherapy found useful in
Asthma therapy, Strokes, Sleep disorders, GI tract disorders, Allergies, Oncology etc
Recent Advances:
Casein Kinase 1 (CK-1) inhibitor: Potential new drug
Reset the circadian clock enzymes.
Uses: Jet lag, sleep disorder, bipolar disorder
Animal trials completed.
Clinical trials are awaited.
In this presentation Pharmacology III Unit V covered
Following points are included;
Various Definitions:
Acute toxicity
Subacute toxicity
Chronic toxicity
Genotoxicity,
Carcinogenicity,
Teratogenicity
Mutagenicity
General principles of treatment of poisoning
Clinical symptoms and management of various poisoning conditions.
like Barbiturate poisoning, Morphinpoisoning, Organophosphoruspoisoning, Lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, Arsenin poisoning, And its specific antidote
Herbs, Herbal Drugs
Present Scope of Herbal Drug Industry
Scope of Herbal Drug Medicine and Industry
Indian Herbal Industry
International Scope of Herbal Medicines
World Wide Herbal Trade
Overview on plant based industries and research institutions in India
List of few herbal drug industries in India
List of few herbal research institution/ centres in India
General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and
aromatic plants in India.
Chronopharmacology is the branch of science which deals with the pharmacological action of a drug in relation to biological rhythm.
(Chronos: time; Pharmacon: drug; Logos: study)
It is concerned with the effects of drugs upon the timing of biological events and rhythms.
It is important to enhance the therapeutic efficacy, optimization of drug effects, minimization of adverse effects by using timing medications in relation to biological rhythm.
History:
Jean-Jaques d’Ortous de Mairan: Described circardian rhythm in plants in the 18th century.
Franz Halberg : coined the term ‘Circardian’ in 20th century (about 24 hr or about a day)
Franz Halberg : Founder of Chronobiology.
Biological Rhythm:
Biological rhythm: It is the determined rhythmic biological process or function within a defined time period.
TYPES OF RHYTHM
Circadian (last for 24 hr) – Sleep wake cycle
Infradian (> 24 hr) – Menstrual cycle
Ultradian (< 24 hr) – Neuronal firing time
Biological Clock:
An internal biological clock located in mammals, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN), delivering its message of time throughout the body.
It is responsible for circadian rhythms and annual/seasonal rhythm.
The SCN uses its connections with the autonomic nervous system for spreading its time-of-day message, either by setting the sensitivity of endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal, ovary) or by directly controlling an endocrine output of pineal gland (i.e. melatonin synthesis)
Application:
Chronotherapy found useful in
Asthma therapy, Strokes, Sleep disorders, GI tract disorders, Allergies, Oncology etc
Recent Advances:
Casein Kinase 1 (CK-1) inhibitor: Potential new drug
Reset the circadian clock enzymes.
Uses: Jet lag, sleep disorder, bipolar disorder
Animal trials completed.
Clinical trials are awaited.
What is pyrogens?
Sources of pyrogens and its elimination methods
Tests for pyrogens-
1. In Vitro Test / LAL Test
2. In Vivo Test / Rabbit Test.
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Procedure
Observation table
Result and interpretation
Schedule T – Good Manufacturing Practice of Indian systems of medicine
Components of GMP (Schedule – T) and its objectives
Infrastructural requirements, working space, storage area, machinery and equipments,
standard operating procedures, health and hygiene, documentation and records.
INTRODUCTION
Components of GMP
GMP Provisions: Under Schedule-T are grouped
Location and surroundings
Factory Premises
Buildings
Water supply
Containers cleaning
Disposal of Waste
Requirements for the sterile products
store
Working space:
Space requirement for manufacturing of Unani medicine
Health & Hygiene
Machinery and Equipments
Machinery and equipments for maufacturing of ayurveda and siddha medicine
Documentation and Records
Definition of drug interaction, potential of herb-drug interactions,significance of study of herb-drug interactions, reasons for their study, types according to ayurveda, effects & different ways of herb-drug interactions, their mechanism, hypericum, kava lava, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, garlic, pepper, ephedra.
UNIT-5 Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering,Use of ...Shyam Bass
UNIT-5 6th Sem B.PHARMA PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering, Use of microbes in industry, Production of enzymes-general considerations, Amylase, Catalase, peroxidase, Lipase Basic principles of genetic engineering
BY- SHYAM BASS
Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of
manufacture of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Introduction
Regulatory Requirements
Key function of regulatory agencies
Regulation in India
DRUG TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD
Drugs Consultative committee-DCC
Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
What is pyrogens?
Sources of pyrogens and its elimination methods
Tests for pyrogens-
1. In Vitro Test / LAL Test
2. In Vivo Test / Rabbit Test.
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Procedure
Observation table
Result and interpretation
Schedule T – Good Manufacturing Practice of Indian systems of medicine
Components of GMP (Schedule – T) and its objectives
Infrastructural requirements, working space, storage area, machinery and equipments,
standard operating procedures, health and hygiene, documentation and records.
INTRODUCTION
Components of GMP
GMP Provisions: Under Schedule-T are grouped
Location and surroundings
Factory Premises
Buildings
Water supply
Containers cleaning
Disposal of Waste
Requirements for the sterile products
store
Working space:
Space requirement for manufacturing of Unani medicine
Health & Hygiene
Machinery and Equipments
Machinery and equipments for maufacturing of ayurveda and siddha medicine
Documentation and Records
Definition of drug interaction, potential of herb-drug interactions,significance of study of herb-drug interactions, reasons for their study, types according to ayurveda, effects & different ways of herb-drug interactions, their mechanism, hypericum, kava lava, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, garlic, pepper, ephedra.
UNIT-5 Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering,Use of ...Shyam Bass
UNIT-5 6th Sem B.PHARMA PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
Protein Engineering: Brief introduction to protein engineering, Use of microbes in industry, Production of enzymes-general considerations, Amylase, Catalase, peroxidase, Lipase Basic principles of genetic engineering
BY- SHYAM BASS
Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of
manufacture of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
Introduction
Regulatory Requirements
Key function of regulatory agencies
Regulation in India
DRUG TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD
Drugs Consultative committee-DCC
Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
What is definition of poisoning?
Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching or injecting various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases. Many substances — such as drugs and carbon monoxide — are poisonous only in higher concentrations or dosages.
activated charcoal – sometimes used to treat someone who's been poisoned; the charcoal binds to the poison and stops it being further absorbed into the blood.
antidotes – these are substances that either prevent the poison from working or reverse its effects.
There are four major routes by which a chemical may enter the body:
Inhalation (breathing)
Skin (or eye) contact.
Swallowing (ingestion or eating)
Injection.
toxicology is a very important topic for pg entrance.....so all about it has been discussed in detail as required for pg entrance....do make use of it...
Toxicology is a very important topic and if u try reading each
poisons Separately , u will definitely forget them.
So best way to remember them more is to practice
MCQs and then read topics by correlating.
That’s what I think….
It may or may not apply for u…..
But atleast try once like this and then choose your own way .
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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1. BY-
MRS. SONALI R. CHINTAMANI
ASST. PROF.
M. PHARM ( PHARMACOLOGY)
MBA (INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT)
PHD (PURSUING)
REGISTERED PATENT AGENT
2. DEFINITION OF TOXICITY
• It is the study of action of overdoses of drugs which may endanger life.
• Strictly speaking, it is the study of poisons, its effects and treatment for it.
3. Irritant Substances:-
• 1.Inorganic – I. Non metallic
E.g. – Phosphorus, chlorine, bromine, Iodine.
II. Metallic
E.g. – Lead, mercury , copper, zinc, arsenic.
• 2 Organic- i. Animal Origin
E.g.:- snake, scorpion, insects.
ii. Vegetable Origin
E.g.:- Ergot, Castor oil, Aloe.
4. 3. Mechanical :- E.g. :- Powdered Glass
B) Corrosive Substances:- E.g.:- Sulphuric Acid , Carbolic Acid , Oxalic Acid.
C) Neurotic :- E.g.:- I. Cerebral Poisons- Opium, Sedatives and Hypnotics .
ii. Spinal poisons – Nux-vomica
iii. Peripheral Poisons – Alkaloids
D) Cardiac :- E.g.:- Digitalis, stropanthus.
E) Pulmonary Depressants:- E.g.:- Coal Gas.
F) Miscellaneous:-E.g.:- Analgesics, Antipyretics, Stimulants
5. GENERAL TREATMENT OF POISONING:-
Five Basic Principles of general treatment of poisoning
1. To remove unabsorbed poison from the body
2. To use antidotes .
3. To excrete absorbed poison.
4. To treat the general symptoms of the victim.
5. To maintain the victims general conditions
6. 1.To remove unabsorbed poison from the body:- Following measures should be taken for
the removal of unabsorbed poisons entered by different routes
a) poisons entered through nose
b) poison entered through contact with skin , eye, or wound.
c) poison entered through injection.
d) poison entered through mouth.
2.To use antidotes :- These are the substances which neutralize the effect of poison
a)Physical antidote:- E.g.- Demulcents Such as fats , oil.
b) Chemical antidote:- E.g.- Calcium Oxides. Lime.
c) Physiological antidote:- E.g.- Atropine, BAL, EDTA.
7. 3.To excrete absorbed poison.:- The poison has entered the intestine and hence
the following measure should be taken to excrete the poison through urine and
seat and feces.
• a) Force diuresis
• b) use of cathartics
• c) use of hot packs
• d) Hemodialysis
8. 4. To treat the general symptoms of the victim:-
5.To maintain the victims general condition:-
To avoid risk of infection the prophylactic antibiotics therapy must be given also
the management of hypothermia , intensive supportive treatment and good
nursing care is required to maintain the general condition of victim .
9. ANTIDOTES
• Classification of antidotes:
1) Physiological antidote
2) Chemical antidote
3) Mechanical antidote
4) Universal antidote
12. 1.ARSENIC:
• SYMPTOMS:
Vomitting,blood diarrhoea,jaundice,oliguria,
Muscle cramps, pale anxious face, rapid pulse
Dilated pupils, coma and death.
• Fatal-dose:
100-200 mg
• Treatments:
1. Stomach wash with warm water.
2. Freshly precipitated hydrated ferric oxide as antidote which forms harmless ferric arsenite.
3. I.V. sodium thiosulphate 1 gm in 10 ml sterile water every 4 to 7 hr for 1 st day
13. LEAD
• Symptoms:
Vomiting, colic pains in abdomen, headache, loss of sleep, loss of vision, acute
hemolytic crisis may occur.
• Fatal Dose:
0.5 gm
• Treatment:
1. Stomach wash with 10 % solution of magnesium sulphate followed with
plain water.
14. MERCURY
• Symptoms:
Metallic taste in mouth ,vomitting,nausea,cold skin, pale face, dilated pupils, shock, loss of
memory, anemia.
• Fatal dose:
400 mg
Treatements:
1. Removal of poison by emetics or stomach wash with 5 % solution of sodium formal
dehyde sulfoxylate.
2. Diamercaprol therapy for chelation
15. COPPER
• Symptoms:
Metallic taste with excessive salivation, vomitting,hypertension,menstrual disorder.
• Fatal Dose:
30gm of copper sulphate.
• Treatments:
1. Removal of poison by emetics or stomach wash with 5 % solution of sodium
formal dehyde sulfoxylate.
2. Diamercaprol therapy for chelation.
3. stomach wash with one potassium ferrocyanide.
17. NARCOTIC DRUGS POISONING
• Symptoms:-
I) Opium:- The symptoms appear in three different stages
a)Excitement:-
Pleasurable mental excitement with increase in heart rate.
b) Sopor :-
Headache, giddiness, a sense of weight in limbs, itching
c) Narcosis:-
Patient enters in deep coma, relaxation of muscles, loss of reflex ,hypotension, pin point pupils.
• Fatal dose :-
2g or 200mg of morphine
18. Treatments
1) In early stage, stomach wash with tepid water first and then with solution of potassium
per magnate .
2) Continue stomach wash till returned water is of pink colour.
3) clear the intestine by enema
4) Antagonist therapy 5 to 10 mg nalorphine,I.V. every 15 minutes till dilation of pupil.
5) For shock 1 liter 5% glucose saline solution.
19. II) Cocaine:
• Symptoms:-
Euphoria, dysphagia , mydriass , dry mouth, heart rate increase,
numbness, cyanosis sweating hallucinations ,nasal ,perforations.
• Fatal dose:-
1 gm
• Treatments:-
1. Gastric lavage with tannic acid. In local application, wash the skin with water.
2. Artificial respiration.
3. Cardiac stimulant therapy.
4. Medicinal charcoal can also be employed.
20. III) Belladona alkaloids:-
• Symptoms:-
Dry mouth , hot dry skin mydriasis ,vomiting .fever ,delirium , heart rate increased with
increase in respiration.
• Fatal-dose:-
125 mg or 15 to 30 mf hyoscine
• Treatements:-
1. stomach wash with 5% tannic acid.
2. Neostigmine- 2.5 mg I.V. every 3 hours.
3. Physostigmine 1 to 4mg every 1-2 hr.
4. For excitement – Diazempam 10 mg I.V.
21. Iv) Cannabis:-
• Symptoms:-
Excitement followed by hallucinations, increased muscular movement, mental confusion
,drowsiness,Mydriasis,deep sleep .
• Fatal dose:-
Charas – 2 gm
Ganja- 8 gm
Bhang – 10 gm per kg body weight.
• Treatments:-
1. Gastric lavage , saline purgatives I.V. fluids, hypodermic injection of strychnine.
2. Artificial respiration .