Presentation on Industrial Training in Vardhman 1) TO STUDY THE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES 2)ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

1. TO STUDY THE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES OF
A U R O TEXTILES – 1FROM SUPPLY
END(PCC) TO PDBS END .

2. INTRODUCTION TO VARDHMAN GROUP OF
INDUSTRIES
• Vardhman Group is a textile group based
in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Vardhman Group was established in
1965 by Lala Rattan Chand Oswal. The group is engaged in
manufacturing and trading in Yarn, Greige and Processed
Fabric, Sewing Thread, Acrylic fibre and Alloy steel. Vardhman
group was incorporated in 1962 as Vardhman Spinning &
General Mills (VSGML). The company was promoted by VS Oswal
and RC Oswal initially and is now headed by S. P. Oswal.

3. UTILITY DEPARTMENT
• A vertically integrated POWER UTILITY usually comprises departments for Generation,
Transmission , Distribution ,Substations, Planning, and Operations.
• An ELECTRIC UTILITY is a company in the Electric Power Industry (often a public utility ) that
engages in Electricity Generation and Distribution Of Electricity for sale generally in a regulated
market . The Electric Utility Industry is a major provider of energy in most countries.
• The UTILITY PARAMETERS are :
 STEAM PRESSURE , AIR PRESSURE , WATER PRESSURE, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE etc.
• Area of Utility includes:
(1) BOILER HOUSES
(2) AIR COMPRESSORS
(3) THERMOPACS
(4) DG GENERATORS
(5) TRANSFORMERS

4. (6) PUMP HOUSE
(7) DM PLANT ( Demineralizing of water for Boilers and other Industrial use in machines )
(8) SUBSTATION
 ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION :
• A substation is a part of an Electrical generation, transmission,
and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to
low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.
Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may
include transformers to change voltage levels between high
transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the
interconnection of two different transmission voltages.

5. Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a
large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for
remote supervision and control.
GENERAL FLOW
DIAGRAM OF
POWER
DISTRIBUTION
 WHAT IS PCC AND MCC ?
• PCC stands for Power Control Centre AND MCC stands for Motor Control Centre.
• PCC is an important part in distribution of power . It generally receives stepped
down voltage through transformer LT line and then redistributes to different MCCs
& other power distribution centres.
While MCC as the name suggests supplies power to different motors through motor
feeders, also sometimes to lighting supply panel through SFU/lighting feeders, to

6. • So to feed electrical power to those equipments we need some system like a control center so
that we can control, monitor the power going to those equipments.
• So here control panels/control centers comes in picture.
• PCC are Power control center as name suggest they are controlling power which is going to
utilize in industry, PCC are the primary type of control centers .
• PCC are mainly install at the most primary level of power distribution network of the
company.
• like power from main transformer or from DG set tapped to the PCC via Bus duct or armored
cables then after different control panels like MCC(motor control center), PDB(power
distribution board), LDB(light distribution board) etc . are getting power from the PCC via there
dedicated feeder in PCC
• and MCC are Motor control center feeding power to motors.
• WHAT IS PDB ?
• PDB stands for POWER DISTRIBUTION BOARD .
• PDBs are the distribution boards where the ELECTRICAL POWER reaches from PCC (POWER

7.  Power losses in distribution lines :
• The electrical transmission and distribution losses accounts for most of the power losses in the entire
system.
• The largest amounts of these losses occur in the primary and secondary distribution lines, and can be
classified as either technical losses or non technical losses.
 Technical Electrical Power Losses :
• Technical losses occur when the energy is dissipated by the equipment and conductors in the distribution lines.
The losses depend on the network characteristics, and mode of operation. There are two categories of technical
power losses; the fixed technical losses and the variable technical losses.
 Fixed technical losses :
• The fixed losses in the distribution lines account for between a quarter and a third of the total technical losses.
These are usually in the form of heat and noise and occur whenever the transformer is energized.
The fixed losses are not influenced by the amount of load current flowing, but rather by
• The leakage current losses
• Open circuit losses
• Corona losses
• Dielectric losses

8. • Variable technical losses :
• The variable losses are proportional to the square of the load current and accounts to between 2/3 and ¾
of the technical losses in a distribution system.
• The variable losses arise due to the line impedance, contact resistance and the joule heating losses.
oCauses of technical losses :
• Inefficient equipment such as the transformers, pumps, electrical machines and industrial loads.
• Inadequate size of conductor in the distribution lines
• Long distribution lines
• Load imbalance among the phases
• Low power factor.
• Over loading of lines
• Transformers installed far from the load centers
• Haphazard( without any planning) installation of distribution systems to cope with demands to new areas
• Bad workmanship

9.  Commercial (non-technical) power losses:
• The non-technical losses, also referred to as commercial losses, are those related to unmetered
supplies, incorrect billing, untimely billing, wrong tariff, defective meters and energy thefts.
• The unmetered supplies are those that may be left out when estimated amounts are used to
calculate the amount of power to bill for. In addition, some consumers may tamper with the meters
to make them indicate less power than what is actually used.
• The energy theft may occur when consumers tamper with the metering, or collude with the utility
personnel to make illegal connections.
 HOW TO FIND DISTRIBUTION LOSSES IN A TRANSMISSION LINE FROM PCC END TO
PDB END ?
• Firstly , we calculated the value of line voltages like in lines RY , YB , BR and phase currents like in R
phase, Y phase and B phase at PCC( Power Control Centre) (that is in SUBSTATION) .
 R = RED , Y = YELLOW , B = BLUE .
 We calculated the phase current values in each phase (R , Y , B) for a number of RED , YELLOW and BLUE
phase wires in PCC .
 Then , we checked for the load in KW (KILOWATT) and noted the corresponding values on a sheet .
 Same pattern was performed in PDB’S side also which are there in the PLANT .We noted the values of
phase currents , line voltages and load value in PDB side .

10. PDB’S
NO.
TIME
(AM)
VOLTAGE
(IN VOLTS)
CURRENT
(IN
AMPERES)
LOAD
(IN
KW=
KILO
WATT
S)
VOLTAGE (IN
VOLTS)
CURRENT (IN
AMPERES)
LOA
D
(IN
KW=
KILO
WAT
TS)
DIFFERENTI
AL
VOLTAGE
IN %AGE
RY YB
BR
R Y B RY YB BR R Y B RY% YB%
1 10:0
0
41
3
41
3
41
2
17
6
18
1
15
1
118 411 40
8
410 17
8
17
0
15
3
115 99.5 98.
7
2 10:0
0
41
3
41
1
41
2
28
7
29
3
28
7
197 409 40
9
408 29
2
29
7
28
4
201 99.0
3
99.
5
3 10:0
0
41
2
41
1
41
3
20
7
21
2
20
7
146 409 40
7
410 20
3
21
1
20
5
143 99.2
72
99.
03
4 10:0
0
41
6
41
3
41
5
32
3
28
7
27
4
207 411 40
9
411 31
6
28
5
27
9
204 98.8 99.
03
5 10:0
0
41
2
41
3
41
1
37
4
36
4
17
9
211 408 40
9
407 46
1
39
6
20
9
246 99.0
2
99.
03
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE DROP
THESE ARE THE LINE VOLTAGES AND CURRENT VALUES OF THE THREE(3) PHASES TAKEN FIRST ON PCC SIDE AND THEN ON
PDB SIDE IN THE PLANT .HERE WE CAN SEE THAT IN EACH CASE THE LINE VOLTAGES AT PCC END IS GREATER THAN THE
LINE VOLTAGES AT THE PDB END .THIS MEANS THERE IS SOME POWER LOSS IN THE PATH BETWEEN THE SUBSTATION AND
THE PLANT.
DIFFER
ENTIA
L
VOLTA
GE IN
%AGE
BR%
99.0
99.0
3
99.2
74
99.0
3
99.0
2

11. • The Percentage Loss in the voltage between the SENDING END (PCC SIDE) AND THE RECEIVING SIDE (PDB
END) is calculated as : %AGE LOSS =( (Vs - Vr )/Vs ) *100 .
• Where Vs= Sending end voltage(in volts) , Vr = Receiving end voltage(in volts) .
• For example: Considering RY line voltage= 413 VOLTS( PCC SIDE) AND RY line voltage =411
VOLTS( PDB SIDE) .
• Therefore, the voltage difference between the voltage at two sides is (413-411) VOLTS =2
VOLTS.
• The other voltage differences from PCC END TO PDB END are also 2Volts , 3Volts or 4Volts.
• In Auro Textiles voltage drop Studies B/W PCC END TO PDB END is under permissible limit belows 2.5% .
 HOW TO REDUCE POWER LOSSES IN DISTRIBUTION
LINES ?
• Losses in the distribution of electricity cannot be eliminated, but can be minimized by proper planning
of the distribution systems to ensure that power remain within limits. Some of the ways to reduce losses
include;
• Use of proper jointing techniques, and keeping the number of the joints to a minimum.

12. • Feeding heavy consumers directly from the feeders
• Maintain the network components and replace those that are deteriorating,
worn out or faulty.
• Proper load management and load balancing
• Use of electronic meters which are accurate and tamper-proof.
• Regular Monitoring of power factor, it should be approx unity.

13. THANK YOU
(AND HAVE A NICE DAY AHEAD)