1. MOTIVATION:
Here are some expressions and phrases that we use in conversation. Identify what
communication strategy is being used.
Nomination Turn-taking Topic control Repair Restriction
Termination Topic shifting
1. How about discussing religious beliefs?
2. By the way, do you have your twitter account?
3. Thanks for taking the time to talk with us.
4. What do you think about her joining the competition?
5. What I mean is to share your blessings to the poor but deserving. Could you focus on
the causes and effects of bullying?
6. It would be a good idea to discuss about the play than talk about her.
3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students must be
able to:
a) Identify and explain the types of communication
strategies
b) Differentiate each type of communication strategy
by giving examples
c) Apply the types of communication strategy in a
given situation.
4. 1. Nomination
The concept of productive communication strategy can be vivified, if we
courageously express our thoughts, or nominate topics for the dynamic
exchange of ideas. The ability to share our opinions and participate and
denomination of topics which really make up a productive conversation. To be
competent, we must be aware or conscious of using or productive strategies in
order to successfully share interesting topics for the conversation to begin.
EXAMPLE:
Why don’t we talk about ____________?
Let’s talk/discuss __________.
What do you think? •
How about talking/discussing ___________?
5. 2. Restriction
In a conversation, it may be evident that some conversationalists tend to
avoid or restrict some topics, especially those controversial once, the
progress in the discussion. In such case, one may interrupt the others as
the limit the exchange of ideas and keep it within bounds. This can also
be a strategy used by some second language speakers when they are not
confident in the use of the English language. In other words, Restriction
refers to limiting the topic or subject in conversation
EXAMPLE:
Let us focus on ____________.
Limit you talk on _____________.
Why not concentrate on __________?
Let us not discuss the ____________.
6. 3. Topic Control
This type of communication strategy involves careful
consideration of one's emotion, feelings and pride. A good
communicator must be extra careful to look around and delve
into the inner side or this type of communication strategy
involves careful consideration of one's emotion, feelings and
pride. A good communicator must be extra careful to look
around and delve into the inner psyche or the different
personalities of the participants involved in the conversation.
7. Some tips on how you can do this:
1. Control answering of questions. Do not answer all the questions
asked by the persons you are conversing with.
2. Initiate new topics. Introduce a new topic for discussion.
3. Manage the process. Know how and what to control when
communicating.
4. Handle the small talk. Small talks can lead to big talks. Always
remember to start at the beginning.
8. Some Useful Expressions to Control the Conversation
Yes, but…
You know, I’m not sure about that. However, what I can tell you is…
The real question here is “______________?”
The heart of the matter is “____________?”
Let us talk about something I am more familiar with…
Let’s not talk about it, instead let’s talk ___________.
9. 4. Topic Shift
This communication strategy refers to changing the subject in a
conversation because of the persons involved in the conversation do not
find a current topic interesting. It means that in a conversation they do
not only talk about one topic from the beginning until the end, but they
shift or change from one topic to another. This topic may be related to
the previous topic or it may be a new one.
EXAMPLES:
By the way…
Incidentally…
To follow up…
Coming back to…
10. 5. Turn Taking
Another communication strategy that we must to cognizant of
in order to become effective communicators is turn-taking. In
conversation, turn taking refers to conventions in which
participants allow appropriate opportunities for others to talk
or the manner in which an orderly conversation normally takes
place. A turn is the time when a speaker is talking and turn
taking if the skill of knowing when to start and finish a turn in
a conversation. It is an important tool in oral communication.
11. According to Claudia Pesce (Busyteacher.org), there
are seven strategies in turn taking:
1. Speak, then ask
- Asking someone a direct question, compels him to take eastern.
In the class, one effective strategy is to divide students into pairs to
discuss a topic and instruct them to do the following: one student has to
get the ball rolling by his or her opinion, then asked his or her partner a
question.
2. Use conjunctions
-Conjunctions like nevertheless, however, as a result, on the
contrary, as a consequence, therefore, etc
12. According to Claudia Pesce (Busyteacher.org), there
are seven strategies in turn taking:
3. Teacher phrases for agreeing and disagreeing
- One great way to have the conversation going is by agreeing and
disagreeing with what one student said. These phrases may help students
do this: I agree/ disagree with you, I can’t agree with you, etc.
4. Teach phrases for asking for or giving opinion
-Another important method of developing turn-taking skills is to
learn how to ask for opinion and expressed his opinion. Employing
expressions like What do you think?, Does it make sense to you?, etc.
13. According to Claudia Pesce (Busyteacher.org), there
are seven strategies in turn taking:
5. Teach Fillers for Pauses
-There are times when we do not know what to say and when this happens, we
need more time to come up with an appropriate response. These words that can help
us a think of a fitting reply are called fillers. Examples of these fillers include: What I
mean is…, Let me think…, The thing is…, Let me see…, You know…, Um…, etc.
6. Avoid Interruptions
This is another skill that should be developed among communicators - to avoid
being interrupted. It can be done by using an introductory clause such as Even
though I…, Because they…, etc.
14. According to Claudia Pesce (Busyteacher.org), there
are seven strategies in turn taking:
7. Consider Fluency Over Accuracy
-When communicating, we have to avoid giving too many corrections as this
will disrupt the speaker’s flow of thoughts. Feedback may be given at the end that
includes both positive and negative ones.
15. 6. Repair
In conversation, repair means the correction by the speaker of a
misunderstood utterance, either Through self-initiated repair, or
corrected by others. This is the process by which a speaker recognizes a
speech error and repeats what has been said with some sort of
correction.
EXAMPLE:
I mean…
What I mean is that…
Rather, _____________
16. Four varieties of Repair Sequences
1. Self-initiated self-repair. This repair is both initiated and
carried out by the speaker of the trouble source.
Example: I’m going to Bianca’s - I mean Bella’s birthday party on
Sunday.
2. . Other-initiated self-repair. This repair is carried out by
the speaker of the trouble source but initiated by the recipient.
Example:
A: I’m going to have my final examination next week.
B: What?
A: I said I am going to have my final examination next week
17. Four varieties of Repair Sequences
3. Self-initiated other repair. The speaker of a trouble
source may try and get the recipient to repair the trouble - for instance if
a name is proving troublesome to remember.
Examples:
Charles: I need to pack my things tonight for our recollection on
Saturday, so I need to get another umm…
Ramon: Another bag?
Charles: Yes, that’s right! A bigger bag.
18. Four varieties of Repair Sequences
4. Other initiated other repair. Here the recipient of a
trouble source initiates and carries out the repair. This is closer to what is
conventionally called ‘correction.’
Example:
Angie: Aren’t you glad that today is Sunday?
Betty: Sunday is actually tomorrow.
19. 7. Termination
This last communication strategy refers to ending the conversation. If
some people find it difficult to begin a conversation and others find
problems to keep it going, it can be more challenging to close a
conversation so I can either move to another topic or move away to talk
with someone else.
Pre-closing
It’s been nice talking to you.
It’s been great talking with you.
I really enjoyed meeting you.
It was nice meeting you Mr. Brown.
I’m sorry, but I have to go now.
20. Follow up
I’ll give you a call.
I’ll send you an email.
I will put a packet in the mail for you.
We will send out that information right away.
Closing
I look forward to seeing you again.
We will see you on Friday.
See you next week.
Let me give you my business card.
21. Other useful tips on how to terminate a
conversation
Be negative - Be generally negative and a poor company.
Body painting - point your body away from other person.
Close the questions - give short answers.
Declare completion - say that the conversation is ended.
An effective communicator engages in an appropriate exchange of information. He does not only feel a need to receive information, but also to provide information at the appropriate level. To successfully and productively accomplish this, he must be communicatively competent. Communicative competence is attained when the person recognizes the importance of understanding the speech context speech style, speech act and communicative strategy being utilized in a particular communication situation. A communication strategy is a plan or course of action to convey information effectively. It serves as a blueprint in expressing to others information related to a specific issue, event, situation, or audience.
Conversationalists always have topics in mind when discussing something within a group. As a general rule, every participant in a conversation has a preconceived a topic to share with. However, as a sort of ethical consideration, he or she needs to observe proper timing when to share or nominate his or her topic. Topic nomination must be carefully thought of and be appropriately presented when the right time comes in such conversations. The first communication strategy that we have to be familiar with is nomination. The first communication strategy that we have to be familiar with is nomination. When engaging in a conversation we normally propose or suggest a topic or issue that we want to talk about. When we do this we are nominating a topic or subject for discussion. The following are several expressions that will help you do this:
In a conversation, when one is not sure of what to say, much more on how to save what, he or she would likely restrict himself or herself from actively participating in the active exchange ideas. With respect to precise and apt nomination of topic in a given situation, preconceived topic may be restricted when not necessarily befitting based on the flow of discussion. Other speakers may tactfully discussion of unnecessary topics. You can always consider this adage, “If you have nothing good to say you better not say anything.” This is a simple example of restriction. This can be done by top topic shifting, topic control or avoidance.
He or she must be alert and the control of topics or in the topic deliberation for the smooth flow of communication. Again and again, when topics presented by co-participants are not fitting or irrelevant, a good communicator 67 must tactfully control further discussion of the same, and be ready to take another strategy, either to shift or to avoid more sharing or discussion. Topic control is one communication strategy that we have to master if you want to be a good communicator. It means regulating or manipulating the topic of conversation and how long we want the other person may talk. When we want to elicit specific information from a conversation, we need to be in control of what is said and when. Here are some tips on how you can do this:
Topics shift if done without explicitly announcing the change of topic or reaching some kind of an agreement that such a change is appropriate or will be made. refers to changing the subject in a conversation because of the persons involved in the conversation do not find a current topic interesting. It means that in a conversation they do not only talked about one topic from the beginning until the end, but they shift or change from one topic to another. This topic may be related to the previous topic or it may be a new one. It is done to make the communication going and interesting. Several expressions in changing the topic in conversation are:
AFTER EXAMPLE:
Aside from these expressions, topic shift may be signaled by silence, long expressions, topic shift may be signaled by silence, long passes, short utterances, etc.
For example, one way that a speaker signals a finished turn is to drop the pitch or volume of his voice at the end of an utterance. In the classroom, there are different ways that a speaker achieves turn-taking and they vary in different cultures. “Cultural differences in matters of turn-taking can lead to conversational breakdown, misinterpretation of intentions, and interpersonal intergroup conflict.” According to Claudia Pesce (Busyteacher.org), there are seven strategies in turntaking:
5.
6. For example, you start by saying, “Before I start studying my lessons, there are five things that I do” then your listeners will wait what those five things are before they can verbalize their own thoughts.
5.
6. For example, you start by saying, “Before I start studying my lessons, there are five things that I do” then your listeners will wait what those five things are before they can verbalize their own thoughts.
Conversational repair helps to sustain social interaction by allowing persons in conversation to handle mutual problems that arise as they communicate. Some expressions or phrases you can use are:
2. Example: Daughter: Mom, I want to an [intelligible speech] my laptop today! Mother: You want to lend your laptop? Daughter: No, mom, I want to bring my laptop to school!
Terminating a conversation can be interpreted by other people as bad manners. You’ll even wonder if interrupting or walking away from somebody might give an idea that you are rude. Undeniably, if you are able to skilfully master this strategy, you will 71 leave them with a very good impression. Here are some expressions and forms that you can use in closing a conversation.
