Prevelance of Lyperosomum longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 (Dicrocoeliioidae: Trematoda) from the gallbladder of Turdoides stirata (Aves: Leiothrichidae) at Sindh, Pakistan | JBES 2020
The present findings are related to reporting of the helminth parasitic infection in the Jungle babbler, at District: Naushahro Feroze. Host species were investigated from the month of June to August, 2018. These birds are non-migratory, former friendly, earth-colored siblings inhabit but internal visceral organs consisting intensity of parasites. Total (n=16) of T. striata were captured and dissected on a weekly basis under laboratory conditions at the Department of Zoology, SALU-Khairpur. All were found with the helminth population of digenean trematode but high prevalence was found in the month of June followed by other months. During surgical examination (n=44) specimens were recovered in the gall bladder of the host, morphologically having tapered ends at terminal body point, forebody is shorter than the hind body, protrusible rounded oral suckers but ventral suckers are rounded, maximum width at the post-acetabular region, oval-shaped pharynx, short esophagus, diverticular caeca, median-shaped ovary, and oblique testes, un-equal bands of lateral Stellaria and dark brown colored eggs. These features of the worms resemble already identified as; L. longicauda hence; identified as such. This species of fluke was first time recovered from the present host and the result of the present study revealed that it is a new host record from upper Sindh.
A preliminary survey of insect fauna around the lake chad basin area of borno...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a survey of insect fauna around the Lake Chad Basin area of Borno State, Nigeria. The survey was conducted during the dry season from November to April using sweep nets and aspirators to collect insect specimens across different habitats. A total of 34 insect specimens were collected representing 8 orders and 24 families. The specimens were identified at the Insect Museum of Ahmadu Bello University. The most common orders identified were Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera. Some of the insects identified were agricultural pests or vectors of human diseases.
Insect diversity of Sri Lankamalleswara Reserve forest in the Eastern Ghats ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
Insect diversity at Sri Lankamalleswara reserve forest (14°45' - 14°72' N & 79°07' - 78°80' E), Kadapa in
the Eastern Ghats of Southern Andhra Pradesh was studied during the period from June 2013 to
September 2014. Nearly 75 species of butterflies, 12 moth species from Lepidoptera; 4 ant species, one
wasp, 6 bee species from Hymenoptera; 7 cricket species of Orthoptera; 5 bug species from Hemiptera;
3 mosquito species, 4 housefly species, 2 species of flies from Diptera; 8 species of dragon flies, 2
species of damselflies from Odonata; 3 beetles from Coleopteran; one species each from Thysanura; and
Mantodea and 2 species from Phasmatodea; one species each from class Arachnida and Diploda were
identified. The seasonality, relative abundance and diversity of some insect groups was also recorded.
Majority of the insects are very much required for pollination. Some insects produce useful substances
such as honey, wax, lacquer and silk.
The document discusses the morphological and behavioral adaptations of predatory mites that allow them to prey on spider mites. It describes the different life types of spider mites, including little web, complicated web, and web nest types. It also characterizes the life styles of various predatory mite species as specialists that can invade spider mite webs or generalists that forage outside of webs. Specialist predators like Phytoseiulus persimilis and Galendromus helveolus have adaptations like thread-cutting abilities that facilitate predation within spider mite webs. Understanding these life styles and adaptations can help select compatible predator-prey combinations for biological control of spider mites.
This lab report analyzes faunal remains excavated from the Anacapa Island archaeological site (ANI-4) to understand past human subsistence patterns and environment. A total of 1267 bone fragments were inventoried and identified to taxonomic level. Minimum number of individuals was calculated as 1251. Results showed mammals, particularly marine mammals, were the most abundant class, reflecting the coastal marine habitat. Five excavation levels revealed consistent dominance of mammals over time. While remains provided insights, limited identification prevented a full understanding of fauna present. Further analysis may provide more details on island environment-human relationships.
15. JER 40(3) July-Sep 2016-Published Article_Rouhullah Dehghani et al._1-10-...Dr. Rohollah Valizadeh
This document discusses scorpion predators found in Iran. It introduces the beetle Scarites subterraneus as a new scorpion predator discovered in Iran. The beetle was observed hunting and feeding on scorpions in laboratory experiments. It lives in the same habitats as scorpions. The beetle has armor-like elytra, strong mandibles, and cursorial legs that enable it to attack and consume scorpions. Many arthropods, birds, lizards, and mammals prey on scorpions in Iran. Examples mentioned include spiders, ants, foxes, mice, hedgehogs, and birds like owls. Introducing predators is important for biological pest control as an alternative
Spies - Influence of phorid fly (Family Phoridae) sound on the behavior of le...Nicolas Spies
This study examined how the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes responds behaviorally to the sound of phorid flies, which are parasitoid insects that prey on A. cephalotes. The researcher observed 4 variables in 17 A. cephalotes nests when exposed to 3 stimuli: no sound, the sound of cicadas, and the sound of phorid flies. The variables observed were the number of minor workers entering and exiting nests, the number of minor workers on foraging material, and the speed of foraging material entering nests. While some differences were observed across stimuli for the variables, the only statistically significant difference was in the number of minor workers exiting nests, which increased when
Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus...ijtsrd
Attempts were made to develop a technique to rear the phyllosoma larvae of Panulirus homarus. The biological characters like fecundity, hatching percentage, larval morphological changes, feed inputs and moulting frequency till the fourth moult were studied. Morphometric and meristic characters of the larvae were also studied till the 42ndday. The larval output was directly proportional to the size of the gravid brood stock. Relationship between the duration of culture X and length of the larvae Y were shown by the relationships Y intercept = 0.5780 ± 0.1074 and X intercept = 0.7283 r2 = 0.8519 . There was significant p 0.0001 positive relationship between total length TL and carapace width CW of phyllosoma larvae. S. Lazarus | J. C. Nisha | R. Thangaraja "Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus Linnaeus, 1758" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31676.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/molecular-biology/31676/studies-on-the-phyllosoma-larva-of-the-indian-rock-lobster-panulirus-homarus-linnaeus-1758/s-lazarus
Ultrastructural Study of two Parasites Infecting Domesticated Turkey Meleagri...IOSRJPBS
This work provides a detailed systematic morphology by optic and Scanning electron microscopy of two parasites Raillietina echinobothriida Megnin, 1880 and Spirora meleagaris n. sp. infecting domesticated turkey. The present study includes some important characters that not recorded in previous description. SEM revealed that the tegument of the first cestode exhibits, filamentous, microtriches and sensory papillae densely covered the tegument of entire body, rostellum armed with two rows of hummer-shaped hooks and provide by 16 – 20 rows of small, rose thorn-shaped accessory spines. In addition, the present studies have observed a number of taxonomic features in Spirora meleagaris n. sp. that differ from those mentioned in the same genus, mouth circular, bounded by a cuticular three circles plates, five pairs of cephalic papillae, an inner circle of two pairs situated on the wall of the buccal cavity, one pair of larges submedian amphids, and an outer circle of two pairs papillae. Buccal cavity supported by four chitinious cusped molar teeth anteriorly directed .Vulva near the end of the first third of the body, vulvular lips prominent. The male has unique rose like shaped pedunculated and unarranged numerous distributed sessile cervical papillae at the second third of the body that are distinguishable from other spirorid.
A preliminary survey of insect fauna around the lake chad basin area of borno...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a survey of insect fauna around the Lake Chad Basin area of Borno State, Nigeria. The survey was conducted during the dry season from November to April using sweep nets and aspirators to collect insect specimens across different habitats. A total of 34 insect specimens were collected representing 8 orders and 24 families. The specimens were identified at the Insect Museum of Ahmadu Bello University. The most common orders identified were Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera. Some of the insects identified were agricultural pests or vectors of human diseases.
Insect diversity of Sri Lankamalleswara Reserve forest in the Eastern Ghats ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
Insect diversity at Sri Lankamalleswara reserve forest (14°45' - 14°72' N & 79°07' - 78°80' E), Kadapa in
the Eastern Ghats of Southern Andhra Pradesh was studied during the period from June 2013 to
September 2014. Nearly 75 species of butterflies, 12 moth species from Lepidoptera; 4 ant species, one
wasp, 6 bee species from Hymenoptera; 7 cricket species of Orthoptera; 5 bug species from Hemiptera;
3 mosquito species, 4 housefly species, 2 species of flies from Diptera; 8 species of dragon flies, 2
species of damselflies from Odonata; 3 beetles from Coleopteran; one species each from Thysanura; and
Mantodea and 2 species from Phasmatodea; one species each from class Arachnida and Diploda were
identified. The seasonality, relative abundance and diversity of some insect groups was also recorded.
Majority of the insects are very much required for pollination. Some insects produce useful substances
such as honey, wax, lacquer and silk.
The document discusses the morphological and behavioral adaptations of predatory mites that allow them to prey on spider mites. It describes the different life types of spider mites, including little web, complicated web, and web nest types. It also characterizes the life styles of various predatory mite species as specialists that can invade spider mite webs or generalists that forage outside of webs. Specialist predators like Phytoseiulus persimilis and Galendromus helveolus have adaptations like thread-cutting abilities that facilitate predation within spider mite webs. Understanding these life styles and adaptations can help select compatible predator-prey combinations for biological control of spider mites.
This lab report analyzes faunal remains excavated from the Anacapa Island archaeological site (ANI-4) to understand past human subsistence patterns and environment. A total of 1267 bone fragments were inventoried and identified to taxonomic level. Minimum number of individuals was calculated as 1251. Results showed mammals, particularly marine mammals, were the most abundant class, reflecting the coastal marine habitat. Five excavation levels revealed consistent dominance of mammals over time. While remains provided insights, limited identification prevented a full understanding of fauna present. Further analysis may provide more details on island environment-human relationships.
15. JER 40(3) July-Sep 2016-Published Article_Rouhullah Dehghani et al._1-10-...Dr. Rohollah Valizadeh
This document discusses scorpion predators found in Iran. It introduces the beetle Scarites subterraneus as a new scorpion predator discovered in Iran. The beetle was observed hunting and feeding on scorpions in laboratory experiments. It lives in the same habitats as scorpions. The beetle has armor-like elytra, strong mandibles, and cursorial legs that enable it to attack and consume scorpions. Many arthropods, birds, lizards, and mammals prey on scorpions in Iran. Examples mentioned include spiders, ants, foxes, mice, hedgehogs, and birds like owls. Introducing predators is important for biological pest control as an alternative
Spies - Influence of phorid fly (Family Phoridae) sound on the behavior of le...Nicolas Spies
This study examined how the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes responds behaviorally to the sound of phorid flies, which are parasitoid insects that prey on A. cephalotes. The researcher observed 4 variables in 17 A. cephalotes nests when exposed to 3 stimuli: no sound, the sound of cicadas, and the sound of phorid flies. The variables observed were the number of minor workers entering and exiting nests, the number of minor workers on foraging material, and the speed of foraging material entering nests. While some differences were observed across stimuli for the variables, the only statistically significant difference was in the number of minor workers exiting nests, which increased when
Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus...ijtsrd
Attempts were made to develop a technique to rear the phyllosoma larvae of Panulirus homarus. The biological characters like fecundity, hatching percentage, larval morphological changes, feed inputs and moulting frequency till the fourth moult were studied. Morphometric and meristic characters of the larvae were also studied till the 42ndday. The larval output was directly proportional to the size of the gravid brood stock. Relationship between the duration of culture X and length of the larvae Y were shown by the relationships Y intercept = 0.5780 ± 0.1074 and X intercept = 0.7283 r2 = 0.8519 . There was significant p 0.0001 positive relationship between total length TL and carapace width CW of phyllosoma larvae. S. Lazarus | J. C. Nisha | R. Thangaraja "Studies on the Phyllosoma Larva of the Indian Rock Lobster, Panulirus Homarus Linnaeus, 1758" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31676.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/molecular-biology/31676/studies-on-the-phyllosoma-larva-of-the-indian-rock-lobster-panulirus-homarus-linnaeus-1758/s-lazarus
Ultrastructural Study of two Parasites Infecting Domesticated Turkey Meleagri...IOSRJPBS
This work provides a detailed systematic morphology by optic and Scanning electron microscopy of two parasites Raillietina echinobothriida Megnin, 1880 and Spirora meleagaris n. sp. infecting domesticated turkey. The present study includes some important characters that not recorded in previous description. SEM revealed that the tegument of the first cestode exhibits, filamentous, microtriches and sensory papillae densely covered the tegument of entire body, rostellum armed with two rows of hummer-shaped hooks and provide by 16 – 20 rows of small, rose thorn-shaped accessory spines. In addition, the present studies have observed a number of taxonomic features in Spirora meleagaris n. sp. that differ from those mentioned in the same genus, mouth circular, bounded by a cuticular three circles plates, five pairs of cephalic papillae, an inner circle of two pairs situated on the wall of the buccal cavity, one pair of larges submedian amphids, and an outer circle of two pairs papillae. Buccal cavity supported by four chitinious cusped molar teeth anteriorly directed .Vulva near the end of the first third of the body, vulvular lips prominent. The male has unique rose like shaped pedunculated and unarranged numerous distributed sessile cervical papillae at the second third of the body that are distinguishable from other spirorid.
Tick infestation on wild snakes in northern part of western pranav pandit rut...Pranav Pandit
This study examined ticks on wild snakes in Western Ghats, India. Two snake species, the Indian rat snake and spectacled cobra, were found to be infested by ticks. All ticks collected were identified as Amblyomma gervaisi. The average tick prevalence on Indian rat snakes was 29.16% and 30% on spectacled cobras. Longer snakes of both species had significantly higher rates of tick infestation. The highest tick infestation rates were found in scrubland habitat.
A unique nest protection strategy in a new species of spider waspmarciofdias
This document describes a newly discovered nesting behavior in a species of spider wasp, Deuteragenia ossarium. The wasp fills the outer vestibule cell of its nest with dead ants. This is the first known example of any animal using dead bodies in this way to protect its nest. Researchers observed that D. ossarium nests had lower rates of parasitism than other wasp nests in the area, suggesting the dead ants provide an effective defense against natural enemies through chemical cues. They have named the species the "Bone-house Wasp" in reference to its unusual nest structure filled with dead ants.
This document contains 18 plates describing various anatomical structures, pathological conditions, and situations observed in crocodilians. Plate 1 shows adult gharials with the nasal excrescence of the male. Plates 2-3 depict internal organs of juvenile Nile crocodiles. Plates 4-6 illustrate fighting males, the oral cavity after skin removal, and cutting lines for belly skin removal. Plates 7-18 each describe various pathological conditions observed on crocodilian skin, limbs, organs and blood including pox lesions, arthritis, enteritis, parasites and fungal infections. The plates provide visual documentation of normal anatomy and a wide range of diseases and conditions affecting crocodilians.
Identification of Species of genus Zootecus on the basis of morphologySafi Ur Rehman Qamar
This study identified 3 species of land snails belonging to the genus Zootecus found in soils in Faisalabad, Pakistan. A total of 100 snail specimens were collected from various areas and identified based on morphological characteristics. The 3 identified species were Zootecus insularis, Zootecus chion, and Zootecus agrensis. Detailed descriptions of each species' shell morphology were provided. This was the first study to systematically identify Zootecus species in Pakistan.
A checklist of snakes observed in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh from March 2013 to September 2015 is documented here. Seventeen species of the snakes belonging to five families were recorded during the current study. All species of snakes were observed, photographed and released back to secure areas away from the human daily interference. In addition, road kills of snakes were also recorded along the forest trails and in urban areas. Out of all the species of snakes Xenochrophis piscator and Ptyas mucosa were found to be the most common snake followed by Amphiesma stolata and Oligodon arnensis .
Adedes albopictus is most advanced stable species trophic level. It is acquired by after great nurture microevolution includes behavioral changes and survivality. In this evolutionary cascade, Ae. albopictus species diverged from its complex species lineage (reported in Kerala Ae. novalbopictus, Ae. pseudalbopictus and Ae. subalbopictus). Without any vestigial the species is pivotal in all the advanced measures include competition, adaptations, reproduction, and intelligence.
Key-words: Adedes albopictus, Subgroup, Microevolution, Evolutionary cascade, Taxonomic study
This document provides an introduction to insects. It notes that insects make up the most dominant and diverse group of creatures on Earth, found everywhere from deserts to forests. Insects have evolved many adaptations that have led to their success, including wings that allow for flight, a hard exoskeleton, a decentralized nervous system, and specialized defense and reproduction abilities. The document discusses insect diversity in size, lifespan, diet, and metamorphosis. It outlines insects' importance to ecosystems and humans, from pollination and food to disease transmission. Forensically, the study of insect biology can aid criminal investigations. Overall, the document highlights insects' antiquity, abundance, and fascinating traits that have enabled their enduring presence across
Arboreal ants use the “velcro® principle” to capture very large prey.marciofdias
Azteca andreae ants use an ambush hunting technique to capture prey on their host plants, Cecropia obtusa trees. The ants hide beneath the downy undersides of the C. obtusa leaves with their mandibles open, waiting to seize any insects that land. This technique allows them to capture prey up to 13,350 times their own weight. The downy texture of the C. obtusa leaves, along with the ants' hooked claws, act like velcro to help the ants grasp prey and support heavy weights until more ants arrive to help.
The document summarizes biocontrol methods for cockroaches, including natural enemies and entomopathogenic fungi. It discusses:
- Several species of parasitic wasps (families Ampulicidae, Evaniidae, Encyrtidae, Eupelmidae, Eulophidae) that prey on or parasitize cockroach eggs or nymphs.
- The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, which was found to have an LD50 of 1.4x107 spores/ml against German cockroaches and potential for horizontal transmission.
- Studies showing M. anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana can cause mortality in American cockroaches, with
This document provides information about determining plant species diversity using diversity indices. It discusses the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices.
The Shannon-Wiener index is an information statistic index that assumes all species are randomly sampled. The Simpson index is a dominance index that gives more weight to common species.
The document also includes field book data from a study measuring various plant species abundance in different quadrats. The species abundances are recorded and will be used to calculate the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices to analyze the plant diversity.
DIVERSITY STUDY OF ODONATA IN CHINTAMANI KAR BIRD SANCTUARY, KOLKATA, WEST BE...IAEME Publication
Species records of protected areas by creating checklists and updating them is crucial to understand species distribution, dynamics and possible threats to them. Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary is a protected area famed for its wide variety of floral and faunal diversity, located in close proximity to the metropolis of Kolkata and odonata is real flagship taxa of freshwater ecosystems, often used as indicator species to assess the quality of their close environment. Adult odonata (both suborder- Anisoptera; Dragonfly & Zygoptera; Damselfly) needs resource-rich terrestrial habitats for maturation, feeding, resting, and mating. Species diversity indices like Simpson and Shannon are applied to analyze the odonatan population diversity in this protected area. Our study of odonata populations has been made for the first time in this protected area. As far as species richness is concerned, the family Libellulidae is found to be dominant among Anisoptera whereas species of the family Coenagrionidae is dominant among Zygoptera. Our observations support the importance of this region in providing valuable habitats for Odonata.
2014.08.26 Metamorphosis 25_82-89 Otto FinalHerbert Otto
This document summarizes research on lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) oviposition (egg-laying) behavior. It discusses the various sensory and environmental cues that female butterflies use to select host plants for their larvae, such as vision, smell, taste, and touch. It presents evidence for 28 new identified larval host plants for butterfly species in South Africa, based on repeated observations of oviposition and larval feeding. The research helps increase understanding of the complex factors that influence a butterfly's choice of plants on which to lay its eggs.
The document discusses the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. It describes the mite's morphology, life cycle, distribution, host plants, and economic importance. The two spotted spider mite can damage a wide range of plants by feeding on their leaves and flowers. Management strategies discussed include biological control using predator mites and insects, as well as chemical control using miticides.
This document describes the sequencing and analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene from an unusual form of the protistan parasite Ichthyophonus found infecting yellowtail flounder off Nova Scotia. Phylogenetic analysis shows it is distinct from two isolates of I. hoferi, supporting it being a separate species named I. irregularis. This finding raises the possibility that ichthyophoniasis in fish could be caused by different but related pathogens, in some cases concurrently.
Ecological Diversity of Flora and Fauna at Curzon Hall, University Of Dhaka, ...paperpublications3
Abstract:The diversity of local flora and fauna at the Curzon Hall premises, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh was studied from April 2nd, 2014 to January 10th, 2015. A total of 98 species of flora and fauna were found during the study. The study was done to observe the condition of the biodiversity and also to conserve them.
Bat Classification based on Perceptual, Spectrum and Cepstral Features in Kal...AM Publications
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for classifying 16 bat species in the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in India based on their echolocation calls. Bats use echolocation to navigate and forage, emitting ultrasonic calls and interpreting the echoes. The researchers recorded bat calls using detectors and extracted perceptual, spectral, and cepstral features from the calls to classify the species. Features included total power, subband powers, pitch frequency, duration, and Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients. A 38-dimensional feature vector was formed from the call features to classify bats using their echolocation signatures. The goal was to develop an acoustic classification scheme for monitoring bat populations and habitats in the
This document summarizes a study on the biology of Hypsopygia postflava, a snout moth parasitic on the nest of the paper wasp Polistes olivaceus. Key findings include:
1) H. postflava was found for the first time parasitizing P. olivaceus nests in Vietnam.
2) The lifecycle of H. postflava was studied, ranging from 33-49 days on average.
3) Survivorship of larvae was 88% and pupae was 82.5%. The sex ratio of emerged moths was 1:1.26 female to male.
Life history of the Hog Plum Beetle, Podontia quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus,...Open Access Research Paper
Hog plum beetle (Podontia quatuordecimpunctata) is a serious pest of hog plum tree and both their adults and larvae defoliate the hog plum tree. However, its developmental information and proper identification as well as precise photographs of each developmental stages have not been well studied and recorded. Thus, the goal of this research was to establish the developmental characteristics of P. quatuordecimpunctata. Life history was conducted in laboratory conditions at an average temperature 28 °C ± 1.2 an average 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a light: dark ratio (12L : 12D). The female beetles were laid clusters of eggs in numerous layers, with 9 to 53 eggs in each cluster. The durations of each developmental stage were 6.16±0.93, 3.16±0.24, 3.29±0.25, 3.21±0.33, 4.54±0.33, 5.54±0.49, and 20.92±2.7 days for the incubation, 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, pre pupa, and pupa, respectively. The longevity of male and female adult beetles was found to be 42.33±6.6 days and 50.66±9.8 days, respectively. Results revealed that this study will be a valuable source of biological information for a better understanding and management of this pest species. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/life-history-of-the-hog-plum-beetle-podontia-quatuordecimpunctata-linnaeus-1767-coleoptera-chrysomelidae-with-photographs-of-each-developmental-stage/
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of ectoparasites in wild and domesticated grey (Francolinus Pondicerianus) and black partridges (Francolinus Francolinus) in Khayber Pakhtoonkhawa, Pakistan. The study aimed to compare the types and prevalence of ectoparasites between wild and domesticated populations of these two partridge species. Ectoparasites were collected from birds using visual examination and dust ruffling methods. The ectoparasites were then identified microscopically. The prevalence and mean intensity of ectoparasites was determined and compared between wild and domesticated birds to understand the impact of habitat and domestication on ectoparas
Tick infestation on wild snakes in northern part of western pranav pandit rut...Pranav Pandit
This study examined ticks on wild snakes in Western Ghats, India. Two snake species, the Indian rat snake and spectacled cobra, were found to be infested by ticks. All ticks collected were identified as Amblyomma gervaisi. The average tick prevalence on Indian rat snakes was 29.16% and 30% on spectacled cobras. Longer snakes of both species had significantly higher rates of tick infestation. The highest tick infestation rates were found in scrubland habitat.
A unique nest protection strategy in a new species of spider waspmarciofdias
This document describes a newly discovered nesting behavior in a species of spider wasp, Deuteragenia ossarium. The wasp fills the outer vestibule cell of its nest with dead ants. This is the first known example of any animal using dead bodies in this way to protect its nest. Researchers observed that D. ossarium nests had lower rates of parasitism than other wasp nests in the area, suggesting the dead ants provide an effective defense against natural enemies through chemical cues. They have named the species the "Bone-house Wasp" in reference to its unusual nest structure filled with dead ants.
This document contains 18 plates describing various anatomical structures, pathological conditions, and situations observed in crocodilians. Plate 1 shows adult gharials with the nasal excrescence of the male. Plates 2-3 depict internal organs of juvenile Nile crocodiles. Plates 4-6 illustrate fighting males, the oral cavity after skin removal, and cutting lines for belly skin removal. Plates 7-18 each describe various pathological conditions observed on crocodilian skin, limbs, organs and blood including pox lesions, arthritis, enteritis, parasites and fungal infections. The plates provide visual documentation of normal anatomy and a wide range of diseases and conditions affecting crocodilians.
Identification of Species of genus Zootecus on the basis of morphologySafi Ur Rehman Qamar
This study identified 3 species of land snails belonging to the genus Zootecus found in soils in Faisalabad, Pakistan. A total of 100 snail specimens were collected from various areas and identified based on morphological characteristics. The 3 identified species were Zootecus insularis, Zootecus chion, and Zootecus agrensis. Detailed descriptions of each species' shell morphology were provided. This was the first study to systematically identify Zootecus species in Pakistan.
A checklist of snakes observed in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh from March 2013 to September 2015 is documented here. Seventeen species of the snakes belonging to five families were recorded during the current study. All species of snakes were observed, photographed and released back to secure areas away from the human daily interference. In addition, road kills of snakes were also recorded along the forest trails and in urban areas. Out of all the species of snakes Xenochrophis piscator and Ptyas mucosa were found to be the most common snake followed by Amphiesma stolata and Oligodon arnensis .
Adedes albopictus is most advanced stable species trophic level. It is acquired by after great nurture microevolution includes behavioral changes and survivality. In this evolutionary cascade, Ae. albopictus species diverged from its complex species lineage (reported in Kerala Ae. novalbopictus, Ae. pseudalbopictus and Ae. subalbopictus). Without any vestigial the species is pivotal in all the advanced measures include competition, adaptations, reproduction, and intelligence.
Key-words: Adedes albopictus, Subgroup, Microevolution, Evolutionary cascade, Taxonomic study
This document provides an introduction to insects. It notes that insects make up the most dominant and diverse group of creatures on Earth, found everywhere from deserts to forests. Insects have evolved many adaptations that have led to their success, including wings that allow for flight, a hard exoskeleton, a decentralized nervous system, and specialized defense and reproduction abilities. The document discusses insect diversity in size, lifespan, diet, and metamorphosis. It outlines insects' importance to ecosystems and humans, from pollination and food to disease transmission. Forensically, the study of insect biology can aid criminal investigations. Overall, the document highlights insects' antiquity, abundance, and fascinating traits that have enabled their enduring presence across
Arboreal ants use the “velcro® principle” to capture very large prey.marciofdias
Azteca andreae ants use an ambush hunting technique to capture prey on their host plants, Cecropia obtusa trees. The ants hide beneath the downy undersides of the C. obtusa leaves with their mandibles open, waiting to seize any insects that land. This technique allows them to capture prey up to 13,350 times their own weight. The downy texture of the C. obtusa leaves, along with the ants' hooked claws, act like velcro to help the ants grasp prey and support heavy weights until more ants arrive to help.
The document summarizes biocontrol methods for cockroaches, including natural enemies and entomopathogenic fungi. It discusses:
- Several species of parasitic wasps (families Ampulicidae, Evaniidae, Encyrtidae, Eupelmidae, Eulophidae) that prey on or parasitize cockroach eggs or nymphs.
- The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, which was found to have an LD50 of 1.4x107 spores/ml against German cockroaches and potential for horizontal transmission.
- Studies showing M. anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana can cause mortality in American cockroaches, with
This document provides information about determining plant species diversity using diversity indices. It discusses the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices.
The Shannon-Wiener index is an information statistic index that assumes all species are randomly sampled. The Simpson index is a dominance index that gives more weight to common species.
The document also includes field book data from a study measuring various plant species abundance in different quadrats. The species abundances are recorded and will be used to calculate the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices to analyze the plant diversity.
DIVERSITY STUDY OF ODONATA IN CHINTAMANI KAR BIRD SANCTUARY, KOLKATA, WEST BE...IAEME Publication
Species records of protected areas by creating checklists and updating them is crucial to understand species distribution, dynamics and possible threats to them. Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary is a protected area famed for its wide variety of floral and faunal diversity, located in close proximity to the metropolis of Kolkata and odonata is real flagship taxa of freshwater ecosystems, often used as indicator species to assess the quality of their close environment. Adult odonata (both suborder- Anisoptera; Dragonfly & Zygoptera; Damselfly) needs resource-rich terrestrial habitats for maturation, feeding, resting, and mating. Species diversity indices like Simpson and Shannon are applied to analyze the odonatan population diversity in this protected area. Our study of odonata populations has been made for the first time in this protected area. As far as species richness is concerned, the family Libellulidae is found to be dominant among Anisoptera whereas species of the family Coenagrionidae is dominant among Zygoptera. Our observations support the importance of this region in providing valuable habitats for Odonata.
2014.08.26 Metamorphosis 25_82-89 Otto FinalHerbert Otto
This document summarizes research on lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) oviposition (egg-laying) behavior. It discusses the various sensory and environmental cues that female butterflies use to select host plants for their larvae, such as vision, smell, taste, and touch. It presents evidence for 28 new identified larval host plants for butterfly species in South Africa, based on repeated observations of oviposition and larval feeding. The research helps increase understanding of the complex factors that influence a butterfly's choice of plants on which to lay its eggs.
The document discusses the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. It describes the mite's morphology, life cycle, distribution, host plants, and economic importance. The two spotted spider mite can damage a wide range of plants by feeding on their leaves and flowers. Management strategies discussed include biological control using predator mites and insects, as well as chemical control using miticides.
This document describes the sequencing and analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene from an unusual form of the protistan parasite Ichthyophonus found infecting yellowtail flounder off Nova Scotia. Phylogenetic analysis shows it is distinct from two isolates of I. hoferi, supporting it being a separate species named I. irregularis. This finding raises the possibility that ichthyophoniasis in fish could be caused by different but related pathogens, in some cases concurrently.
Ecological Diversity of Flora and Fauna at Curzon Hall, University Of Dhaka, ...paperpublications3
Abstract:The diversity of local flora and fauna at the Curzon Hall premises, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh was studied from April 2nd, 2014 to January 10th, 2015. A total of 98 species of flora and fauna were found during the study. The study was done to observe the condition of the biodiversity and also to conserve them.
Bat Classification based on Perceptual, Spectrum and Cepstral Features in Kal...AM Publications
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for classifying 16 bat species in the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in India based on their echolocation calls. Bats use echolocation to navigate and forage, emitting ultrasonic calls and interpreting the echoes. The researchers recorded bat calls using detectors and extracted perceptual, spectral, and cepstral features from the calls to classify the species. Features included total power, subband powers, pitch frequency, duration, and Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients. A 38-dimensional feature vector was formed from the call features to classify bats using their echolocation signatures. The goal was to develop an acoustic classification scheme for monitoring bat populations and habitats in the
This document summarizes a study on the biology of Hypsopygia postflava, a snout moth parasitic on the nest of the paper wasp Polistes olivaceus. Key findings include:
1) H. postflava was found for the first time parasitizing P. olivaceus nests in Vietnam.
2) The lifecycle of H. postflava was studied, ranging from 33-49 days on average.
3) Survivorship of larvae was 88% and pupae was 82.5%. The sex ratio of emerged moths was 1:1.26 female to male.
Similar to Prevelance of Lyperosomum longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 (Dicrocoeliioidae: Trematoda) from the gallbladder of Turdoides stirata (Aves: Leiothrichidae) at Sindh, Pakistan | JBES 2020
Life history of the Hog Plum Beetle, Podontia quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus,...Open Access Research Paper
Hog plum beetle (Podontia quatuordecimpunctata) is a serious pest of hog plum tree and both their adults and larvae defoliate the hog plum tree. However, its developmental information and proper identification as well as precise photographs of each developmental stages have not been well studied and recorded. Thus, the goal of this research was to establish the developmental characteristics of P. quatuordecimpunctata. Life history was conducted in laboratory conditions at an average temperature 28 °C ± 1.2 an average 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a light: dark ratio (12L : 12D). The female beetles were laid clusters of eggs in numerous layers, with 9 to 53 eggs in each cluster. The durations of each developmental stage were 6.16±0.93, 3.16±0.24, 3.29±0.25, 3.21±0.33, 4.54±0.33, 5.54±0.49, and 20.92±2.7 days for the incubation, 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, pre pupa, and pupa, respectively. The longevity of male and female adult beetles was found to be 42.33±6.6 days and 50.66±9.8 days, respectively. Results revealed that this study will be a valuable source of biological information for a better understanding and management of this pest species. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/life-history-of-the-hog-plum-beetle-podontia-quatuordecimpunctata-linnaeus-1767-coleoptera-chrysomelidae-with-photographs-of-each-developmental-stage/
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of ectoparasites in wild and domesticated grey (Francolinus Pondicerianus) and black partridges (Francolinus Francolinus) in Khayber Pakhtoonkhawa, Pakistan. The study aimed to compare the types and prevalence of ectoparasites between wild and domesticated populations of these two partridge species. Ectoparasites were collected from birds using visual examination and dust ruffling methods. The ectoparasites were then identified microscopically. The prevalence and mean intensity of ectoparasites was determined and compared between wild and domesticated birds to understand the impact of habitat and domestication on ectoparas
An Effective Method For Maintaining The African Termite-Raiding Ant Pachycond...Nathan Mathis
This document describes an effective method for maintaining colonies of the African termite-raiding ant Pachycondyla analis in the laboratory. Six colonies were collected from the field and housed in the laboratory in nest boxes connected to foraging arenas. The colonies were fed their natural diet of termites and maintained under similar temperature and humidity conditions to the field. Using this method, the colonies survived for an average of 27 weeks, with a maximum of 34 weeks, which is over 4 times longer than previous laboratory rearing protocols. Maintaining the ants under natural conditions on their normal diet allowed for successful long-term colony maintenance in the laboratory.
A survey on the ectoparasites and haemoparasites ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the ectoparasites and haemoparasites of grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) reared under captive conditions. Ten grasscutters were examined for ectoparasites by brushing their fur and for haemoparasites through blood smear analysis. Three ectoparasite species were identified: Ixodes aulacodi, Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and Xenopsylla cheopis fleas. Ixodes aulacodi had the highest prevalence at 50%. Two haemoparasite species were found: Plasmodium and Trypanosoma, each at 10% prevalence. The anterior body regions of
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
PPT DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF BUTTERFLIES IN THATTEKKAD BUTTERFLY.pptxAnuVarghese97
The document discusses a study on the diversity and abundance of butterflies in Thattekkad Butterfly Park located in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. The study found 76 butterfly species belonging to 5 families, with the Nymphalidae family being the most dominant. A total of 565 individual butterflies were observed. The butterfly population was highest in January and lowest in April. Common species included the Blue Tiger and Dark Blue Tiger. The park provides a favorable habitat for butterflies due to its diverse plant life which serves as a food source. Maintaining butterfly populations is important for conservation efforts and ecological balance.
PPT DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF BUTTERFLIES IN THATTEKKAD BUTTERFLY PARK.pptxAnuVarghese97
The document discusses a study on the diversity and abundance of butterflies in Thattekkad Butterfly Park located in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. The study found 76 butterfly species belonging to 5 families, with the Nymphalidae family being the most dominant. A total of 565 individual butterflies were observed. The butterfly population was highest in January and lowest in April. Common species included the Blue Tiger and Dark Blue Tiger. The park provides a favorable habitat for butterflies due to its diverse plant life which serves as a food source. Maintaining butterfly populations is important for conservation efforts and ecological balance.
Mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali Chicks in Scavenging Rearing Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Fayoumi and Sonali breeds are commonly reared under scavenging system in Bangladesh. Chick mortality has the very important impact on economy of farmers. The aim of the present study was to determine the mortality rate and the causes of mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali chicks. One observational cross-sectional study was done on the Fayoumi and Sonali chicks at Chittagong and Noakhali district from October 2005 to July 2006. A total of 48 farmers (24 from each Upazila) were selected randomly, who rear chicks under scavenging condition and as well as had broody hens. Twelve eggs of each breed were supplied to each farmer. The chicks were hatched out by the broody hens. Then the chicks were reared under scavenging system. The mortality detected for Fayoumi was 57.3%, which was less than that of the Sonali (68.8%) but did not vary significantly (χ2 = 1.21, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Fayoumi chicks at Noakhali site was little higher (59.1%) than that of Chittagong (55.4%), but it did not vary significantly (χ2 = 0.28, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Sonali chicks also did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.16, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality was more by diseases than predators. The common predators were crow, wildcat, domestic cat, mongoose and rat in both study sites. The crow predated (Fayumi; 63.64% and Sonali; 70.83%) more baby chicks than others predators. The highest proportional mortality was caused by Mycoplasmosis + Colibacillosis (36.05 % and 36.94 %) in case of Fayoumi and Sonali followed by the second highest attributed to Mycoplasmosis (26.74%) and (22.52%) respectively. Fayoumi chicks were lower mortality than Sonali under scavenging rearing condition.
Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile Ife, Southwestern Nigeriaijtsrd
The forensic information provided by decomposition of small carcasses often goes unnoticed, even in advanced economies, due to frequent neglect. This paper reports the succession pattern of arthropod species that associated with carcasses of white rat, Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout Rodentia Muridae , in Ile Ife, southwestern Nigeria. Four bushy sites were chosen for the study and nine rat carcasses were placed at each site once a season for two seasons. The carcasses were monitored daily until the process of decay was over. The visiting and colonizing invertebrates were collected daily and identified. Immatures were also collected and reared in the laboratory till adult emergence for easy identification. The carcasses went through five stages of decay and the arthropods arrived in the order Diptera early fresh stage , Hymenoptera late fresh stage , Coleoptera and Dermaptera active decay stage , and Araneae and Oribatida advanced decay stage . Dipteran flies were the first arthropods to interact with the remains but ants were the only arthropods that associated with all the five stages of decay. A total of 9828 arthropods 4415 adults and 5413 immatures belonging to six orders in two classes of the phylum were collected in the study. The proportion of faunal abundance was Diptera 75.10 , Hymenoptera 22.90 , Coleoptera 1.80 , Dermaptera 0.10 , Oribatida 0.08 and Araneae 0.02 . Rate of decay was faster and faunal population was higher on carcasses during the dry season compared to the wet. Faunal population was also higher on carcasses placed in close proximity to the Zoological garden. The implications of these results on accuracy of estimated postmortem interval PMI and applicability in law were discussed. Aminat Adeola Adesina | Olalekan Joseph Soyelu "Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35737.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/35737/succession-of-arthropods-on-white-rat-carcasses-in-ileife-southwestern-nigeria/aminat-adeola-adesina
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of ixodid ticks infesting cattle in Lucknow, India and the evaluation of plant extracts to control ticks. The key points are:
1) A total of 2150 cattle were examined, of which 1262 (58.6%) were infested with ticks. The most common ticks identified were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (68.69%) and Hemaphysalis bispinosa (31.30%).
2) Highest tick prevalence was found in calves less than 1 year old (77.1%), followed by cattle aged 1-4 years (64.66%), and lowest in cattle over 4 years (48
A New Monogenean ectoparasites Yogendrotrema balrampurai n.sp. from Fresh Wat...ijtsrd
The fresh water fish Sciaena coiter Ham. was collected from local fish market of district Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Five specimens of fresh water fish Sciaena coiter Ham. were examined, of which only one specimen was found infected with single specimen of said species. The site of infection being the gill filaments of the host. Kumar and Agarwal, 1993 erected the genus Yogendrotrema from Varanasi with Yogendrotrema rajghatai as type species. The present form differs from the known species Yogendrotrema rajghatai in having septate oral sucker, extension of Vitellaria in haptor region also. On subsequent study, the present form appear to be a new species of the genus Yogendrotrema, Kumar and Agarwal, 1993 and is regarded as a new species and named Yogendrotrema balrampurai n. sp. since it is recorded from district Balrampur. Surya Prakash Mishra "A New Monogenean-ectoparasites Yogendrotrema balrampurai n.sp. from Fresh-Water Cat Fish Sciaena coiter (Ham.) of District Balrampur, Uttarpradesh, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/38535/a-new-monogeneanectoparasites-yogendrotrema-balrampurai-nsp-from-freshwater-cat-fish-sciaena-coiter-ham-of-district-balrampur-uttarpradesh-india/surya-prakash-mishra
The document provides information on the Chukar Partridge, including:
1. It describes the appearance, distribution, habitat, feeding, breeding and behaviors of the Chukar Partridge.
2. The population of the Chukar Partridge is declining due to factors like habitat destruction, hunting, and climate change.
3. Conservation efforts include protected areas, awareness campaigns, and sustainable breeding programs, but hybridization with other species remains a threat.
Bats are often observed in the city of Ouagadougou; they are found in homes, offices and open spaces, especially under large trees. They are consumed as bushmeat and used by Traditional Medical Practitioners. In the context of re-emerging zoonosis, it is important to produce comprehensive knowledge about problematic species such as a bat. Then, the aim of this study is to produce reliable information about bat diversity and its distribution in the city of Ouagadougou. To achieve this goal, bats were captured in the city of Ouagadougou from July to November 2017 using a mist net in 15 stations. Eleven species belonging to nine genera and four families (Molossidae, Nyteridae, Pteropodidae and Vespertilionidae) have been inventoried. While Eidolon helvum is the most observable species in the city of Ouagadougou, Epomophorus gambianus, Scotophilus leucogaster and Nycticeinops schlieffenii are the most occurring species in samples. Kamboinse, Kossodo and Premier Ministère are the sites with the highest species diversity.
This document is a seminar proposal by Eid Muhammad Khan for their M.Sc. degree. The proposal outlines exploring and identifying phytophagous and predatory mites of the suborder Prostigmata in Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia. The objectives are to identify mites associated with agricultural plants and wild vegetation in the area, develop identification keys for the prostigmatid mites found, and create a key for species of the genus Eutetranychus. The proposal describes the study area and outlines the collection, preservation, and identification methods to be used. A preliminary survey found over 1000 specimens representing several families of prostigmatid mites.
In nature, wild animals live on large area and have consequently, a low genetic resistance against parasitic infections because of hoe exposure. When herds of these wild animals are kept in captivity in Zoological Gardens, the problem of parasite infection can aggravate and pose a serious threat to endangered species, occasionally causing sudden and unexpected local declines in abundance; unfortunately, there have been few detailed and comprehensive studies on the common parasitic infections, prevalence of the parasitic infections in the primates and the Health care management of the captive primates. The focus of the research work is on investigation of parasitic infection among primates in selected Zoological Gardens in Nigeria the researcher has the following objectives, The researcher adopted experimental method sample of fresh feaces were collected differently for 5 days and was examined at two different laboratory, that Ibadan and Jos. The Ibadan Zoological Garden twenty seven species of primates were examined, with only six infested with Trichuris Trichuria parasite; common in chimpanzee, mona monkey, Tantalus and white throated. In Jos Plateau Zoological Garden, twenty-four species of primates were examined only thirteen primates were infested with Trichuris Trichuria, F buskii, Eimeria, Ascaris Lumbricoides, ¬S. mansoni, Hetrophyes, Those infested, are Red patas, softy mongabey, Baboon, Mona Monkey, Tantalus, and Chimpanzee. Kano Zoological Garden, thirty species of primates were examined, only eleven were infested with Ascaris Lumbricoides, Eimeria, Trichuris Trichuria, Fasciola those infested are Baboon, Chimpanzee, Mona Monkey, Patas, Tantalus Monkeys. All the above examination of the faecal sample material, a direct wet smear was used to reveal the parasites; examined with a how power objective (10x).
This document summarizes a study on the diversity of butterfly species in the Union Council Koaz Bahram Dheri region of Pakistan. A total of 232 butterflies from 13 species across 3 families were collected and identified between July and October 2012. The family Nymphalidae was most abundant with 114 individuals (49%), followed by Pieridae with 86 (37%) and Papilionidae with 32 (14%). Danaus chrysippus was the most commonly observed species overall with 72 individuals (31%). Collection sites varied in species richness, with the highest diversity found at Hajji Sargund Kally. The highest butterfly activity occurred in the month of August.
Seasonal variation of litter arthropods in some eucalyptus plantations at the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variation of litter arthropods in Eucalyptus plantations and a native Entandrophragma excelsum stand in Rwanda. A total of 10,291 arthropod individuals belonging to 5 classes were collected over 3 seasons. The class of insects was the most abundant, representing over 54.8% of individuals in the first season, 77.3% in the second, and 76.6% in the third. Abundance varied between plantations and seasons, with the highest numbers found in Eucalyptus saligna and E. tereticornis stands. The study aims to assess how different plantation types and seasons impact arthropod abundance and
Survey of Ectoparasites Infesting the Gray-Bellied Rat, Rattus rattus alexand...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research study on ectoparasites infesting the gray-bellied rat (Rattus rattus alexandrinus) captured from houses in Sohag, Egypt. The study identified several external parasite species including ticks, mites, fleas, and lice. Specifically, it found one tick species (Amblyomma spp.), seven mite species, three flea species (Xenopsylla cheopis, Leptopsylla segnis, Pulex irritans), and one lice species (Polyplax spinulosa). These parasites can transmit diseases to humans and animals. Therefore, the study concludes an integrated control program is needed to control
Reported some species of plant parasitic nematodes from rhizosphere of peanut...Open Access Research Paper
In order to identify of peanut fields plants parasitic nematodes, 130 samples of soil around the roots of peanut plants were collected in province of Guilan, during the summer and fall of 2011. After extraction, killing, fixation and transferring to anhydrous glycerol, the nematodes were mounted on permanent microscopic slides and nematodes species identified by using light microscope, equipped with digital camera, based on morphological and morphometric characters using valid keys. In this study 20 species belonging 17 genera were identified, that are as followes: 1- Aphelenchoides sacchari 2-Aphelenchus avenae 3- Basiria graminophila 4-Coslenchus costatus 5-Ditylenchus myceliophagus 6-Filenchus vulgaris 7-Helicotylenchus digonichus 8-Heterodera cruciferae 9-Meloidogyne incognita 10-Meloidogyne hapla 11-Merlinius bavaricus 12- Mesocriconemarusticum13- Mesocriconema curvatum 14-Paratylenchus nanus 15-Pratylenchus neglectus 16- Psilenchus hilarulus 17-Quinsulcius capitatus 18-Tylenchorhynchus annulatus 19- Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi 20- Tylenchus davainei. In thisstudy, 20 species belonging 17 genera were identified that before just 6 Species2-5-7-11-15-16were reported from rhizosphere of Peanut in Iran. Other species (14 Species) are going to report from rhizosphere of Peanut in Iran as a first.
Importance of study of immature stages of insects in agricultureSanju Thorat
The type of life cycle will vary with the insect-pest. However, most pests have certain weak points during their life cycle when they are the most vulnerable to manage. Some insect are predators, either as larvae or in both larval and adult stages. The decomposition of organic waste, such as dung and manures are an important ecosystem process which is largely provided by insects. Insect as food for animals and human being. The knowledge regarding immature stages of insect-pests and understand site of oviposition, site of pupation and larval behaviour can allow for timely and effective management, thus we can reduction in the qualitative and quantitative losses of yield and increase the profit.
Similar to Prevelance of Lyperosomum longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 (Dicrocoeliioidae: Trematoda) from the gallbladder of Turdoides stirata (Aves: Leiothrichidae) at Sindh, Pakistan | JBES 2020 (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
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To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Prevelance of Lyperosomum longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 (Dicrocoeliioidae: Trematoda) from the gallbladder of Turdoides stirata (Aves: Leiothrichidae) at Sindh, Pakistan | JBES 2020
1. J. Bio. Env. Sci. 17(1), 93-101, July 2020 2020
E-ISSN: 2222-3045, p-ISSN: 2220-6663
By: Hakim Ali Sahito, Wali Muhammad Mangrio, Tasneem Kousar, Zafar Hussain Shah, Faheem Ahmed
Jatoi
Journal of Biodiversity and
environmental sciences
international network for natural
sciences
EGGS SHAPE
Research Paper
Journal Name
Publisher Name
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
93 | Sahito et al.
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Prevelance of Lyperosomum longicauda Rudolphi, 1809
(Dicrocoeliioidae: Trematoda) from the gallbladder of
Turdoides stirata (Aves: Leiothrichidae) at Sindh, Pakistan
Hakim Ali Sahito*1,2
, Wali Muhammad Mangrio1
, Tasneem Kousar1
, Zafar Hussain Shah1
,
Faheem Ahmed Jatoi3
1
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Shah Abdul Latif University,
Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh, Pakistan
2
Date Palm Research Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Shah Abdul Latif University,
Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh, Pakistan
3
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Sciences,
Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh, Pakistan
Article published on July 30, 2020
Key words: Digenea, Gallbladder, Helminth, L. longicauda, T. striata
Abstract
The present findings are related to report the helminth parasitic infection in Jungle babbler, at District:
Naushahro Feroze. Host species were investigated from the month of June to August, 2018. These birds are
non-migratory, former friendly, earth colored sibling in habbit but internal visceral organs consisting
intensity of parasites. Total (n=16) of T. striata were captured and disected on a weekly basis under
laboratory conditions at Department of Zoology, SALU-Khairpur. All found with helminth population of
digenean trematode but high prevalence was found in the month of June followed by other months. During
surgical examination (n=44) specimens were recovered in the gall bladder of the host, morphologically
having tapered ends at terminal body point, forebody is shorter then hind body, protrusible rounded oral
suckers but ventral suckers are rounded, maximum width at post-acetabular region, oval-shaped pharynx,
short esophagus, diverticular caeca, median-shaped ovary and oblique testes, un-equal bands of lateral
vitellaria and dark brown coloured eggs. These features of the worms resemble already identified as; L.
longicauda hence; identified as such. This species of fluke was first time recovered from present host and
result of present study revealed that it is a new host record from upper Sindh.
*Corresponding Author: Dr. HA Sahito hakim.sahito@salu.edu.pk
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 93-101, 2020
http://www.innspub.net
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
94 | Sahito et al.
Introduction
The birds are great valuable gift of almighty Allah,
their colourful plumage attract the people, they are
charming as sweet voices produce during early
morning time, they having high economic value and
serve as plant pollinators (Elon and Fred, 1924),
found close association with humans. Avifauna
having the potentional power to fly thousands of the
miles within few days and all species having own
unique appearance, ecology, habitat, distributaries
and habits (Whelan et al., 2008).
Avifauna is valuable in respect of mankind as they
feed over variety of pest insects, use seed weeds,
agricultural pests but abundance population of
helminth parasites greatly harm their body and create
clinical signs (Soulsby, 1968). The high density of
birds population, wet litter, contaminated food
particles, rough ventilation, mismanagement etc., are
the causative reasons by which helminth parsites
increase in their number and enhance their progeny
(Nadeem et al., 2007). The birds are reducing day by
day due to urbanization, loss of habitat, climatic
changes and vast application of pesticides also birds
harbor a diversity of both endoparasites and
ectoparasites cause deadly disease to their hosts and
propagate to neighbouring livelihood (Akcakaya,
1990).
Jungle babbler found in Indian Sub-continent tropical
and sub-tropical regions (Ripley, 1969), commonly
search their food in a group manner being an
insectivorous search mostly; Helicoverpa armigra on
croplands and are also known as voracious feeder of
insect pests (Gaston, 1977) but these species of hosts
are weaker in their flight. Their body is dirty and eyes
in yellow-colored, beneficial for agro-ecosystem due to
feeding of variety of insect matters (Andrew and Naik,
1965) and wings are shortly rounded (Ali and Ripley,
1996).
Being scavengers they having positive role to control
the population of insect pests (Chittampalli and
Bhatkhande, 1993). Aves are a carrier of a certain
zoonotic lethal disease (Hubalek, 2004), but majority
of flukes hit kidney and gallbladder of the Aves
(Kanev et al., 2002).
Trematodes parasites especially threat to
Passeriformes caused significant living losses (Chung
et al., 1995). The trematode belongs to family
Dicrocoeliioidae, Eucotylidae and Rencicolidae cause
great harm to the kidney and gall bladder, bile duct of
the wild and domestic aves (Kanev et al., 2002).
Jungle babbler is being omnivorous to their feeding
behaviour bare parasitic worms and infestation
depends availability of food source (Kyi and Poon,
1987). T. striata severely infected by numerous
fluctuations of internal visceral helminths. In
Pakistan there is no research documentary on the
systematic studies of helminth parasites on T. striata
and the main aim and motivation of present research
work to findout the helminthological burden,
parasitic identification and formulate systematic
studies due to this reason T. straita agro-friendly
species of bird selected as model for research and
authors became strongly wilful on carryout
experimental research to find out the prevalence of
parasites from the internal visceral organs of host
species.
Material and methods
Site description and samle location
Mostly the lands of district: Naushahro feroze is
highly fertile, greenish and enrich in agro-ecosystem
where these former friendly birds surviving on
different living and nonlivings matters. The host
species were captured from different locations of
this region and brought parsitology laboratory,
department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University,
Khairpur, Sindh-Pakistan for dissection purpose.
The birds which were captured from the different
croplands, A total of (n=16) in consequent months
from May to August during, 2018. The handmade
nets, standard traps, gullel, air gun were used and
collection were kept in cages if supposed to dead
immediately kept in refrigerator and on priority
basis dissected them under laboratory conditions as
soon as possible.
Dissection procedure
For the surgical examination cotton swab contained
chloroform was used for host anaesthetization
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
95 | Sahito et al.
purpose when host became unconsciousness laid it on
white page just 5 to 10 minute to examine the
ectoparasite because during alive period actoparasites
actively attach to their host but just after death the
ectoparasites detach from their host body. Then puffy
feathers removed from sternum region, a longitudinal
cut was given from clocal opening up to neck region
and by the source of forceps body cavity were opened
digestive tract, liver, heart, kidney, gallbladder,
mesenteries, bile duct, aerial sacks, pancreas, gizzard,
intestine, lungs were removed and kept in separate
petri dishes containing saline solution. According to
convenient techniques kidneys and intestine were
opened by fasten scissors also all internal organs by
the help of needles were opened and throughly
examined thorugh dissecting microscope. After
intensive examination of all internal organs of the
host recorded trematode, Lyperosomum longicauda
Rudolphi, 1809 (Dicrocoeliioidae: Trematoda), from
the gallbladder of Turdoides striata (Aves:
Leiothrichidae) under laboratory conditions.
Permanent slide pattern
Specimens were washed by passing them in ethyl
alcohol graded series up to 70% and then by the
source of camel hair brush worms were placed on the
sterilized glass slide by giving them cover slip,
wrapped by threads for overnight and slides were
kept in coplin jar containing 75% alcohol. After twelve
hours threads were re-opened and again specimens
were washed in alcoholic series. Then borax carmine
palced in separate petri dishes and very gradually
specimens were poured for staning, depends on the
integument of the specimen, again placed in 70%
ethanol for each five to ten minutes followed by 80%,
90%, and 100%, respectively. Mounted with Canada
balsam and permanent slides comprise trematodes
were labelled with host name, locality, collection date
and parasite and slides were arranged parallel in
wooden slide box for further motivation.
Formation of diagram and body measurements
Diagram of the trematodes were formed by the help of
Camera Lucida and in millimetres (mm)
measurements of body organs were taken but in
micrometers (µm) eggs were measured. Meiji infinity
1-DK 3000 camera was uses for photography
purpose. However; the species identified by using of
stereo-microscope, reports, literature, and keys
introduced by (Yamaguti, 1961; 63; 71; Gibson and
Jones, 2008).
Data analysis
For statistical analysis data were placed in MS, excel
sheet and variance of analysis shows a significant
difference at (P<0.05) among the trematode species
and for ANOVA help was taken student packeage
software SXW, 8.1 versions USA. The worms intensity
found in to insectivorous bird, Jungle babbler on the
monthly basis at district Naushahro Feroze northern
region of Sindh-Pakistan.
Results
During research study, sixteen hosts from different
localities were captured, and those were anesthetized
after surgical investigation results were taken that all
the birds were observed parasitized with digenean
trematodes; L. longicauda has given in (Fig. 1).
Further forty-four specimens were recovered from
gallbladder of the host birds. In this regard, the
present species previously reported form other
localized but for the first time in the given above
locality was observed and the present host is the new
host record described in (Table 1).
Description
The body of worms were observed much extended both
terminal parts of body tapering measured 5.58-5.72 x
0.68-0.81mm and at the post-acetabular region
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
96 | Sahito et al.
contain maximum width. The hindbody recorded
larger 4.7 than forebody 0.28 and protrusible, rounded
oral sucker measuring 0.03-0.06 x 0.04-0.07 in
diameter. Pharynx oval shaped smaller containing
0.09-0.03 x 0.08-0.04 in diameter and short sized
oesophagus containing 0.05 x 0.03 in length. Caeca
situated in front of acetabulum, diverticula runs in
lateral sides but cannot reach at terminal region. Large
size ventral sucker and rounded in shape oral sucker
comprising 0.3-0.7 x 0.4-0.11 in size. Posterior to
acetabular region rounded and sub-median ovary
found in 0.17-0.18 x 0.20-0.24 in size. Testes in oblique
and rounded form. At the region of posterior to ventral
suckers anterior testes are found consisted on 0.08-
0.14 x 0.09-0.14mm and posterior testes large-sized
sub-median having 0.17-0.24 x 0.3-0.8 size. Vitellarian
consisted unequal two bands runs from the anterior
testes but cannot reach up to terminal point of the body
and post-testicular region consisted 0.05-0.15 x 0.16-
0.4 in size. Dark brown colored small-sized eggs
comprising 18-28 x 13-16 micrometer (Table- 1).
Systematic summary of Lyperosomum longicauda
Rudolphi, 1809.
Family: Dicrocoeliioidae Odher, 1910.
Fig: 1 A-C, Table- 1.
Genus: Lyperosomum Looss, 1899.
Site of infection: Gallbladder.
Host: T. Striata.
Locality: Naushahro Feroze.
No. of host: 16.
No. of specimens: 44.
Record: New host.
Fig. 1. Lyperosomum longicauda; A. Specimen
entirely; B: Eggs shape; C. Specimen photography.
Remarks
Dicrocoeliidae is a larger family, comprises more than
four hundred trematode species, consisting certain
variations in size and shape of the body. Usually these
species found in gallbladder and ducts of their hosts. L.
longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 is the type species of this
genus reported from Aquilia pennata, Trypanocorax
frugdegus, Geronticus eremita, Garrlus glandarius,
Lanius collurio, Luscitia luscinia, Anthus arboreus,
Sternus vulgaris, Cyprelus apus, Corvus cornix, Pica
pica, Turdus merula, T. philoneas from India, Europe
and Turkestan.
Other species of this genus; L. longicauda (Rudolphi,
1809) recovered from gallbladder of G. eremita in
Turkey; L. byrdi (Denton and Wayne, 1975) reported
gallbladder and liver P. erythrophthalmus in Florida;
L. malaysiae (Gmelin, 1960) recovered intestinal
parts P. zeylanicus in Malaysia and Turan. L.
mindorense (Edurado and Gaddi, 2003) recovered
intestinal parts R. eurizonoides from Philippines and
L. velasquezae (Edurado and Gaddi, 2003) reported
from liver of G. gallus philippensis in Philippine; L.
duculae, L. palawanense (Fischthal and Kuntz, 1973)
intestinal region of D. aenae palawanesis and D.
javanense everetti in Palawan Island; L. alagesi
(Skrjabin and Shtrom, 1930) host P. pica at
Uzbekistan and Kirgizia; L. alaudae (Shtrom and
Sondak, 1935) from host Z. corvus. A. cantarella in
Azerbaidzhan and Czechoslovakia; L. anatis
(Belogourov and Leonov, 1963) host A. acuta and A.
falcate at Kamtchatka. L. charadrii (Belopolskaia,
1963) at Amur basin in N. madagascariensis; L.
clathratum (Deslongchamps, 1824) at Europe from A.
apus; L. coracii (Sultanov, 1927) from C. garrulus at
Tashkent; L. collurionis (Skrjabin and Isaichikov,
1927) in C. indicus and L. collurio at Siberia,
Czechoslovakian and Russia; L. formosaense
(Yamaguti and Mitunage, 1943) at Formosa from P.
altricapillusrestrictus; L. direptum (Nicoll, 1914). At
America host C. nigra; L. halacichlae (Faust, 1964) in
gallbladder of H. musteline in Louisiana; L. kavini
(Fotedar and Raina, 1965) host; C. monedula
soemmeringii in Kashmir; L. indosinense (Odening,
1964) host; Garrulax at Vietnam; L. oswaldoi
0.1mm
Scale
bar:
0.5mm
C
A
B
6. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
97 | Sahito et al.
(Travassos, 1920) revovered from the hosts,
Cyanocitta, R. brasilaus, O. capueria, T. coronatus,
Toxostoma, Trogon, M. bonariensis, M. humeralis,
Crax and C. haemorrhous at USA and Europe; L.
metatestis (Belogurov and Tseva, 1967) in Russia
host C. alpine. L. petrovi (Skrjabin and Evranova,
1953) recovered host F. francolinus in
Azerbaidzhan; L. pawlowskii (Shtrom, 1928;
Travassos, 1944) host; D. leuconotus, C. crex,
Porzanaporzana and Gallinula chloropus in Russia.
L. sarothrurae (Bear, 1959) at Congo host S.
pulchra; L. rossicum (Skrjabin and Isaichikov, 1992)
in Russia from C. coturnix and C. communis birds;
L. schikhobalovi (Skrjabin and Evranova, 1953) at
Armenia, Russia, Uzbekistan and recovered A.
graeca; L. scitulum (Nicoll, 1914) in Moluccas
collected L. domicella; L. skrjabini (Solovev, 1911)
recovered from T. frugilegus, P. pica and C. corone
at Turekistan, France and Kazakhstan; L. sinuosum
(Travossos, 1917) at Panama and Brazil collected
from host; N. Violacea, L. squamatum (Lintstow,
1996) in Palatupana from D. episcopus; L. dujardini
(Shtrom and Sondak, 1935) in Transcaucasia host;
P. modularia obscura; L. stunkardi (Agrwal, 1964)
reported A. tristis in Varanasi; L. corvi (Yamaguti,
1939, Travassos, 1944) in S. vulgaris and C. corone
at Kirgizia and Japan; L. turdi (Ku, 1938) from T.
merula mandarinus in China and Japan L.
urocissae (Yamaguti, 1929) reported from U.
caerulae at Formosa.
Table 1. Body measurements comparative morphological features and of Lyperosomum species under
laboratory conditions during, 2018.
Species Present species
L. longicauda
Rudolphi, 1809
L. malaysiae
Helminthological
Society of
Washington, 2011
L. byrdi
Denton and
Krissinger,
1975
L.mindorense SL
Eudardo and CB
Gaddi, 2003
L. velasquzeae
Eudardo and
CB Gaddi,
2003
Body
5.58- 5.72 x
0.68-0.81
10.54-11.26 x
1.32 x 1.44
4.26-5.065 x 0.41-
0.45
2.098-3.745 x
0.3-0.41
7.675-8.275 x
0.550-0.675
6.750-7.750 x
0.850-1.100
Oral sucker
0.03-0.06 x
0.04-0.07
0.47-0.53 x
0.54-0.59
0.165-0.198 x
0.121-0.126
0.18 x 0.23
0.275-0.335 x
0.255-0.290
0.270-0.300 x
0.250-0.310
Pharynx
0.09-0.03 x
0.08-0.04
0.19-0.25 x
0.35-0.40
0.073-0.078 x
0.087-0.085
0.063-0.078 x
0.076-0.096
0.085-0.90 x
0.080-0.095
0.125-0.135 x
0.150-0.160
Esophagus Smaller Shorter Elongated Slighter Stretched Larger
Ventral
sucker
0.3-0.7 x 0.4-
0.11
0.87-0.95 x
0.91-0.98
Nearest to end
Found near
posterior end
0.455-1.005 x
0.445-1.020
1.115-1.16 x
1.150-1.285
Caeca
Runs laterally
up to end of the
worm
Found lateral
up to terminal
Thin, eggs form
covering
Dorsally to
accetbulum up
to caudal
vitellarian
Appear laterally
ends at terminal
point
Presnet
straight laterall
up to end point
Testes Oval Round Glossy Silky Circular Round,
Anterior
testes
0.08-0.14 x
0.09-0.14
0.34-0.39 x
0.39-0.44
0.11-0.145 x
0.105-0.165
Located right
side
0.220-0.295 x
0.180-0.230
0.155-0.235 x
0.145-0.280
Posterior
testes
0.17-0.24 x 0.3-
0.8
0.37-0.43 x
0.41-0.46
0.098-0.115 x
0.33-0.34
Located left
side
0.205-0.275 x
0.195-0.205
0.175-0.280 x
0.170-0.275
Post
testicular
space
0.05-0.15 x
0.16-0.4
Unseen Unnoticed Absent Lacking Not present
Ovary
0.17-0.18 x
0.20-0.24
0.42-0.49 x
0.48-0.56
0.11-0.19 x 0.14-
0.24
oval 0.5-0.12 x
0.06-0.14
0.175-0.240 x
0.165-0.255
0.225-0.265 x
0.190-0.280
Vitellaria
Form un-equal
strands run
anterior testes
up to nearest
terminal
Diagonal
laterally from
anterior testes
up to closet to
terminal
Over lapping
caeca at laterally
form follicles
Posterior to
ovary and
testes runs
close to
terminal
Laterally
vitellaria up to
terminal
extremity
At laterall sides
vitellaria
appear up to
nearest to end
Eggs 18-28 x 13-16 24-26 x 39-43 28-33 x 17-22 30-35 x 18-21
35.00-46.25 x
22.50-28.75
36.25-41.25 x
22.50-25.00
Host Jungle babbler
Northern bald
ibis
Straw-headed
bulbul
Eastern
towhee
Eurasian tree
sparrow
Red jungle fowl
Locality
N. Feroze,
Sindh
Turkey Malaysia Florida Philippine Philippine
7. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
98 | Sahito et al.
The specimens which were recoverd from the
gallbladder of present host birds having close
morphological similarity with, L. longicauda
Rudolphi, 1809 at district: Naushahro Feroze, Sindh
and were identified as such and this species is first
host record at given area.
Prevalence digenean trematode lyperosomum
Longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 in T. striata
Present research based investigation was carried out
in the months from May to June during, 2018. Birds
were dissected and internal examination was taken to
check out the burden of helminth parasites. Every
week one host was remained under observation and
on weekly basis data was taken. The results of the
present research work shows that there was no any
host bird free from infection and all the host birds
found positive with parasites but high parasite
prevalence found in the month of June followed by
July, May, and August. In the August month from
(n=4) host (n=4) specimens, in the May month from
(n=4) hosts (n=8) specimens, during the July month
from (n=4) birds (n=12) specimens and during the
month of June from (n=4) hosts (n=20) specimens
were recovered, respectively. L. longicauda with an
overall mean population was observed up to (11)
during this research study as describe in (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Monthwise prevelance of L. longicauda in
Jungle babbler birds under laboratory conditions.
Discussion
Jungle babbler hunt insects, former friendly,
beneficial for agro-ecosystem, belongs Leiothrichidae
but severely infected by a diverse parasites. The
present investigation was performed in hot months of
the year, 2018 on host birds. T. striata (n=16)
collected from green land of different taluka level
such as; Naushahro Feroze, Kandiaro, Bhiria,
Mehrabpur and Moro. All captured birds were
thoroughly examined for purpose of helminth
prevalence and observed positively with infection of
digenean trematode; L. longicaua and all specimens
(n=44) were recovered from gallbladder. The
helminth prevalence in present host which was
examined during present study is with the agreement
of (Fotedar and Raina, 1965) both carried out internal
examination on C. monedula soemmeringii birds in
Srinagar, Kashmir and recovered L. kavini trematode
consist oesophagus, cirrus sac, caeca, small-sized
ovary and testes, near the testes pre-acetabular
region, in front of pharynx genital pore, from testes
vitellaria runs laterally towards posterior extremity
and compared the morphological characteristics of L.
kalmikense, L. fringillae. Present results are with the
agreement of (Fischthal and Kuntz, 1974) who
examined the Palawan birds in Philippine and
Malaysian birds recovered L. palawanense, L.
ducidae, P. prashadi, P. dogi, A. heterolecithodes, B.
attenuatum, L. malaysiae, L. bhattaaharyai, B.
vitellobum, B. pycnonoti, B. sabahense and B. api
reported eleven species of which one was
brachylaimid and ten were belonged dicrocoellid.
Present result is also with the agreement of (Denton
and Krissinger, 1975) who thoroughly examined
internal organs of P. erythrophthalmus host birds in
Florida, Augusta and Georgia, during research work
they recovered L. byrdi and compared other species
of the genus L. sinuosum Travassos, 1917, L. looss,
1899. This type of research was performed (Shuvajit
et al., 2012) on host T. striata at India, recovered Z.
sanglaensis n. sp., from gallbladder.
During research period month-wise significant
difference was observed in the appearance of
helminth infestation among all hosts.
8. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
99 | Sahito et al.
Many researchers diagnosis many Aves and reported
internal parasites of terrestrial passerines, from the
spleen of birds (John, 1995) reported fluke worms by
using of technique phylogenetic regression, Birds
from Karachi cost were examined (Bilqees and Khan,
2005) dissected and documented E. nickoli trematode
(Dharejo et al., 2007) recovered P. macrovesiculum
and P. paramonostomum from F. atra birds and
from A. grayii trematode; E. mohiuddini reported,
(Birmani et al., 2008) from host bird; F. atrae
recovered E. atrae, from A. grayii (Channa et al.,
2009) trematode E. jamshorensi, from E. alba at
Karachi (Das and Ghazi, 2010) reported trematode; P.
mujibi n. sp., (Drago and Lunachi, 2010) from Black-
necked reported A. candensis trematode (Ghazi et al.,
2013) from A. crecc reported trematode; P. bilqeesae
n. sp., and from host birds; A. ginginiamus recovered
E. mazharuddini trematode.
However; there are massive records of avian helminth
parasitic of many host species but no any
parasitologist documented the internal parasites of
Jungle babbler (Mangrio et al., 2016) and
Hymenolepis spp., of cestodes from same host. Birds
being insectivorous are beneficial for agro system
because they are pest controlling agents. Similarly;
majority of wild birds serves as pathogenic carriers
which disturb the domestic flocks (Nice, 1994).
Urbanization and intensive pest application rellay
negative effect on their lives and when infected birds
move one area to play a role as disease carrying agent,
in this way pathogens spread bird to bird, and bird to
other vertebrates (Daniels, 1992). T. striata species of
passerine are former-friend and beneficial being a
feeding of insect pests context but in spite of increasing
their generation they are decreasing. In this regard
present research study indicates that more work should
be performed for the appearance of internal visceral
helminths and mode of transmission of parasites.
Conclusion
Many species of digenean trematodes have been
observed from variety of wild birds and result of
present visceral examination shows that the
specimens of the trematode which were recovered
from the present host are morphologically compared
with the features of other Dicrocoeliioidae species
shows certain variations. The body length of present
trematode is lager then L. byrdi, L. malaysiae, L.
palawanense, L. alaudae, L. anatis, L. clathratum, L.
charadrii, L. collurionis, L. indosinense, L. turdia, L.
formosaense, L. dujardini, L. metatestis, L.
stunkardi, L. oswaldoi, L. sinuosum, L. rossicum
while as; smaller then, L. mindorense, L. duculae, L.
velasquezae, L. corvi, L. scitulum, L. alagesi, L.
direptum, L. urocissae, L. hylacichlae, L. skrjabini, L.
kavini, L. schikhobalovi, L. pawlowskii, sarothrurae,
L. petrovi Kasimov but having close resemblance with
L. longicauda, Rudolphi, 1809 hence; identified as
such and this species reported first time from present
locality. Jungle babble is also first host record for
present trematode species. This research will be
helpful in the scientific documentary for the
identification among diversity of trematodes.
Acknowledgment
Authors are well-wishers for owners of croplands of
this area, who provided cages and technical support
in every step for capturing birds from their field
conditions. Authors express heartful gratitude for
their research guide for his extended help and
encouragement in every step from a collection of host
birds up to identification of specimens.
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