The document discusses the key components of overhead transmission lines, including conductors, earth wires, line insulators, and line supports. The main line supports discussed are wooden poles, steel tubular poles, reinforced concrete poles, and steel towers. The requirements for line supports are that they must be strong, light, require few parts, be inexpensive, have low maintenance costs, allow for easy access and erection of lines, and have a long life. The types of insulators used in overhead systems are also summarized, including pin, suspension, strain, and shackle insulators.
Complete details of EHV Transmission Line. Consolidated this presentation from those experts who had contributed separately on slider share and other web pages.Thanks for their valuable inputs.
Complete details of EHV Transmission Line. Consolidated this presentation from those experts who had contributed separately on slider share and other web pages.Thanks for their valuable inputs.
COVERS THE LAYOUT AVAILABLE FOR ADOPTION WITH AN EYE ON EASY MAINTENANCE .The layouts were evolved by the author and his associate for use by power boards
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
COVERS THE LAYOUT AVAILABLE FOR ADOPTION WITH AN EYE ON EASY MAINTENANCE .The layouts were evolved by the author and his associate for use by power boards
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
Main component parts of the overhead line
The most effective method of providing protection to transmission lines against direct lightning strokes is by use of overhead ground wires as shown in Fig 6. For simplicity, one ground wire and one line conductor are shown. The ground wires are placed above the line conductors at such positions that practically all lightning strokes are intercepted by them (i.
e. ground wires). The ground wires are grounded at each tower or pole through a low resistance as possible. Due to their proper location, the ground wires will take up all the lightning strokes instead of allowing them to line conductors. The degree of protection provided by the ground wires depends upon the footing resistance of the tower.
Pin, Suspension, and Strain insulators are used in medium to high voltage systems. While Stay and Shackle Insulators are mainly used in low voltage applications.
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Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
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As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
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Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
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3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
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2. COMPONENTS OF OVER HEAD
LINE:-
Conductor
Main comp-
Earth Onents of Line
Wire. Over head support
line
Line
Insulator
3. The line supports are poles and the chief requirements for such supports are :
i) They must be mechanically strong with factor of safety of 2.5 to 3 .
ii ) They must be light in weight without the loss of strength .
iii ) They must have least number of parts .
iv ) They must be cheap .
v) Their maintenance cost should be minimum .
vi ) They must be easily accessible for point and erection of line conductors .
vii ) They must have longer life .
viii ) They must be of pleasing shape
4. The different types of poles which can be used as line supports are :
a. Wooden poles .
b. Steel tubular poles
c. Reinforced concrete poles .
d. Steel towers .
Fig.(1):Single phase single-circuit
5. Spacing between the
conductors
The most suitable spacing between the
conductors can be arrived at by
mathematical calculations.
It can only be obtained by empirical
formulae which have been obtained from
practical considerations.
Fig: Three-phase single circuit horizontal disposition of
conductor and steel towers
6. Generally the following formulae are used for obtaining
spacing between the conductors :
V
Spacing= S
150
Where,
S=sag in meters
V=voltage in KV
7. Transmission Line
Span Supporting
Tower Tension Tower
Tension Tower
Insulator
Sag
8. Wooden Poles
•Cheapest
•Use for lines where span is short and tension is low.
•Pole has limitation of height and diameter.
•Wood has natural insulating property and lesser flashover
takes place due to lightning.
•For greater strength double pole structure of ‘A’ or ‘H’ are
used.
Concrete Poles
•Concrete poles are reinforced to give greater strength.
•It has longer life span than that of wood
•The maintenance cost is less.
•They are heavy and are likely to get damage
duringloading,unloading,transportation and erection due to
their brittle nature.
•Nowadays pre-stressed concrete supports are
manufactured in pieces.
9. Steel poles
•Tubular steel poles or girder steel masts is favored for low and medium
distribution voltages.
•Longer span is possible.
•Poles need to be galvanized or painted periodically to prevent corrosion.
•Maintenance is expensive.
Steel Towers
•Lines of 66 KV are supported on towers.
•They fabricated from painted or galvanized angle section which are
transported separately and erection done on site.
•Long life and high degree of reliability
•They can withstand severe weather conditions.
•The height of the towers depend on operating voltage and span length.
•The leg of the tower are set on concrete foundation
10. Types of steel towers
1. Tangent towers
• They are used for straight runs.
• Stress is due to weight of line,wind and ice load.
• Extra forces due to break in the line on one side.
• Base is either square or rectangle.
• Suspension type insulators used.
2. Deviation tower
• They are used where transmission line changes
direction.
• They have broader base , stronger members and
are costlier
• Strain insulators are used.
They are classified
i. Small angle towers(2o-15ochange in direction)
ii. Medium angle towers(15o-30ochange in
direction)
iii. Large angle towers(30o-60ochange in direction)
15. TYPES OF INSULATORS USED IN
OVERHEAD SYSTEM.
• Pin type insulator.
• Suspension type insulator.
• Strain type insulator.
• Shackle type insulator.
16. PIN INSULATORS
The pin type insulator is secured to the cross-arm on the pole. There is
a groove on the upper end of the insulator for housing the conductor.
The conductor passes through this groove and is bound by the
annealed wire of the same material as the conductor.
Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric
power at voltages up to 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the
pin type insulators become too bulky and hence uneconomical.
17. Causes of failures
•Insulators are required to withstand both mechanical and
electrical stresses.
•The electrical stress is primarily due to line voltage and
may cause the breakdown of the insulator.
• The electrical breakdown of the insulator can occur either
by flash over or puncture.
•In flashover, an arc occurs between the line conductor and
insulator pin (i.e., earth) and the discharge jumps across
the air gaps, following shortest distance. Figure shows the
arcing distance (i.e. a + b + c) for the insulator.
•In case of flash-over, the insulator will continue to act in its
proper capacity unless extreme heat produced by the arc
destroys the insulator.
• In case of puncture, the discharge occurs from conductor
to pin through the body of the insulator. When such
breakdown is involved, the insulator is permanently
destroyed due to excessive heat. In practice, sufficient
thickness of porcelain is provided in the insulator to avoid
puncture by the line voltage.
•The ratio of puncture strength to flashover voltage is
known as safety factor .
18.
19. Ball and socket type suspension insulator
Iron Cap
Locking Key
Ball Socket
Insulator's Head
Compression
Expansion Layer Loading
Imbedded Sand Cement
Insulating Glass
or Porcelain
Skirt
Petticoats Steel Pin
Ball
Corrosion Sleeve
for DC Insulators
20. Number of Insulators per
String
Line Voltage
69 kV 4–6
115 kV 7–9
138 kV 8–10
230 kV 12
345 kV 18
500 kV 24
765 kV 30–35
21. ADVANTAGES
•Each unit is designed for operating voltage of about 11KV .
•The string is free to swing in any direction.
•It is designed for longer span and higher mechanical loading.
•There is decreased liability to lightning disturbance if the
string is suspended from a metallic structure, which work as
lightning shield.
DISADVANTAGES
•Spacing between conductor is increased
•Height of tower increases
•Cost is high.
22. Strain or Tension Insulator
•Strain or tension insulators are designed for handling mechanical stresses at angle
positions where there is a change in the direction of the line at termination of line.
•Suspension insulator are arranged in a horizontal position. They are used to handle
mechanical stresses and take the pressure off a conductor at the end of a
transmission line, at a sharp corner or curve or over long river crossings.
•Strain insulators are typically used for higher voltage transmissions.
Shackle Type Insulators
•Shackle type insulators, similar to strain type insulators, are used on sharp curves,
end poles and in section poles.
•However, unlike strain insulators, shackle insulators are designed to support lower
voltages. These insulators are single, round porcelain parts that are mounted
horizontally or vertically.
23. V-Strings
A single string of insulator follows the conductor and sways like a pendulum in a
strong side wind.
V-strings are used to prevent conductor movement at towers. They are used for high
voltage transmission system.
INSULATOR MATERIAL
1. Porcelain with glazed surface
2. Toughened glass
3. Polymer Insulator
Lattice Guyed tower
Editor's Notes
Transmission line steel tower
Suitable for single cktline,right of way.spacing cross arm length size of tower .cost,L Xl (Dm)etc reduces