The document provides an outline for a report on preterm babies. It includes sections on definitions, categories of preterm birth, statistics, signs and symptoms, characteristics, etiology, risk factors, complications, management, and recommendations for caring for preterm infants. Characteristics discussed include appearance, size, behavior, and physical signs such as skin quality and lanugo hair. Management involves medication, specialized care in an incubator, and addressing challenges with feeding and breathing. Risk factors include health issues in the mother as well as induced causes like diabetes or preeclampsia.
This document discusses essential newborn care, including assessments, importance, and steps. It outlines that essential newborn care should be provided immediately after birth and continue for the first 7 days. Key assessments include a head-to-toe examination, APGAR scoring, maturity assessment, and transitional assessment. Essential care includes establishing breathing, ensuring warmth, initiating breastfeeding, preventing infection through clean delivery practices, eye care, and more. The document provides details on each assessment and the steps of newborn care at birth.
This document discusses neonatal seizures, including their causes, types, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management. Neonatal seizures are a medical emergency that can cause irreversible brain damage. They are most commonly caused by perinatal complications, developmental neurological problems, perinatal infections, or metabolic problems. The main types of neonatal seizures are subtle, tonic, clonic, and myoclonic. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, laboratory tests, imaging, and EEG. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, stabilizing vital functions, treating the underlying cause, and providing supportive care. This includes anticonvulsant medication, treating hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, or other metabolic abnormalities, and ensuring proper nursing observation
This document defines a preterm neonate as any baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. It discusses the causes of preterm birth including health issues in the mother and multiple pregnancies. It describes the physical characteristics of preterm infants such as small size, thin skin, and underdeveloped organs. Complications of preterm birth are outlined involving the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurological systems. The management of preterm labor and care of preterm newborns is summarized including monitoring for common problems like infections, breathing issues, and nutritional deficiencies.
This document provides information on nursing care for low birth weight babies. It discusses that low birth weight babies can be preterm (born before 37 weeks gestation) or small for gestational age. Nursing care includes maintaining breathing and stable temperature, providing nutrition and hydration, gentle stimulation, and preventing and managing complications. Specific care involves positioning the baby to clear airways, monitoring oxygen levels and vital signs, providing stimulation if needed, and maintaining desirable blood gas levels. Maintaining the baby's temperature in a prewarmed radiant warmer is also discussed.
This document discusses preterm and low birth weight infants. Key points include:
- Birth weight below 2,500g is considered low birth weight, which can be due to prematurity or restricted growth.
- Preterm infants are born before 38 weeks gestation and have increased risks due to anatomical and functional immaturity.
- Indian preterm rates are higher than Western countries. Prematurity is associated with numerous socioeconomic factors.
- Preterm infants require specialized care in the NICU to address physiological immaturity of organ systems and higher risks of complications like respiratory distress and infections.
- Growth, feeding tolerance, vital signs stability and weight gain are monitored as indicators of preterm infant health and readiness for
Neonatal resuscitation is intervention provided to newborn babies who need help breathing or with circulation after birth. It involves clearing and drying the airway, maintaining body temperature, initiating breathing through tactile stimulation or positive pressure ventilation, and administering chest compressions and medications if needed to support circulation. Proper preparation includes anticipating need, having adequate equipment like a resuscitation table, masks, oxygen, and medications, and ensuring trained personnel are present. Ongoing assessment of breathing, heart rate, and color determine if further resuscitation measures are required.
This document discusses multiple pregnancy, also known as twin or higher order pregnancies. It defines multiple pregnancy as the presence of more than one fetus in the abdomen of a pregnant woman. Multiple pregnancies can be categorized based on the number of fetuses as twins, triplets, quadruplets, etc. The document outlines risk factors, classifications, complications, diagnosis, and management of multiple pregnancies. It describes how multiple pregnancies can occur and the different types, and emphasizes the importance of preventing preterm birth in managing these high-risk pregnancies.
1) Low birth weight babies are those born weighing less than 2,500 grams. They are at higher risk of neonatal death and infant mortality.
2) Management of low birth weight babies depends on their weight - babies over 1.8kg can be managed at home, those 1.5-1.8kg require hospital care, and babies under 1.5kg need intensive care in the NICU.
3) Kangaroo mother care is a way to care for low birth weight babies that promotes warmth, breastfeeding, infection prevention, and bonding between mother and baby.
This document discusses essential newborn care, including assessments, importance, and steps. It outlines that essential newborn care should be provided immediately after birth and continue for the first 7 days. Key assessments include a head-to-toe examination, APGAR scoring, maturity assessment, and transitional assessment. Essential care includes establishing breathing, ensuring warmth, initiating breastfeeding, preventing infection through clean delivery practices, eye care, and more. The document provides details on each assessment and the steps of newborn care at birth.
This document discusses neonatal seizures, including their causes, types, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management. Neonatal seizures are a medical emergency that can cause irreversible brain damage. They are most commonly caused by perinatal complications, developmental neurological problems, perinatal infections, or metabolic problems. The main types of neonatal seizures are subtle, tonic, clonic, and myoclonic. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, laboratory tests, imaging, and EEG. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, stabilizing vital functions, treating the underlying cause, and providing supportive care. This includes anticonvulsant medication, treating hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, or other metabolic abnormalities, and ensuring proper nursing observation
This document defines a preterm neonate as any baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. It discusses the causes of preterm birth including health issues in the mother and multiple pregnancies. It describes the physical characteristics of preterm infants such as small size, thin skin, and underdeveloped organs. Complications of preterm birth are outlined involving the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurological systems. The management of preterm labor and care of preterm newborns is summarized including monitoring for common problems like infections, breathing issues, and nutritional deficiencies.
This document provides information on nursing care for low birth weight babies. It discusses that low birth weight babies can be preterm (born before 37 weeks gestation) or small for gestational age. Nursing care includes maintaining breathing and stable temperature, providing nutrition and hydration, gentle stimulation, and preventing and managing complications. Specific care involves positioning the baby to clear airways, monitoring oxygen levels and vital signs, providing stimulation if needed, and maintaining desirable blood gas levels. Maintaining the baby's temperature in a prewarmed radiant warmer is also discussed.
This document discusses preterm and low birth weight infants. Key points include:
- Birth weight below 2,500g is considered low birth weight, which can be due to prematurity or restricted growth.
- Preterm infants are born before 38 weeks gestation and have increased risks due to anatomical and functional immaturity.
- Indian preterm rates are higher than Western countries. Prematurity is associated with numerous socioeconomic factors.
- Preterm infants require specialized care in the NICU to address physiological immaturity of organ systems and higher risks of complications like respiratory distress and infections.
- Growth, feeding tolerance, vital signs stability and weight gain are monitored as indicators of preterm infant health and readiness for
Neonatal resuscitation is intervention provided to newborn babies who need help breathing or with circulation after birth. It involves clearing and drying the airway, maintaining body temperature, initiating breathing through tactile stimulation or positive pressure ventilation, and administering chest compressions and medications if needed to support circulation. Proper preparation includes anticipating need, having adequate equipment like a resuscitation table, masks, oxygen, and medications, and ensuring trained personnel are present. Ongoing assessment of breathing, heart rate, and color determine if further resuscitation measures are required.
This document discusses multiple pregnancy, also known as twin or higher order pregnancies. It defines multiple pregnancy as the presence of more than one fetus in the abdomen of a pregnant woman. Multiple pregnancies can be categorized based on the number of fetuses as twins, triplets, quadruplets, etc. The document outlines risk factors, classifications, complications, diagnosis, and management of multiple pregnancies. It describes how multiple pregnancies can occur and the different types, and emphasizes the importance of preventing preterm birth in managing these high-risk pregnancies.
1) Low birth weight babies are those born weighing less than 2,500 grams. They are at higher risk of neonatal death and infant mortality.
2) Management of low birth weight babies depends on their weight - babies over 1.8kg can be managed at home, those 1.5-1.8kg require hospital care, and babies under 1.5kg need intensive care in the NICU.
3) Kangaroo mother care is a way to care for low birth weight babies that promotes warmth, breastfeeding, infection prevention, and bonding between mother and baby.
This document discusses tachypnoea (rapid breathing) in well babies. It begins by covering the physiology of breathing in infants, noting that respiratory rate typically decreases over the first year of life. It defines tachypnoea in infants as a respiratory rate over 60 breaths per minute. The document emphasizes that accurately measuring respiratory rate can be challenging, and recommends using a stethoscope and taking the rate over a full minute while recording the baby's state. It also discusses periodic breathing patterns seen in infants.
The infant in choice c presents with signs of moderate encephalopathy after a known perinatal hypoxic event and meets criteria for therapeutic hypothermia based on guidelines. The other infants presented do not meet criteria either due to prematurity, mild encephalopathy findings, or presenting outside the time window.
Thermal care is central to reducing morbidity and mortality in newborns. Thermoregulation is the ability to balance heat production and heat loss in order to maintain body temperature within a certain normal range. The average “normal” axillary temperature is considered to be 37°C
This document provides information about neonatal hyperthermia and convulsions in newborns. It was prepared by a BSc Nursing student for 3rd year nursing students. It defines neonatal hyperthermia and convulsions, lists their causes and clinical features, and describes the diagnostic measures and management. For neonatal hyperthermia, the management involves cooling the baby and giving fluids. For convulsions, management includes controlling seizures with medications like phenobarbitone, treating the underlying cause, and providing supportive care. The prognosis varies depending on the etiology.
Neonatal sepsis occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream of infants less than 90 days old. It can cause overwhelming infection or spread to organs like the lungs (pneumonia) or meningitis. Common causes are E. coli, listeria, and certain streptococcus bacteria. Risk factors include preterm birth, maternal infection, and hospitalization after birth. Symptoms are non-specific but include temperature changes, breathing issues, poor feeding, and lethargy. Diagnosis involves blood, urine, and CSF tests and treatment is with antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin alongside supportive care. Outcomes depend on the severity of infection and underlying health of the infant.
The document discusses the organization and setup of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). It describes the necessary physical space, facilities, equipment, staffing, and organization of care into three levels - basic, high-level, and intensive care. Key requirements for the NICU include appropriate space per bed, ventilation, lighting, environmental controls, and isolation rooms. Staffing must include neonatologists, nurses, and other medical experts. A full range of life-saving equipment is also needed to provide different levels of neonatal care for critically ill newborns.
The document provides information on the immediate and essential care of newborn babies. It discusses the characteristics, reflexes, and measurements of newborns. It also outlines the steps for immediate basic care including maintaining temperature, establishing breathing, vitamin K injection, and initiating breastfeeding. The document summarizes assessment methods for gestational age and provides details on the Ballard scoring system.
The document discusses the organization and setup of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). It describes the personnel, equipment, and facilities required in a NICU. Key personnel include neonatologists, nurses, respiratory therapists, and other support staff. Essential equipment includes incubators, monitors to assess vital signs, oxygen supplies, feeding equipment, and ventilators. Transport of sick infants to the NICU is also addressed, emphasizing the importance of stabilizing infants before transferring and maintaining their body temperature. Nurses play an important role in providing physical, emotional and family support to critically ill newborns in the NICU.
This document discusses high risk newborns and their assessment and management. It defines a high risk newborn as any neonate with a greater than average chance of morbidity or mortality within the first 28 days. It classifies newborns according to size, gestational age, and mortality risk. It describes how to assess newborns based on general appearance, skin, head, respiratory, cardiovascular, abdominal, genitourinary, and neuromuscular characteristics. It outlines methods for temperature regulation, nutrition/fluid maintenance, testing/procedures, intravenous lines/tubes, special equipment, and special care for high risk newborns. It also discusses follow up schedules after discharge.
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) occurs when an infant aspirates meconium during delivery or birth, leading to respiratory distress. Risk factors include post-term pregnancy or conditions that cause fetal stress. Affected infants experience respiratory distress, often requiring oxygen therapy, CPAP, or mechanical ventilation. Complications can include air leaks, pulmonary hypertension, or long-term lung issues. Treatment focuses on clearing meconium from the airways, managing respiratory support and oxygen needs, and treating complications like infections or pulmonary hypertension. Prevention strategies center on monitoring high risk pregnancies and potentially inducing labor or performing C-sections before complications arise.
This document discusses prematurity and the management of preterm infants. It defines prematurity as birth before 37 weeks gestation. It describes the problems that can occur in preterm infants relating to immaturity of organ systems, including respiratory issues, temperature regulation difficulties, neurological impairments, and metabolic concerns like hypoglycemia. The document outlines assessment and management approaches for various initial problems in the preterm newborn as well as long term issues involving development, medical complications, and social factors. Mortality and morbidity rates are provided based on gestational age and birth weight.
This document discusses the characteristics and physiological challenges of preterm neonates. Key points include:
- Preterm babies are born before 37 weeks gestation and have underdeveloped organs. Common causes of preterm birth include infections, chronic diseases, and placental dysfunction.
- Physically, preterm babies are small with large heads, poor muscle tone, and underdeveloped organs. This makes them vulnerable to issues like temperature instability, breathing problems, feeding difficulties, and infections.
- Major physiological handicaps include immature respiratory, circulatory, and neurological systems. This leaves preterm neonates at high risk for complications involving the lungs, brain, heart, and gastrointestinal system. Close monitoring and nursing care is needed to address
This document provides information on acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children. It notes that ARIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. Upper respiratory infections include conditions like the common cold, sinusitis, and tonsillitis. Lower respiratory infections include bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The document outlines signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic criteria and management recommendations for various ARIs like pneumonia, croup, bronchitis, and others in children. It emphasizes supportive care, oxygen supplementation, antibiotics when indicated, and referral criteria for severe or complicated cases.
crying in infant is a normal phenomenon but can be troublesome when an infant cry excessively. colic is an acronym and it is important to rule out every physiological and pathological cause before making a diagnosis of colic.this presentation will help you in doing so . happy viewing.
This document provides information on the care of a newborn. It defines various terms related to newborns and their classifications based on gestational age and birth weight. It describes the components of newborn care including clean delivery, temperature maintenance, skin care, umbilical cord care, eye care, breastfeeding, weight monitoring and immunizations. The document outlines the follow up care needed for newborns and the various levels of care available. It also lists the criteria for a normal newborn and how to examine a newborn.
This document discusses high-risk and low birth weight newborns. It defines a high-risk newborn as one who has difficulties with vital functions like breathing, eating, temperature regulation, etc. that could threaten their survival. It then categorizes newborns based on their birth weight as low birth weight (<2500g), very low birth weight (<1500g), or extremely low birth weight (<1000g). It also discusses classifications based on gestational age as preterm, full-term, or post-term. Low birth weight babies are at higher risk of mortality, morbidity, and developmental problems compared to normal weight newborns. The document outlines some clinical features and common complications of low birth weight infants.
An appropriate for gestational age (AGA) baby is one whose size falls within the normal range for their gestational age and sex. AGA babies tend to have the lowest health risks. Gestational age can be determined through physical and neurological criteria. Small for gestational age (SGA) refers to babies smaller than the 10th percentile, while large for gestational age (LGA) means greater than the 90th percentile. Factors that influence birth weight include genetics, infections, fetal growth issues, and maternal health behaviors and characteristics. Complications for SGA infants include respiratory issues and infections, while LGA babies face risks like shoulder dystocia and hypoglycemia. Gestational age and fetal growth are
This document discusses complications that can occur in neonates (newborns). It lists potential issues like preterm birth, low birth weight, respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections and birth injuries. The document then provides details on several of these complications, including the signs and symptoms of preterm babies. It describes the physiology of preterm babies and their increased risks due to underdeveloped organ systems. Overall, the document outlines various medical issues that can affect neonates and provides information on managing preterm infants.
This document discusses tachypnoea (rapid breathing) in well babies. It begins by covering the physiology of breathing in infants, noting that respiratory rate typically decreases over the first year of life. It defines tachypnoea in infants as a respiratory rate over 60 breaths per minute. The document emphasizes that accurately measuring respiratory rate can be challenging, and recommends using a stethoscope and taking the rate over a full minute while recording the baby's state. It also discusses periodic breathing patterns seen in infants.
The infant in choice c presents with signs of moderate encephalopathy after a known perinatal hypoxic event and meets criteria for therapeutic hypothermia based on guidelines. The other infants presented do not meet criteria either due to prematurity, mild encephalopathy findings, or presenting outside the time window.
Thermal care is central to reducing morbidity and mortality in newborns. Thermoregulation is the ability to balance heat production and heat loss in order to maintain body temperature within a certain normal range. The average “normal” axillary temperature is considered to be 37°C
This document provides information about neonatal hyperthermia and convulsions in newborns. It was prepared by a BSc Nursing student for 3rd year nursing students. It defines neonatal hyperthermia and convulsions, lists their causes and clinical features, and describes the diagnostic measures and management. For neonatal hyperthermia, the management involves cooling the baby and giving fluids. For convulsions, management includes controlling seizures with medications like phenobarbitone, treating the underlying cause, and providing supportive care. The prognosis varies depending on the etiology.
Neonatal sepsis occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream of infants less than 90 days old. It can cause overwhelming infection or spread to organs like the lungs (pneumonia) or meningitis. Common causes are E. coli, listeria, and certain streptococcus bacteria. Risk factors include preterm birth, maternal infection, and hospitalization after birth. Symptoms are non-specific but include temperature changes, breathing issues, poor feeding, and lethargy. Diagnosis involves blood, urine, and CSF tests and treatment is with antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin alongside supportive care. Outcomes depend on the severity of infection and underlying health of the infant.
The document discusses the organization and setup of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). It describes the necessary physical space, facilities, equipment, staffing, and organization of care into three levels - basic, high-level, and intensive care. Key requirements for the NICU include appropriate space per bed, ventilation, lighting, environmental controls, and isolation rooms. Staffing must include neonatologists, nurses, and other medical experts. A full range of life-saving equipment is also needed to provide different levels of neonatal care for critically ill newborns.
The document provides information on the immediate and essential care of newborn babies. It discusses the characteristics, reflexes, and measurements of newborns. It also outlines the steps for immediate basic care including maintaining temperature, establishing breathing, vitamin K injection, and initiating breastfeeding. The document summarizes assessment methods for gestational age and provides details on the Ballard scoring system.
The document discusses the organization and setup of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). It describes the personnel, equipment, and facilities required in a NICU. Key personnel include neonatologists, nurses, respiratory therapists, and other support staff. Essential equipment includes incubators, monitors to assess vital signs, oxygen supplies, feeding equipment, and ventilators. Transport of sick infants to the NICU is also addressed, emphasizing the importance of stabilizing infants before transferring and maintaining their body temperature. Nurses play an important role in providing physical, emotional and family support to critically ill newborns in the NICU.
This document discusses high risk newborns and their assessment and management. It defines a high risk newborn as any neonate with a greater than average chance of morbidity or mortality within the first 28 days. It classifies newborns according to size, gestational age, and mortality risk. It describes how to assess newborns based on general appearance, skin, head, respiratory, cardiovascular, abdominal, genitourinary, and neuromuscular characteristics. It outlines methods for temperature regulation, nutrition/fluid maintenance, testing/procedures, intravenous lines/tubes, special equipment, and special care for high risk newborns. It also discusses follow up schedules after discharge.
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) occurs when an infant aspirates meconium during delivery or birth, leading to respiratory distress. Risk factors include post-term pregnancy or conditions that cause fetal stress. Affected infants experience respiratory distress, often requiring oxygen therapy, CPAP, or mechanical ventilation. Complications can include air leaks, pulmonary hypertension, or long-term lung issues. Treatment focuses on clearing meconium from the airways, managing respiratory support and oxygen needs, and treating complications like infections or pulmonary hypertension. Prevention strategies center on monitoring high risk pregnancies and potentially inducing labor or performing C-sections before complications arise.
This document discusses prematurity and the management of preterm infants. It defines prematurity as birth before 37 weeks gestation. It describes the problems that can occur in preterm infants relating to immaturity of organ systems, including respiratory issues, temperature regulation difficulties, neurological impairments, and metabolic concerns like hypoglycemia. The document outlines assessment and management approaches for various initial problems in the preterm newborn as well as long term issues involving development, medical complications, and social factors. Mortality and morbidity rates are provided based on gestational age and birth weight.
This document discusses the characteristics and physiological challenges of preterm neonates. Key points include:
- Preterm babies are born before 37 weeks gestation and have underdeveloped organs. Common causes of preterm birth include infections, chronic diseases, and placental dysfunction.
- Physically, preterm babies are small with large heads, poor muscle tone, and underdeveloped organs. This makes them vulnerable to issues like temperature instability, breathing problems, feeding difficulties, and infections.
- Major physiological handicaps include immature respiratory, circulatory, and neurological systems. This leaves preterm neonates at high risk for complications involving the lungs, brain, heart, and gastrointestinal system. Close monitoring and nursing care is needed to address
This document provides information on acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children. It notes that ARIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. Upper respiratory infections include conditions like the common cold, sinusitis, and tonsillitis. Lower respiratory infections include bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The document outlines signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic criteria and management recommendations for various ARIs like pneumonia, croup, bronchitis, and others in children. It emphasizes supportive care, oxygen supplementation, antibiotics when indicated, and referral criteria for severe or complicated cases.
crying in infant is a normal phenomenon but can be troublesome when an infant cry excessively. colic is an acronym and it is important to rule out every physiological and pathological cause before making a diagnosis of colic.this presentation will help you in doing so . happy viewing.
This document provides information on the care of a newborn. It defines various terms related to newborns and their classifications based on gestational age and birth weight. It describes the components of newborn care including clean delivery, temperature maintenance, skin care, umbilical cord care, eye care, breastfeeding, weight monitoring and immunizations. The document outlines the follow up care needed for newborns and the various levels of care available. It also lists the criteria for a normal newborn and how to examine a newborn.
This document discusses high-risk and low birth weight newborns. It defines a high-risk newborn as one who has difficulties with vital functions like breathing, eating, temperature regulation, etc. that could threaten their survival. It then categorizes newborns based on their birth weight as low birth weight (<2500g), very low birth weight (<1500g), or extremely low birth weight (<1000g). It also discusses classifications based on gestational age as preterm, full-term, or post-term. Low birth weight babies are at higher risk of mortality, morbidity, and developmental problems compared to normal weight newborns. The document outlines some clinical features and common complications of low birth weight infants.
An appropriate for gestational age (AGA) baby is one whose size falls within the normal range for their gestational age and sex. AGA babies tend to have the lowest health risks. Gestational age can be determined through physical and neurological criteria. Small for gestational age (SGA) refers to babies smaller than the 10th percentile, while large for gestational age (LGA) means greater than the 90th percentile. Factors that influence birth weight include genetics, infections, fetal growth issues, and maternal health behaviors and characteristics. Complications for SGA infants include respiratory issues and infections, while LGA babies face risks like shoulder dystocia and hypoglycemia. Gestational age and fetal growth are
This document discusses complications that can occur in neonates (newborns). It lists potential issues like preterm birth, low birth weight, respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections and birth injuries. The document then provides details on several of these complications, including the signs and symptoms of preterm babies. It describes the physiology of preterm babies and their increased risks due to underdeveloped organ systems. Overall, the document outlines various medical issues that can affect neonates and provides information on managing preterm infants.
This document discusses preterm birth and care of preterm infants. It defines preterm birth as birth before 37 weeks of gestation. It describes developmental milestones from 26-36 weeks gestation. It discusses risks like diabetes and smoking. It outlines management of preterm infants including in the NICU with incubators and kangaroo care. It also discusses long term risks of prematurity like cerebral palsy.
1. The document defines and describes various terms related to low birth weight babies including preterm, very low birth weight, extremely low birth weight, small for gestational age, and intrauterine growth retardation.
2. It provides characteristics and risks of preterm and small for gestational age low birth weight infants, describing their appearance, problems, and management considerations including nutrition, thermoregulation, and monitoring for complications.
3. Key aspects of care for low birth weight infants include prevention of hypothermia, appropriate feeding and fluid management, monitoring for problems, and early detection and treatment of complications.
This document provides information on caring for preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It begins by describing the characteristics of preterm neonates, noting their underdeveloped organs and difficulties with respiration, thermoregulation, and nutrition. The document then discusses various respiratory conditions common in preterm infants, such as respiratory distress syndrome, and outlines nursing care to maintain the infant's airway, breathing, and oxygenation. This includes positioning, suctioning, monitoring oxygen levels, and potential supplemental oxygen therapies or mechanical ventilation if needed.
This research abstract summarizes guidelines for caring for newborns of mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. It reviews 10 categories of information from existing evidence and international guidelines. The main findings are that while intrauterine transmission is still unclear, close post-birth contact can transmit the virus via droplets. It is therefore recommended to separate infected mothers from their babies for at least 2 weeks, while teaching breastfeeding and expression techniques to allow breastmilk feeding during isolation. The study aims to help care for these newborns based on the latest COVID-19 maternal and newborn health evidence.
This document provides information on the care of high-risk newborns. It defines high-risk newborns as those with a birth weight under 2000g, gestational age under 36 weeks, or other conditions. Babies meeting certain criteria are transferred to the special care nursery for close monitoring and management. Low birth weight is defined as under 2500g and categories include very low birth weight under 1500g and extremely low birth weight under 1000g. Preterm babies have unique characteristics and physiological challenges. Tests may be performed to assess gestational age and check for complications. Principles of management include thermal protection, appropriate nutrition and monitoring for issues like infection.
This document provides information on prematurity and caring for premature babies. It defines prematurity as birth occurring between 28-37 weeks gestation. Key points include:
- Premature babies are at risk due to immature organ systems and low physiologic reserves. The lower the gestational age and birth weight, the higher the risk.
- They are susceptible to conditions like respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and infections.
- Care involves maintaining temperature, respiratory, cardiovascular, nutritional and hematologic status.
- Assessment of preterm babies includes Apgar scoring, physical exam, and determining gestational age using the Ballard exam.
This document defines prematurity and related terms like low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), very low birth weight (VLBW), and extremely low birth weight (ELBW). It discusses the public health importance of prematurity, describing the high rates of prematurity globally and associated increased mortality. The document outlines maternal and fetal risk factors for prematurity and methods for differentiating preterm and SGA infants. It also provides extensive details on potential health complications in preterm infants and recommendations for management and prevention.
This document discusses prematurity, which is defined as a baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Slightly less than 12% of babies are premature. Prematurity can be caused by maternal health factors, issues with the pregnancy, or fetal factors. Premature babies may experience problems like temperature instability, respiratory issues, and neurological impairments. Treatment for premature babies focuses on stabilizing vital functions, providing nutrition, and addressing any complications until the baby is fully developed. The goals before hospital discharge include resolving illnesses, maintaining stable function, and parental ability to care for the baby. Prenatal care and identifying at-risk mothers can help prevent prematurity.
The document discusses small for gestational age (SGA) babies. SGA refers to babies smaller than normal for the number of weeks of gestation. This can be due to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) where the fetus does not receive enough nutrients and oxygen. SGA can be caused by maternal health issues, placental problems, or fetal abnormalities. SGA babies are at risk for complications during delivery and after due to limited growth and oxygen restriction. Diagnosis involves measuring fetal size by ultrasound and fundal height checks during pregnancy and weighing the baby after birth compared to gestational age. Treatment focuses on ensuring temperature stability, adequate nutrition through feeding support, and monitoring for low blood sugar or oxygen levels in affected
This document provides guidelines for assessing newborns. It describes performing a comprehensive history and physical examination at birth and within 24 hours. The examination includes evaluating vital signs, appearance, gestational age, and screening for abnormalities of various body systems. The physical examination involves inspection, palpation, auscultation and measurement of things like temperature, heart rate, abdominal organs and limbs. The goals are to ensure healthy transition after birth, detect any malformations, and establish breastfeeding.
This resource provides information to new parents on infant feeding. It covers the benefits of breastfeeding, responsive feeding techniques, skin-to-skin contact, proper positioning and attachment for breastfeeding, signs that feeding is going well, expressing and storing breastmilk, potential challenges, and where to seek help if needed. The goal is to empower parents to choose and carry out infant feeding in a way that meets the needs of their developing baby.
This document provides information on caring for preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It describes the characteristics of preterm neonates, including underdeveloped organs and difficulties with respiration, thermoregulation, and nutrition. The document outlines various respiratory conditions preterm infants may experience and discusses nursing interventions to maintain airway, breathing, and oxygenation. These include positioning, suctioning, oxygen therapy via various devices, surfactant administration, and other treatments. The goal is to support the preterm infant's immature systems and promote development until they can transition to extrauterine life.
This document provides an overview of neonatology and neonatal diseases. It defines key terms like neonate, neonatal period, and perinatal period. It classifies neonates by gestational age and birth weight. It describes the characteristics, physiology, and nursing care needs of both normal and high-risk neonates, including preterm infants. It also discusses several common neonatal conditions like jaundice, pseudomenstruation, and breast enlargement.
This document provides guidance on performing a neonatal examination. It begins with definitions of relevant terms. It then outlines the important components of the neonatal history and perinatal history to obtain. The document describes examining the newborn from head to toe, including measuring vital signs, weight, and head circumference. Key areas to assess include the skin, fontanelles, eyes, mouth, and overall tone. The goal is to identify any abnormalities promptly.
Low birth weight babies are defined as those weighing less than 2500 grams at birth. Preterm birth accounts for about two-thirds of low birth weight cases. Potential causes of low birth weight include preeclampsia, infections, drug use, previous preterm birth, and placental issues. Low birth weight babies can experience challenges with temperature regulation, feeding, jaundice, infections, and neurological and respiratory function. Care involves maintaining temperature, respiratory support, infection prevention, nutrition support, and nursing care. Complications can include asphyxia, bleeding in the brain, shock, heart failure, and infections.
This document discusses neonatal jaundice and prematurity. It defines neonatal jaundice as a yellowing of the skin due to high bilirubin levels. It notes that jaundice can be physiologic or pathologic. It also discusses the causes, signs, management including phototherapy and exchange transfusion, and complications of jaundice like kernicterus. The document also defines and describes prematurity, the characteristics of premature infants, causes of preterm birth, and problems they often face like respiratory distress and temperature instability. It emphasizes the importance of thermal management for premature neonates.
The high risk neonate is defined as one who has a greater than average chance of morbidity or mortality during the prenatal ,peri natal and postnatal periods..
The document discusses postnatal care of babies, with a focus on care of low birth weight babies. It covers:
1) Immediate newborn care including clearing airways, maintaining temperature, assessing Apgar scores.
2) Importance of breastfeeding and maintaining warmth.
3) Causes and risks of low birth weight (LBW) babies including preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction.
4) Treatment of LBW babies requires intensive care until they gain adequate weight, addressing risks like infections and respiratory issues. Kangaroo mother care has helped improve LBW baby survival.
The document outlines the qualifications and educational background of Elham Ali Ahmed Ali, including degrees in nursing and diplomas in therapeutic nutrition, medical quality, and infection control. It then provides an outline for a presentation on heart attacks, defining them, listing symptoms and risk factors, describing types and complications, and discussing diagnosis and treatment approaches. Key points covered include definitions of STEMI and NSTEMI heart attacks based on ECG patterns and damage levels, as well as risk factors such as high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and family history. Complications discussed relate to heart and psychological damage.
Introduction
Definition
Categories of preterm baby
Local and global statistics on Preterm births
Sign and symptoms
Characteristics of premature baby
- The survival rate for a premature baby
- a premature baby weigh
- premature baby look when she’s born (appearance)
- behavior for premature baby
Etiology
Risk factors
Complication
- Short term complication
- Long term complication
Prevention
Diagnosis
Management
- Medication
- Management
- Nursing management
Recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics to limit the risk of death for infants from zero to 1 years old.
Caring for preterm babies after leaving hospital
Reference
Introduction
Definition
Symptoms and signs
Incidence
Etiology
Types of heart attack
Types of heart attack related to ECG , Radiography and Bio marks
Types of heart attack related to causes
The risk factors
Complications
Complication related to damage in heart during heart attack
Complication related to psychological condition
Complication related to stop medication
Diagnosis
Treatments
Immediate treatment
Medications for heart attacks
Surgical treatment
Prevention
Rehabilitation
Nurse care plan
Reference
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
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- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
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DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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2. 2 | P a g e
Dr/ Nema Fathy
Dr/ Laila Ahmed
Dr/ Asmaa Abdel Majed
Dr/ Mona
Elham Ali Ahmed Ali
3. 3 | P a g e
Title Page
Introduction
Definition
Categories of preterm baby
Local and global statistics on Preterm births
Sign and symptoms
Characteristics of premature baby
- The survival rate for a premature baby
- a premature baby weigh
- premature baby look when she’s born
(appearance)
- behavior for premature baby
Etiology
Risk factors
Complication
Short term complication
Long term complication
Prevention
Diagnosis
Management
- Medication
- Management
- Nursing management
Recommendations from the American Academy of
Pediatrics to limit the risk of death for infants from
zero to 1 years old.
Caring for preterm babies after leaving hospital
Reference
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4. 4 | P a g e
Introduction
When a woman is pregnant they can calculate when their baby
is due.
“[women] may go into labor around two to three weeks before
[their expected due date.]”
The average pregnancy is calculated at 40 weeks from
The last menstrual period.
Premature babies, especially those that are born very early,
often have complicated medical problems.
Usually, the complications of prematurity vary, but the earlier
a child is born, the higher and more dangerous the risk of
complications are.
The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of death or
serious disability
Preterm birth and low birth weight accounted for about 17% of
infant deaths.
Babies who survive can have breathing issues, intestinal
(digestive) problems, and bleeding in their brains.
Long-term problems may include developmental and lower
performance in school.
5. 5 | P a g e
Definition
Preterm baby, also known as premature baby,
Is when a baby
Is born too early before 37 weeks of pregnancy have been
completed.
These babies are known as preemies or premies.
*****************
Categories of preterm baby
Premature babies fall into categories, based on how soon
they’re born:
Early term. Babies born between 37 and 39 weeks
Late preterm. Between 34 and 36 weeks, 6 days (most
premature births occur at this stage)
Moderate preterm. Born between 32 and 34 weeks of
pregnancy
Very preterm. Born between 28 weeks and 31 weeks (or
less than 32 weeks)
Extremely preterm. Before 28 weeks of pregnancy
6. 6 | P a g e
Local and global statistics on
Preterm births:
➢ Globally:
15 million babies are born prematurely every year (before the
37th week).
➢ Locally:
According to the WHO, one in every 100 births were premature
in 2010
(6%of births).
In 2020, 1 in 10 babies was born too early in the United
States.
In preterm birth and low birth weight accounted for
about 17% of infant deaths.
Reducing preterm birth is a national public health
priority.
The preterm birth rate declined 1% in 2020,
From 10.2% in 2019 to 10.1% in 2020.
However, racial and ethnic differences in preterm birth
rates remain.
In 2020, the rate of preterm birth
Among non-Hispanic black women (14.4%)
Was about 50% higher than the rate of preterm birth
among non-Hispanic white women (9.1%)
or Hispanic women (9.8%).
7. 7 | P a g e
Every year, an estimated 15 million babies are born
preterm (before 37 completed weeks of gestation), and
this number is rising.
Preterm birth complications are the leading cause of
death among children under 5 years of age,
responsible for approximately 1 million deaths in
2015.
Across 184 countries, the rate of preterm birth ranges
from 5% to 18% of babies born.
SGA= small for gestational age
AGA= appropriate for gestational age
LBW= low birth weight
8. 8 | P a g e
Sign and symptoms
Body:
Size of body is small with relatively large head
Crown- heel length is less than 47cm
Head circumference is less than 33 cm
But exceeds the chest circumference by more than 3 cm
Activity and posture:
General activity is poor
Automatic reflex response such as moro response,
sucking and swallowing are sluggish or incomplete
Baby assumes an extended posture due to poor
Face and head:
Face appears small
large head size
Sutures are widely separated
Fontanels are large
Small chin
Protruding eyes
Optic nerve is usually unmyelinated
Ear cartilage is deficient or absent with poor recoil
Hair appears woolly, and fuzzy and individual hair fibres
can be seen separate
9. 9 | P a g e
Skin and subcutaneous tissues:
Skin is thin, gelatinous, Shiny and excessively pink
Abundant lanugo
Very little vernix caseosa
Edema may be present
Subcutaneous fat is deficient
Breast nodule is small or absent
Deep sole creases are often not present
Genitals:
MALE:
testes undescended
scrotum poorly developed
FEMALES:
labia majora widely separated exposing labia minora
hypertrophied clitoris
10. 10 | P a g e
Body:
Size of body is small with relatively large head
Crown- heel length is less than 47cm
Head circumference is less than 33 cm
But exceeds the chest circumference by more than 3 cm
11. 11 | P a g e
Activity and posture:
General activity is poor
Automatic reflex response such as moro response,
sucking and swallowing are sluggish or incomplete
Baby assumes an extended posture due to poor tone
12. 12 | P a g e
Face and head:
Face appears small
large head size
Sutures are widely separated
Fontanels are large
Small chin
Protruding eyes
Optic nerve is usually unmyelinated
Ear cartilage is deficient or absent with poor recoil
Hair appears woolly, and fuzzy and individual hair fibres
can be seen separately
13. 13 | P a g e
Skin and subcutaneous tissues:
Skin is thin, gelatinous, Shiny and excessively pink
Abundant lanugo
Very little vernix caseosa
Edema may be present
Subcutaneous fat is deficient
Breast nodule is small or absent
Deep sole creases are often not present
14. 14 | P a g e
Genitals:
MALE:
testes undescended
scrotum poorly developed
FEMALES :
labia majora widely separated exposing labia minora
hypertrophied clitoris
15. 15 | P a g e
Characteristics of premature baby
- The survival rate for a premature baby
- a premature baby weigh
- premature baby look when she’s born
(appearance)
- behavior for premature baby
The survival rate for a premature baby:-
A baby’s survival rate, also known as fetal viability,
(Is an infant’s ability to live outside the mother’s womb).
In general, doctors consider 24 weeks to be the tipping
point in terms of viability, but even babies born at this
age aren’t guaranteed to survive.
Fetal viability at 24 weeks can range from 42 percent to
59 percent, according to the American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).
Babies can survive when they're born before 24 weeks,
but the rates aren’t encouraging.
Indeed, every extra week in utero matters a great deal,
statistically.
For example,
At 25 weeks, a baby has a 67 to 76 percent chance of
viability.
If the fetus makes it to 26 weeks, the odds of viability
are even better, falling somewhere between 86 and 89
percent.
16. 16 | P a g e
A premature baby weigh
A premature baby’s weight is another important factor
that’ll impact her care and the chance of complications.
According to premature baby size categories that often
determine how long she’ll need to stay in the NICU.
As a general rule, the smaller the baby, the longer the
hospital stay tends to be.
Premature baby size categories
Low birth weight: This is considered less than 5 pounds,
8 ounces. ( >2,493 kg )
Very low birth weight: These babies weigh less than
3 pounds, 5 ounces. ( >1,502 kg)
Extremely low birth weight: Less than 2 pounds,
3 ounces.(> 992g)
Micro preemies: The tiniest and youngest (born before 26
weeks), these babies weigh less than 1 pound, 12
ounces.(>793g)
Notices
1 pound = 453.59237 gram
1 ounce = 28.3495 gram
(5pounds = 2,267 kg, 8 ounces = 226 g)
(3pounds = 1.361 kg, 5 ounces = 141 g)
(2 pounds = 907 g, 3 ounces = 85 g)
(1 pound = 453 g, 12 ounces = 340g)
17. 17 | P a g e
Premature baby look when she’s born
(Appearance)
Depending on the category they fall into, preemies share some
common characteristics, including in their appearance.
The good news is that these distinctions usually fade as the baby
ages.
Here are some specific physical differences you may notice:
Baby may seem bird-like.
Late preterm babies tend to look like smaller versions of
full-term newborns.
But preemies born at 32 weeks or younger haven’t
developed much body fat, so they seem
thin
fragile,
small chest
skinny,
Bird-like arms and legs.
18. 18 | P a g e
Her head will appear big.
Preterm baby heads may look larger in relation to their
bodies.
Baby may have pale or yellow-ish skin.
19. 19 | P a g e
Mottling,
Which may look blue, pale or blotchy,
Acrocyanosis
With acrocyanosis, the baby’s hands and feet are
blue.
jaundice
a yellowing of the skin, isn’t uncommon in premature
babies in the NICU.
20. 20 | P a g e
Her skin is thin and glassy.
Some premature babies are born with skin that’s so thin,
it's translucent because the extra fat barrier hasn’t formed
yet.
It can even make it possible to see the blood vessels under
the skin’s surface.
Baby’s hairy
Her back and shoulders may be blanketed in tiny hairs
called lanugo.
These are usually shed before birth, but in many
premature and some full-term babies, they’re still there.
21. 21 | P a g e
Behavior for premature baby
You can hardly hear her cry.
Many premature babies are born with immature
respiratory systems, which means they might not
have the hearty cry of a full-term infant.
In fact, their cry may sound more like a whimper.
Preterm baby’s super sleepy.
Premature babies tend to snooze
The quality of sleep.
Preterm babies spend less time in deep sleep and are
rarely fully awake— so expect your preemie to
snooze for an hour, be drowsy for 20 minutes and so
on (that drowsiness is another reason why it’s tough
to feed a preemie).
Preterm baby will hardly eat.
Chances are, you won’t be able to feed the baby right
away by breast or bottle.
preemie to snooze for an hour, be drowsy for 20
minutes so cannot eat
Younger preemies especially don’t have the muscle
tone and coordination to suck,
Expect the doctor to insert a nasogastric (NG) tube
through the baby’s nose to her tummy so she can
receive small amounts of special preemie formula or
expressed breast milk.
But she’ll still eat frequently.
22. 22 | P a g e
Once the preemie is
- able to suck more efficiently,
- keep in mind that she’ll need to eat more,
- about every hour to hour-and-a-half (versus
every two hours),
- Whether you’re nursing or bottle-feeding,
because she’ll be taking in such small amounts
at each feeding.
Many reflexes may be absent.
Because preemies have underdeveloped muscles and
nerves, several reflexes, including grasping,
sucking, rooting and the startle reflex, might not be
there at birth.
Preterm baby will need an incubator.
Because of her lack of body fat, the preterm baby will
feel chilled in a room where full-term babies won’t.
To help warm her up and keep her body temperature
on an even keel, she’ll likely be placed in an incubator
(sometimes it’s called an isolate).
Preterm baby will have labored breathing.
Preemies may also have trouble getting oxygen to
their internal organs and might be prone to having
periods where they stop breathing, called apnea of
prematurity.
Doctors can help with special equipment like a
ventilator or CPAP (continued positive airway
pressure).
23. 23 | P a g e
Preterm baby has vulnerable to germs.
Preterm babies aren’t able to fight bugs easily, so they
are prone to infections during and after birth.
That’s why it’s necessary to be scrupulous about
washing your hands before you touch your baby.
(In the NICU, it’s required of staff and visitors upon
arrival.
You may have to follow other protocols established
by the hospital, such as wearing a mask.)
Later, when go to home, limit the number of visitors
your baby is exposed to (of course keep away anyone
who’s sick) and have anyone who’s going to touch her
scrub their hands before they do so.
24. 24 | P a g e
ETIOLOGY
Spontaneous
Induced
Spontaneous
Health status of the mother (low socio economic status)
Multiple pregnancy:
- Number of multiple pregnancies are increasing due
to advanced parental age from delayed child bearing
and ART.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH):
- It is the most common complication of pregnancy
and is occurring in 6- 10% of pregancies and is rising
Placental problems
premature rupture of membrane
Low maternal weight
Chronic and acute systemic maternal disease
Antepartum haemorrhage
Cervical incompetence
Maternal genital colonization and infections
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy
Threatened abortion
Acute emotional stress
Physical exertion
Sexual activity
Trauma
Bi-cornuate uterus
Congenital malformations
25. 25 | P a g e
Induced
Maternal diabetes mellitus
Placental dysfunction as indicated by unsatisfactory fetal
growth
Eclampsia
Fetal hypoxia
Antepartum haemorrhage
Severe rhesus iso immunization
26. 26 | P a g e
We can classificated the causes to 5 factors
maternal factors Placental
factors
uterine
factors
fetal factors other factors
-Pregnancy-induced
hypertension (PIH)
-Pre – eclampsia
-Maternal diabetes
mellitus
-Chronic medical
illness
diabetes mellitus
Renal disease
heart disease
-Antepartum
haemorrhage
-Low maternal weight
-Multiple pregnancy
-Infections
Listeria
monocytogenes,
GroupBstreptococcus
, UTI, bacterial
vaginosis etc
-Drug abuse(Cocaine)
-Placental
dysfunction
-Placenta previa
-Abruptio
placenta
-Bi-cornuate
uterus
-Incompetent
cervix
-Fetal distress
-Fetal hypoxia
-Multiple
gestation
-Erythro-
blastosis
fetalis
-Nonimmune
hydropes
-Premature
rupture of
membranes
(PROM)
-Polyhydramnios
-Iatrogenic
-Trauma
-Low socio
economic status
-Physical exertion
-Acute emotional
stress
-Sexual activity
causes
fetal
factors
uterine
factors
Placental
factors
maternal
factors
other
factors
27. 27 | P a g e
FETAL FACTORS
Fetal distress
Fetal hypoxia
Multiple gestation
Erythro- blastosis fetalis
Nonimmune hydropes
28. 28 | P a g e
Erythro- blastosis fetalis
Nonimmune hydropes
29. 29 | P a g e
PLACENTAL FACTORS
Placental dysfunction
Placenta previa
Abruptio placenta
30. 30 | P a g e
UTERINE FACTORS
Bi-cornuate uterus
Incompetent cervix
31. 31 | P a g e
MATERNAL FACTORS
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
Pre – eclampsia
Maternal diabetes mellitus
Chronic medical illness
diabetes mellitus
Renal disease
heart disease
Antepartum haemorrhage
Low maternal weight
Multiple pregnancy
Infections
Listeria monocytogenes,
Group B streptococcus,
UTI,
bacterial vaginosis etc
Drug abuse(Cocaine)
32. 32 | P a g e
Other factors
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM)
Polyhydramnios
Iatrogenic
Trauma
Low socio economic status
Physical exertion
Acute emotional stress
Sexual activity
PROM
33. 33 | P a g e
Risk factors
Often, the specific cause of premature birth isn't clear.
However, there are known risk factors of premature delivery,
including:
Having a previous premature birth
Pregnancy with twins, triplets or other multiples
An interval of less than six months between pregnancies
Conceiving through in vitro fertilization
Problems with the uterus, cervix or placenta
Smoking cigarettes or using illicit drugs
Some infections, particularly of the amniotic fluid and
lower genital tract
Some chronic conditions, such as high blood pressure
and diabetes
Being underweight or overweight before pregnancy
Stressful life events, such as the death of a loved one or
domestic violence
Multiple miscarriages or abortions
Physical injury or trauma
34. 34 | P a g e
Complications
While not all premature babies experience complications.
Being born too early can cause short-term and long-term
health problems.
Some problems may be apparent at birth.
While others may not develop until later.
Short-term complications Long-term complications
- Breathing problems
- Heart problems
- Brain problems
- Temperature control
problems
- Gastrointestinal problems
- Blood problems
- Metabolism problems
- Immune system problems.
- Cerebral palsy
- Impaired learning
- Vision problems
- Hearing problems
- Dental problems.
- Behavioral and psychological
problems.
- Chronic health issues
35. 35 | P a g e
Short-term complications
In the first weeks, the complications of premature birth may
include:
Breathing problems.
A premature baby may have trouble breathing due to an
immature respiratory system.
If the baby's lungs lack surfactant — a substance that
allows the lungs to expand —
May develop respiratory distress syndrome because the
lungs can't expand and contract normally.
Premature babies may also develop a lung disorder
known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
In addition, some preterm babies may experience
prolonged pauses in their breathing, known as apnea.
36. 36 | P a g e
Heart problems.
The most common heart problems premature babies
experience are patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and low blood
pressure (hypotension).
PDA is a persistent opening between the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
While this heart defect often closes on its own, left
untreated it can lead to a heart murmur, heart failure as well
as other complications.
Low blood pressure may require adjustments in intravenous
fluids, medicines and sometimes blood transfusions.
Brain problems.
The earlier a baby is born, the greater the risk of bleeding
in the brain, known as an intraventricular hemorrhage.
Most hemorrhages are mild and resolve with little short-
term impact.
But some babies may have larger brain bleeding that
cause permanent brain injury.
37. 37 | P a g e
Temperature control problems.
Premature babies can lose body heat rapidly.
They don't have the stored body fat, and they can't
generate enough heat to counteract what's lost through
the surface of their bodies.
body temperature dips too low (hypothermia)
Hypothermia in a premature baby can lead to breathing
problems and low blood sugar levels.
Gastrointestinal problems.
Premature infants are more likely to have immature
gastrointestinal systems, resulting in complications such
as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
This potentially serious condition, in which the cells
lining the bowel wall are injured, can occur in premature
babies after they start feeding.
Premature babies who receive only breast milk have a
much lower risk of developing NEC.
38. 38 | P a g e
Blood problems.
Premature babies are at risk of blood problems such as
anemia and newborn jaundice.
Anemia is a common condition in which the body doesn't
have enough red blood cells.
Newborn jaundice is a yellow discoloration in a baby's
skin and eyes that occurs because the baby's blood
contains excess bilirubin, a yellow-colored substance,
from the liver or red blood cells.
Metabolism problems.
Some premature babies may develop an abnormally low
level of blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
This can happen because premature infants typically have
smaller stores of stored glucose.
Premature babies also have more difficulty converting
their stored glucose into more-usable, active forms of
glucose.
Immune system problems.
An underdeveloped immune system, common in
premature babies, can lead to a higher risk of infection.
Infection in a premature baby can quickly spread to the
bloodstream, causing sepsis, an infection that spreads to
the bloodstream.
39. 39 | P a g e
Long-term complications
In the long term, premature birth may lead to the following
complications:
Cerebral palsy.
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement, muscle tone or
posture that can be caused by infection, inadequate blood
flow or injury to a newborn's developing brain either
early during pregnancy or while the baby is still young
and immature.
Impaired learning.
Upon school age, a child who was born prematurely
might be more likely to have learning disabilities.
Hearing problems.
Premature babies are at increased risk of some degree of
hearing loss, so must be hearing checked before going
home.
40. 40 | P a g e
Vision problems.
Premature infants may develop retinopathy of
prematurity, a disease that occurs when blood vessels
swell and overgrow in the light-sensitive layer of nerves
at the back of the eye (retina).
Sometimes the abnormal retinal vessels gradually scar
the retina, pulling it out of position.
When the retina is pulled away from the back of the eye,
it's called retinal detachment, a condition that, if
undetected, can impair vision and cause blindness.
41. 41 | P a g e
Dental problems.
at increased risk of developing dental problems, such as
delayed tooth eruption, tooth discoloration and
improperly aligned teeth.
Behavioral and psychological problems.
Children who experienced premature birth have certain
behavioral or psychological problems, as well as
developmental delays.
Chronic health issues.
Premature babies are more likely to have chronic health
issues.
Infections, asthma and feeding problems are more likely
to develop or persist.
Premature infants are also at increased risk of sudden
infant death syndrome (SIDS).
42. 42 | P a g e
Prevention
Although the exact cause of preterm birth is often unknown,
there are some things that can be done to help women
especially those who have an increased risk to reduce their
risk of preterm birth, including:
Progesterone supplements.
Women who have
a history of preterm birth,
a short cervix or both factors
may be able to reduce the risk of preterm birth with
progesterone supplementation.
Cervical cerclage.
This is a surgical procedure performed during
pregnancy in women with a short cervix, or a history
of cervical shortening that resulted in a preterm
birth.
During this procedure, the cervix is stitched closed
with strong sutures that may provide extra support
to the uterus.
The sutures are removed when it's time to deliver
the baby.
Ask your doctor if you need to avoid vigorous
activity during the remainder of your pregnancy.
43. 43 | P a g e
Respect hospital appointments during your pregnancy to
check both mother and baby are healthy.
Limit preterm birth risk factors (e.g. smoking, using
drugs, etc.).
Avoid heavy lifting or standing for long periods of time
as they may increase the risk of preterm birth
44. 44 | P a g e
Diagnosis
After your premature baby is moved to the NICU, may undergo
a number of tests.
Possible tests for your premature baby may include:
Breathing and heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar ,
saturation
Blood tests. including calcium, glucose and bilirubin
measure the red blood cell count and check for anemia and
infection
Echocardiogram.
Ultrasound scan. Ultrasound scans may be done to check
the brain for bleeding or fluid buildup or to examine the
abdominal organs for problems in the gastrointestinal
tract, liver or kidneys.
Eye exam. To check for problems with the retina
(retinopathy of prematurity).
45. 45 | P a g e
MANAGEMENT
Medications
Medications may be given to your baby to promote maturing
and to stimulate normal functioning of the lungs, heart and
circulation.
Depending on your baby's condition, medication may
include:
Surfactant, a medication used to treat respiratory distress
syndrome
Fine-mist (aerosolized) or IV medication to strengthen
breathing and heart rate
Antibiotics if infection is present or if there's a risk of
possible infection
Medicines that increase urine output (diuretics) to
manage excess fluid
An injection of medication into the eye to stop the
growth of new blood vessels that could cause retinopathy
of prematurity
Medicine that helps close the heart defect known as
patent ductus arteriosus
Management of preterm baby
Induction of premature labor
Maturity of fetus by examination of amniotic fluid or
phosphatidyl glycerol or L/S ratio
Corticosteroids should be administered
Inj Betamethasone 12mg IM every 24 hours- 2 doses •
Dexamethasone 6mg IM
46. 46 | P a g e
Arrest of premature Labor
Bed rest and sedation
Tocolytic agents
- Magnesium Sulphate
- Indomethacin
Sympathomimetic agents
- Isoxsuprine (Duvadilan)
- Ritodrine
- Salbutamol and Terbutaline
Optimal management at birth
Give vitamin K 1mg to prevent hemorrhage
Promptly dry and kept warm with gentle handling
The cord is to be clamped quickly to prevent
hypervolemia and development of hyperbilirubinaemia
Maintain body temperature
Keep the baby in incubator with temperature and
humidity maintained
Positioning
Change the baby’s position from prone position; it relives
abdominal discomfort by passage of flatus and prevent
aspiration
Change position 2 hourly
Kangaroo mother care
Encourage KMC and exclusive breastfeeding
47. 47 | P a g e
Oxygen therapy
It should be administered only when indicated
O2 should administer with head box when O2 saturation
falls below 85%
Feeding and nutrition
Babies < 1.2 kg gestation <30 weeks and sick babies
should start IV dextrose solution
10-20 ml EBM 2-3 hourly through NG can be started to all
babies irrespective of age and weight 2 hourly <1 kg and
3 hourly > 12kg
Nutritional supplement
When the baby is stable and tolerate eternal feeding, EBM
fortified multivitamin and folic acid can be given
Iron supplementation (2-3mg/kg elemental iron ) after 2-
3 weeks
Calcium supplementation (220mg/day ) and phosphorus
(100 mg/day) to prevent osteopenia for < 1.5 kg
Gentle rhythmic stimulation
Gentle tactile stimuli by the mother
Soothing auditory stimuli as family voice, music
Eye to eye contact, colored object provide visual inputs
Prevention of nosocomial infection
Strict handing washing before and after touching the
baby
Minimal handling
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Phototherapy
Early phototherapy is advice to keep the serum bilirubin
level within safe limit to prevent need for exchange
transfusion usually premature develops hyper
bilirubinaemia
Factor to be avoid for pre-term babies
Routine O2 administration without monitoring
Prophylaxis antibiotics
Formula feeding
Rough handling
Excessive light and sound the behavior of preterm
neonate
Assessment of common problems
49. 49 | P a g e
Nursing Management
1. Provide respiratory support (see Drug Chart)
2. Perform the following assessments.
Assess heart sounds for presence of murmurs.
Assess pulse and perfusion.
Monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse pressures
and Wight, blood glucose.
3. Provide adequate fluids and electrolytes and nutrition.
4. Maintain a neutral thermal environment.
5. Prevent infection.
6. Assess for readiness for selected interventions.
Provide stimulation when appropriate to infant state and
readiness.
Encourage flexion in the supine position by using blanket
rolls.
Provide the newborn with body boundaries through
swaddling or using blanket rolls against the newborn’s
body and feet.
7. Promote parent-newborn attachment.
8. Initiate phototherapy as required.
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Recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics
to limit the risk of death for infants from zero to 1 years old:
Infants should receive all recommended vaccinations.
Breastfeeding is recommended for at least six months.
Always place your baby on his or her back for every sleep
time.
If the infant is awake, you can allow him/her to sleep on
the stomach (tummy time) to strengthen stomach
muscles and reduce flat headedness on the condition that
the infant’s parents or adults are supervising.
Use a firm mattress (covered by a tightly fitted sheet) to
prevent gaps between the mattress and the sides of the
crib.
The baby should not sleep in the same bed as the
parents.
Avoid excessively covering the baby with clothes or
covering its face and head.
Make sure the baby’s crib is placed in a risk free area (e.g.
not containing any wires).
Caring for a preterm baby after leaving the hospital:
Make sure to breastfeed your baby.
Make sure the baby remains in an appropriate
temperature.
Help the baby sleep in a calm and dim room.
Do not sleep next to the baby but rather place the infant
in its own bed.
Avoid direct sunlight.
Pay attention to the baby’s hygiene.
Avoid using any type of moisturizer without first
consulting with a doctor.
Ask a doctor for advice when needed.
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References
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-
birth/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376736
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-
birth/symptoms-causes/syc-20376730
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preterm-
birth
https://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/premature-
babies.aspx
http://www.msrblog.com/science/medical/preterm-birth-
symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment.html
https://itcaonline.com/prematurity-and-sids-awareness/
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/975909-clinical
https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/studies-challenge-link-
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https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preterm-
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prematurity-awareness-month?page=4
https://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/premature-
babies.aspx
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/features/premature-
birth/index.html
https://www.whattoexpect.com/first-year/having-a-premature-
baby.aspx
https://www.whattoexpect.com/first-year/preemie-
categorization/
52. 52 | P a g e
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fitcao
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content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F11%2FPreemie-
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