Presentation on Railgun
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A Rail gun uses magnetic field created by strong electrical current to accelerate a sliding metal conductor along two rails.
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RAILGUN PPT
The document discusses railguns, including their history, parts, working principle, current research and development, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Railguns use electromagnetic force to accelerate a conductive projectile along two parallel conductive rails. They were first proposed in 1918 and prototypes were tested in the 1970s. Current research aims to increase muzzle velocities for applications like launching satellites. Railguns offer higher velocities than chemical guns but challenges include thermal management and structural stresses on rails.
Railgun
Railgun is an electrically powered projectile launcher that uses magnetic fields to accelerate a conductive projectile to hypervelocities. It was first conceptualized in 1918 but early prototypes were not tested until the 1970s. The U.S. Navy has achieved muzzle velocities over 3.2km/s from railgun tests. Advantages over traditional gunpowder weapons include greater range, speed and efficiency with no explosive propellants required. Current challenges include thermal management of the rails and developing more compact pulsed power supplies.
Railgun
The document discusses the railgun, including its history, key parts, operating principles, and applications. A railgun uses electromagnetic force to launch high-velocity projectiles by passing high-current electricity through a conductive armature between two parallel conducting rails, producing a magnetic field that accelerates the armature along the rails. Railgun research and development aims to increase firing rates and projectile velocities for applications in weapons, space launch systems, and fusion energy. Challenges include managing thermal stresses on rails and reducing the size of required power supplies.
Electromagnetic railgun (emrg)
The document discusses an electromagnetic railgun (EMRG). An EMRG uses electromagnetic force to accelerate a conductive projectile down parallel conducting rails. It consists of a pair of rails, an armature that slides between the rails, and a large power source like capacitor banks. When power is applied, the Lorentz force accelerates the armature and any attached projectile down the rails. Challenges include maintaining rail integrity, thermal management, and preventing projectile welding to the rails. Potential applications include launching cargo into space, nuclear fusion, and guided satellite projectiles.
Navy Railgun brief may 2014
The document discusses the Navy's electromagnetic railgun program. It provides details on how a railgun works using electromagnetic forces to launch projectiles at hypervelocity. It summarizes the Navy's record of achieving 32 megajoules of energy and firing projectiles over 100 nautical miles. The Navy aims to develop railgun technology to provide long range, precise naval surface fires while enhancing safety and reducing costs. Future work includes developing rep-rate railgun capabilities aboard ships to provide multi-mission defense.
Rail gun Seminar report
A rail gun uses electromagnetic forces to accelerate a conductive projectile down parallel rails. When a current is passed through the rails and projectile, it completes a circuit and generates a magnetic field. This magnetic field interacts with the current in the projectile via the Lorentz force, accelerating it down the rails away from the power supply. To achieve high velocities, rail guns require very large currents on the order of a million amps to generate sufficient force. While rail guns can accelerate projectiles to speeds much higher than conventional guns, challenges include managing the large amounts of heat generated during firing.
quantum levitation
The document discusses magnetic levitation and quantum levitation. Magnetic levitation uses magnetic fields to levitate objects, but has stability issues with varying magnetic fields. Quantum levitation can overcome these issues and is the key to future levitation technologies. It involves using type-2 superconductors, which allow magnetic flux to pass through them in tubes and can travel magnetic obstacles without disturbance. The document outlines several potential applications of quantum levitation, such as maglev trains, wind turbines, hover boards, medical research, and understanding weightlessness. It concludes that quantum levitation has advantages over traditional magnetic levitation and many future technologies could utilize its properties.
Direct energy weapons
This document summarizes directed energy weapons, including kinetic weapons, history, basic principles, categories, applications, and effects on targets. It discusses how directed energy weapons work by delivering stored energy through lasers, high-power microwaves, or particle beams. Examples are given of kinetic weapons and early energy weapons used by the Romans. The categories of directed energy weapons are described as well as their strategic applications such as missile defense, air defense, and electronic suppression. Both hard kill and soft kill effects on targets are defined.
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RAILGUN PPT
The document discusses railguns, including their history, parts, working principle, current research and development, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Railguns use electromagnetic force to accelerate a conductive projectile along two parallel conductive rails. They were first proposed in 1918 and prototypes were tested in the 1970s. Current research aims to increase muzzle velocities for applications like launching satellites. Railguns offer higher velocities than chemical guns but challenges include thermal management and structural stresses on rails.
Railgun
Railgun is an electrically powered projectile launcher that uses magnetic fields to accelerate a conductive projectile to hypervelocities. It was first conceptualized in 1918 but early prototypes were not tested until the 1970s. The U.S. Navy has achieved muzzle velocities over 3.2km/s from railgun tests. Advantages over traditional gunpowder weapons include greater range, speed and efficiency with no explosive propellants required. Current challenges include thermal management of the rails and developing more compact pulsed power supplies.
Railgun
The document discusses the railgun, including its history, key parts, operating principles, and applications. A railgun uses electromagnetic force to launch high-velocity projectiles by passing high-current electricity through a conductive armature between two parallel conducting rails, producing a magnetic field that accelerates the armature along the rails. Railgun research and development aims to increase firing rates and projectile velocities for applications in weapons, space launch systems, and fusion energy. Challenges include managing thermal stresses on rails and reducing the size of required power supplies.
Electromagnetic railgun (emrg)
The document discusses an electromagnetic railgun (EMRG). An EMRG uses electromagnetic force to accelerate a conductive projectile down parallel conducting rails. It consists of a pair of rails, an armature that slides between the rails, and a large power source like capacitor banks. When power is applied, the Lorentz force accelerates the armature and any attached projectile down the rails. Challenges include maintaining rail integrity, thermal management, and preventing projectile welding to the rails. Potential applications include launching cargo into space, nuclear fusion, and guided satellite projectiles.
Navy Railgun brief may 2014
The document discusses the Navy's electromagnetic railgun program. It provides details on how a railgun works using electromagnetic forces to launch projectiles at hypervelocity. It summarizes the Navy's record of achieving 32 megajoules of energy and firing projectiles over 100 nautical miles. The Navy aims to develop railgun technology to provide long range, precise naval surface fires while enhancing safety and reducing costs. Future work includes developing rep-rate railgun capabilities aboard ships to provide multi-mission defense.
Rail gun Seminar report
A rail gun uses electromagnetic forces to accelerate a conductive projectile down parallel rails. When a current is passed through the rails and projectile, it completes a circuit and generates a magnetic field. This magnetic field interacts with the current in the projectile via the Lorentz force, accelerating it down the rails away from the power supply. To achieve high velocities, rail guns require very large currents on the order of a million amps to generate sufficient force. While rail guns can accelerate projectiles to speeds much higher than conventional guns, challenges include managing the large amounts of heat generated during firing.
quantum levitation
The document discusses magnetic levitation and quantum levitation. Magnetic levitation uses magnetic fields to levitate objects, but has stability issues with varying magnetic fields. Quantum levitation can overcome these issues and is the key to future levitation technologies. It involves using type-2 superconductors, which allow magnetic flux to pass through them in tubes and can travel magnetic obstacles without disturbance. The document outlines several potential applications of quantum levitation, such as maglev trains, wind turbines, hover boards, medical research, and understanding weightlessness. It concludes that quantum levitation has advantages over traditional magnetic levitation and many future technologies could utilize its properties.
Direct energy weapons
This document summarizes directed energy weapons, including kinetic weapons, history, basic principles, categories, applications, and effects on targets. It discusses how directed energy weapons work by delivering stored energy through lasers, high-power microwaves, or particle beams. Examples are given of kinetic weapons and early energy weapons used by the Romans. The categories of directed energy weapons are described as well as their strategic applications such as missile defense, air defense, and electronic suppression. Both hard kill and soft kill effects on targets are defined.
Railgun akr
The document discusses rail guns, which launch projectiles using magnetic fields instead of explosives. It provides a brief history of rail guns, describing early prototypes. The key components of a rail gun are described as two rails, an armature, a shell, and a powerful power supply. The document explains how the Lorenz force accelerates the armature and shell to hypersonic speeds. Challenges like rail repulsion and heat are discussed, as well as potential military and civilian applications like anti-aircraft weapons, space launch, and fusion power. The US Navy's development of a powerful 10-megajoule rail gun is also summarized.
Magnetism
Magnetism arises from the arrangement of electrons within atoms. Early Chinese and Indian civilizations observed magnetic properties in naturally occurring magnets. Hans Christian Oersted discovered in 1819 that electric currents can produce magnetic fields, and Michael Faraday discovered induction in 1831. Materials contain magnetic domains that behave like tiny magnets, though their fields normally cancel out. Researchers have sought magnetic monopoles but only found dipoles when separating magnet poles. Magnetism originates from electron motion and spin. Magnetic nanoparticles are found in interstellar space, animals' navigation systems, and the human brain. They can be used for magnetic hyperthermia cancer treatment and targeted drug delivery.
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This document discusses spintronics, which uses the spin of electrons rather than just their charge. Spintronic devices could offer higher speeds, lower power consumption, and new functionalities compared to conventional electronics. Spintronics relies on magnetic materials and the spin states of electrons. One example is giant magnetoresistance (GMR), where the resistance depends on the spin configuration of adjacent magnetic layers. Potential applications include spin-polarized field effect transistors and magnetic random access memory (MRAM), which could provide non-volatile memory with faster speeds and lower costs than existing technologies. Overall, spintronics may lead to new devices and quantum computing approaches that significantly advance information technology.
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This document summarizes a presentation about superconductivity. It discusses how superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kammerlingh Onnes when he found that mercury's resistance disappeared at 4.2K. Type I superconductors can only tolerate small magnetic fields, while Type II can carry large currents and make powerful electromagnets. High-temperature superconductors were later discovered in ceramic materials. Applications of superconductors include maglev trains, MRI machines, and particle accelerators.
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This document defines magnetic terms and properties, describes different types of magnets, and explains how artificial magnets are produced. It discusses the permeability of various materials, magnetic fields and flux, and uses of the left-hand rule. Induction is demonstrated by magnetizing an iron bar near a permanent magnet. Practical applications of induction in electronics are also outlined, including uses in transmission, transformers, motors, and memory.
Superconductors
Basic Information regarding superconductors.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
This power-point presentation include
1. Introduction to Superconductors
2. Discovery
3. Properties
4. Important factors
5. Types
6. High Tc Superconductors
7. Magnetic Levitation and its application
8. Josephson effect
9. Application of superconductors
#Tip- You can further add videos which are available in vast amount on YouTube regarding superconductivity(specially magnetic levitation)
P.S.Does not contain information about Cooper pairs and BCS theory
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Superconductivity is a phenomenon that occurs in certain materials below a critical temperature where they show zero electrical resistance. It was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes who found that mercury's resistivity disappeared below 4K. Superconductors expel magnetic fields, known as the Meissner effect. An experiment is described where a ceramic disk made of yttrium-barium-copper oxide is cooled below its critical temperature using liquid nitrogen, causing it to become a superconductor and levitate a small magnet due to persistent electric currents. Theories like the BCS theory and London theory were developed to explain the microscopic mechanisms of superconductivity.
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2. In spintronic devices, information is represented by the orientation of electron spin (up or down), analogous to 1s and 0s in binary. Certain materials can retain spin orientation when power is off, enabling non-volatile memory.
3. Spintronic devices like GMR spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions in MRAM can switch between low and high resistance states by altering the relative alignment of magnetic layers, allowing them to represent bits. MRAM promises high density, speed and non
PHY PUC 2 Notes Electromagnetic induction
1. Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon by which a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor. Experiments by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in the 1830s demonstrated this effect and established its laws.
2. Faraday's experiments showed that a changing magnetic flux induces a current in a coil. He placed coils inside changing magnetic fields from moving magnets and observed induced currents.
3. Lenz's law defines the direction of induced current: the current flows such that its magnetic field opposes the change that caused it. This ensures the conservation of energy.
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Railgun akr
The document discusses rail guns, which launch projectiles using magnetic fields instead of explosives. It provides a brief history of rail guns, describing early prototypes. The key components of a rail gun are described as two rails, an armature, a shell, and a powerful power supply. The document explains how the Lorenz force accelerates the armature and shell to hypersonic speeds. Challenges like rail repulsion and heat are discussed, as well as potential military and civilian applications like anti-aircraft weapons, space launch, and fusion power. The US Navy's development of a powerful 10-megajoule rail gun is also summarized.
Magnetism
Magnetism arises from the arrangement of electrons within atoms. Early Chinese and Indian civilizations observed magnetic properties in naturally occurring magnets. Hans Christian Oersted discovered in 1819 that electric currents can produce magnetic fields, and Michael Faraday discovered induction in 1831. Materials contain magnetic domains that behave like tiny magnets, though their fields normally cancel out. Researchers have sought magnetic monopoles but only found dipoles when separating magnet poles. Magnetism originates from electron motion and spin. Magnetic nanoparticles are found in interstellar space, animals' navigation systems, and the human brain. They can be used for magnetic hyperthermia cancer treatment and targeted drug delivery.
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Magnetic levitation, Present and Future Usage.
Product Marketing, Bearing with infinite rpm, weightlessness, flying cars, low cost space launch and even the flying city.
BCS THEORY NEW
This theory, developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer, states that electrons experience an attractive interaction through the lattice that overcomes their normal repulsive interaction, forming Cooper pairs. At low temperatures, these pairs move without resistance through the lattice, causing the material to become a superconductor. The electron-lattice-electron interaction must be stronger than the direct electron-electron interaction for superconductivity to occur.
Introduction to High temperature superconductors
This document provides an overview of high temperature superconductors. It defines superconductivity as zero electrical resistance below a critical temperature. High temperature superconductors have critical temperatures above that of liquid nitrogen. The two main types discussed are cuprates, which are copper-oxide based, and iron-based superconductors. Cuprates can achieve critical temperatures up to 133K, while iron-based conductors have reached 56K. Both exploit layered structures to achieve high critical temperatures. Applications of high temperature superconductors include magnetic levitation, power transmission, and superconducting magnets.
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IEEE presentation based on Spintronics & its semiconductor application specifically.
In the conclusion there is a hyperlink of a video which i'm unable to put here and hence i will give you the address of the video so that you can use the video and make the same hyperlink as i had made here.
TEDxCaltech-David Awschalom - Spintronics ( On YouTube)
video : 6:21- 7:13 (in video)
Emp Bomb
This document provides an introduction to electromagnetic pulse (EMP) bombs and their effects. It discusses how EMP bombs work by emitting an electromagnetic pulse that disables electronics within a certain radius. It then acknowledges those who provided input and reviews key aspects of EMP bombs, including their effects on electronics, the technology involved in their design, such as flux compression generators and virtual cathodes, and considerations for targeting EMP bombs.
spintronics
This document discusses spintronics, which uses the spin of electrons rather than just their charge. Spintronic devices could offer higher speeds, lower power consumption, and new functionalities compared to conventional electronics. Spintronics relies on magnetic materials and the spin states of electrons. One example is giant magnetoresistance (GMR), where the resistance depends on the spin configuration of adjacent magnetic layers. Potential applications include spin-polarized field effect transistors and magnetic random access memory (MRAM), which could provide non-volatile memory with faster speeds and lower costs than existing technologies. Overall, spintronics may lead to new devices and quantum computing approaches that significantly advance information technology.
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Could you really pop a house-sized batch of popcorn with a laser beam like a fiendish band of tech geeks did in the movie Real Genius? Will we ever have lightsabers like Luke Skywalker? Who will fulfill Dr. Evil’s simple request to have sharks with frickin’ laser beams attached to their heads? Real-life laser weapons are slowly making their way from the laboratory to the battlefield, whether underwater, in space, on the ground, or shooting down missiles from the air. Still, they are far from being agile or easy to handle. A laser weapons engineer sheds light, so to speak, on the sober life of military laser weapons research and why the ultimate laser weapon remains a Hollywood and military fantasy…for now.
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This document summarizes a presentation about superconductivity. It discusses how superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kammerlingh Onnes when he found that mercury's resistance disappeared at 4.2K. Type I superconductors can only tolerate small magnetic fields, while Type II can carry large currents and make powerful electromagnets. High-temperature superconductors were later discovered in ceramic materials. Applications of superconductors include maglev trains, MRI machines, and particle accelerators.
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This document defines magnetic terms and properties, describes different types of magnets, and explains how artificial magnets are produced. It discusses the permeability of various materials, magnetic fields and flux, and uses of the left-hand rule. Induction is demonstrated by magnetizing an iron bar near a permanent magnet. Practical applications of induction in electronics are also outlined, including uses in transmission, transformers, motors, and memory.
Superconductors
Basic Information regarding superconductors.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
This power-point presentation include
1. Introduction to Superconductors
2. Discovery
3. Properties
4. Important factors
5. Types
6. High Tc Superconductors
7. Magnetic Levitation and its application
8. Josephson effect
9. Application of superconductors
#Tip- You can further add videos which are available in vast amount on YouTube regarding superconductivity(specially magnetic levitation)
P.S.Does not contain information about Cooper pairs and BCS theory
Directed Energy Weapons
This document presents information on directed energy weapons (DEWs), specifically high power microwaves (HPM). It discusses how DEWs can meet military demands for countering artillery fire and disabling enemy assets. DEWs work by emitting concentrated beams of electromagnetic energy at the speed of light. HPM weapons generate intense microwave pulses that can overload electronics without harming people. The components of an HPM system include a pulse power generator, HPM source, antenna, and targeting systems. Capacitor banks and flux compression generators are discussed as methods for generating high voltage pulses. Applications of HPM weapons and e-bombs are addressed, along with the advantages and limitations of DEW technologies.
ELECTRO SCIENCE SCIENTISTS ,FAMOUS PHYSICS SCIENTISTS
Albert Einstein,Isaac Newton, Thomas Edison, Marie curie, archmedes, volta, famous physics scientists, world famous scientists, Nobel prize winner , physics best famous scientists, father of physics, Nikole tesla, Alfred nobel , Michael faraday, Benjamin franklin
Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a phenomenon that occurs in certain materials below a critical temperature where they show zero electrical resistance. It was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes who found that mercury's resistivity disappeared below 4K. Superconductors expel magnetic fields, known as the Meissner effect. An experiment is described where a ceramic disk made of yttrium-barium-copper oxide is cooled below its critical temperature using liquid nitrogen, causing it to become a superconductor and levitate a small magnet due to persistent electric currents. Theories like the BCS theory and London theory were developed to explain the microscopic mechanisms of superconductivity.
Spintronics Technology
A technical seminar presentation on the leading topic of technology, future of electronics , spintronics technology.
Spintronics
1. Spintronics uses electron spins in addition to or instead of electron charge to manipulate, store, and transfer information. This could help overcome limitations of Moore's Law as transistors reach nanoscale dimensions.
2. In spintronic devices, information is represented by the orientation of electron spin (up or down), analogous to 1s and 0s in binary. Certain materials can retain spin orientation when power is off, enabling non-volatile memory.
3. Spintronic devices like GMR spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions in MRAM can switch between low and high resistance states by altering the relative alignment of magnetic layers, allowing them to represent bits. MRAM promises high density, speed and non
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This document presents a summary of an electromagnetic coil gun. It describes how coil guns work using electromagnetic induction and Lorentz force to accelerate projectiles. Coil guns consist of one or more coils that act as electromagnets when powered. They can accelerate projectiles ranging from 10 grams to 100 kg in mass up to speeds of 1 km/s. Coil gun technology has potential military and weapons applications. The document then discusses the history and operating principles of coil guns in more detail.
Electricity, magnetism and electromagnetism
Atoms contain protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and they are located on the outer edges of atoms. The movement and concentration of electrons creates static electricity and electric currents. Static electricity builds up a charge without flowing, while electric current flows from high voltage to low voltage, such as through wires in a circuit. Current can be direct (DC) or alternating (AC). Magnets have north and south poles and magnetic fields that interact with electric fields through electromagnetic induction, which is the basis for technologies like electric motors, generators, and transformers.
electricityandmagnetism.pptx
This document discusses electricity and magnetism as part of a 10th grade science unit. It defines electricity and how it is produced, describes different types of magnetism including ferromagnetism and electromagnetism. It explains the properties of magnets including poles and forces of attraction and repulsion. The document also covers electromagnetic induction, how currents and changing magnetic fields can induce voltages. It provides examples of electromagnetic induction in technologies like recording devices and discusses Michael Faraday's induction ring experiment.
SCIENCE 10-LESSON 10yuyuyuyuyuyuyuyuuyu.pdf
1) Early scientists like Gilbert, Oersted, and Ampere discovered relationships between electricity and magnetism in the 1600s-1800s. Maxwell then unified these concepts into a mathematical theory of electromagnetism in the 1860s.
2) Electromagnetism describes the interaction between electric charges and currents with magnetic fields, and vice versa. Permanent magnets have magnetic domains inside that create their overall magnetic fields.
3) Electromagnetism is utilized in many modern technologies like motors, generators, and transformers to convert between electrical and mechanical systems using the forces between current-carrying conductors and magnetic fields.
Advancement in gauss gun by Sai Chaithanya Sharma
Electromagnetic Coil gun or Gauss gun is the key to the future of Weapons technology. I'm trying to implement this and make my country proud.
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This document provides an overview of teaching electromagnetism, including describing permanent magnets and induced magnetism, magnetic fields from moving charges, how transformers and motors work, and Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction. It discusses challenges in teaching concepts like magnetic fields and the operation of motors. Key experiments are outlined to demonstrate topics like electromagnets, induction, and transformers. Common student misconceptions are also addressed.
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Presentation on Railgun
- 1. PRESENTED BY:- ALOK PRAKASH SINGH 8ME - 18 BATCH - A1
- 2. • WHAT IS A RAILGUN ? • HISTORY OF RAILGUN • PARTS OF RAIL GUN • HOW DOES IT WOKS ? • BASIC PHYSICS BEHIND RAILGUN • APPLICATION OF RAILGUNS • ADVANTAGES • DISADVANTAGES
- 3. The Electromagnetic Rail gun is an electrically powered electromagnetic projectile launcher. As its name shows “gun in which a pair of rails is used”. A Rail gun uses magnetic field created by strong electrical current to accelerate a sliding metal conductor along two rails.
- 4. •First rail gun idea was given by French inventor Louis Octave in 1918 by designed an electric cannon. •In world war 2, the German Commander Luftusaffe issued a specification for a rail gun based anti-aircraft gun. •The first rail gun is tested in 1970 at the Australian National University. •In 2003, Ian Nab plans to build a system to launch supply into space using rail gun technology
- 5. A rail gun is basically a large electric circuit, made up of three parts: a power source, a pair of parallel rails and a moving armature.
- 6. The power supply is simply a source of electric current. Typically, the current used in medium- to large-caliber rail guns is in the millions of amps. The rails are lengths of conductive metal, such as copper. They can range from 04 to 30 feet (9 meters) long. The armature bridges the gap between the rails. It can be a solid piece of conductive metal. In this set-up a thin metal foil is placed on the back of a non-conducting projectile. When power flows through this foil it vaporizes and becomes a plasma, which carries the current.
- 7. •When the projectile is inserted between rails, it complete circuit. •When supply is given to the rails behaves as an electromegnet, creating a magnetic field inside the loop formed by length of rails up to the position of armature. •According to the right hand rule magnetic field circulates around each conductor. •Due to net magnetic field in rails (B) is directed at right angle to the plane formed by central axis of the rails and armature, in combination with current (I) in the armature. •This produce Lorentz force which accelerates the projectile along the rails.
- 9. 1. LORENTZ FORCE:- If a charged particle q moves with velocity v in the presence of electric field E and a magnetic field B, then it will experience a force. F = q(E + B x v) qE - Electric force qv x B – Magnetic force 2. LEFT HAND RULE:- When a wire carrying an electric current placed in a magnetic field the force is act at right angle of current.
- 11. Military Applications Tanks Battleships Destroying Asteroids and meteorites Destroying planes (Anti aircraft warfare). Launch or launch assist of spacecraft
- 12. •The railgun has a much larger possible power than a powder gun . •Currently, we have been able to reach velocities around 9 km/s with the rail gun. •Since the railgun depends entirely on a massive current, there is no need for fuel or explosives.