Presentation on history of microbiology.siam (pdf file)

1. 1 10/27/2017
History
of
Microbiology

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Created By:
Md.
Kamruzzaman
Siam

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Topic Discussed
 Cells and cell theory
 Microbes and Germ
Theory
 Classic Age of
Microbiology
– Fermentation
– Pasteurization
 ………???
Filename : Siam.ppt

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Microbiology
 Microbiology is the study of
microorganisms usually less than 1mm in
diameter which requires some form of
magnification( Microscope) to be seen
clearly.
– Examples:
 Viruses
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Algae
 Protozoa's

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“History
of
Microbiology”
Early Observations &
Experiments
Robert Hooke: cells
Leeuweenhoek: microbes

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 Robert Hook-(1635-
1703) Englishman, used
a primitive compound
(two magnifying lenses)
 microscope, reported
that life’s smallest units
were little boxes –
Cells, his work
 started the process of
the development of the
Cell theory of life
First illustrated book on
microscopy
Micrographia
Hook’s microscope

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The Cell Theory
 All organisms composed of one or more
cells
 Cells are smallest living things
 Cells arise only from previously existing
cells
 Thus: all organisms are descendents of
the first cells

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
First person to see bacteria
Single lens microscope
 First to observe living
microbes
 His single-lens magnified
50-300X magnification
 Between 1674-1723 he
wrote series of papers
describing his observations
of bacteria, algae,
protozoa, and fungi
(Animalcules)

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Early Compound
Microscope
 beautifully crafted but
had severe chromatic
distortion

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Spontaneous Generation
 Biogenesis vs. Abiogenesis
 Aristotle
 Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580-1644)
 Francisco Redi (1626-1697)
 John T. Needham (1713-1781)
 Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
 Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)
 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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Biogenesis
vs.
Abiogenesis
 Biogenesis - development of life from
preceding life forms
 Abiogenesis - life arises from inorganic
or non-living materials

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Aristotle
 First to record possible routes to life.
 He saw beings as arising in one of three ways, from
sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction or
nonliving matter.
 Observable that aphids arise from the dew on plants,
fleas from putrid matter, and mice from dirty hay
 This belief remained unchallenged for more than two
thousand years.

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Jan Baptista van Helmont
(1580-1644)
 Reported in late 1500’s that barley grains and
old shirts left in a corner would spontaneously
give rise to mice
 Claimed as evidence that supported
spontaneous generation or abiogenesis

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Francisco Redi (1626-1697)
 Set up controlled experiment to test idea of
spontaneous generation with respect to
maggots appearing on rotting meat
– open jar with meat
– screened jar with meat
– sealed jar with meat

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von Helmutopen
screened
sealed

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John T. Needham
(1713-1781)
 Flies do not arise spontaneously but the
“animalcules” described by van Leeuwenhoek
must
 In 1748 Needham boiled mutton broth,
stoppered and noted that flask becam turbid
 Argued that the turbidity, which included
many “animalcules” must have arisen
spontaneously

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Lazzaro Spallanzani
(1729-1799)
 Repeated Needham’s experiments
 Used flasks that were sealed by melting the
glass rather than with a cork
 Found that if sealed properly, flasks boiled 45
minutes would remain sterile thus refuting
Needham’s conclusions

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Theodor Schwann
(1810-1882)
 An argument against
Spallanzani
experiments is that
they excluded air
 Constructed
apparatus to sterilize
air coming into flask
 Results supported
biogenesis

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Theodor Schwann
(1810-1882)
Apparatus used by Schwann
The central flask, which is
being rendered sterile by
heating contains the
infusion. Air is passed
through it from the heated
coil on right. The flask at
left is a mercury trap
through which air escapes
after passing through the
central flask.

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Louis Pasteur
(1822-1895)
 Looked at air which had
been filtered
 Developed swan neck
flask to deal with
heated air problem
 Looked at frequency of
occurrence of
contaminated flasks
 Settled controversy
“Father of bacteriology and immunology”

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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
An example of the
swan-necked flask

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Golden Age of Microbiology
 Fermentation
 Pasteurization
 Germ Theory

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Fermentation
 Vintners thought sugar chemically
converted to alcohol in air
 Pasteur, a chemist, was asked to help
 Discovered
– Yeast convert sugars to alcohol
– Bacteria change alcohol to vinegar
 Fermentation was biological process

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Pasteurization
 Pasteur connected food
spoilage and microbes
 Pasteurization: Destroy
microbes that cause
spoilage by heat
– Beer, wine, milk
 Critical to development
of Germ theory

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Pasteur’s Original Flasks

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Germ Theory of Disease
 Observation on causative agents of
potato blight and diseases of silkworms
led to hypothesis
 Formalized through work of Pasteur and
Koch (and others) led to theory that
germs or microorganisms may cause
disease

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Germ Theory of Disease
 Robert Koch first
developed
relationship between
microorganisms and
disease
 Developed Koch’s
Postulates for
testing relationship
 Discovered cause of
anthrax and
tuberculosis

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Germ Theory of Disease
 Koch’s Postulates:
– Same microorganism must be observed in
every instance of disease
– Organism must be isolated from diseased
host and grown in pure culture
– Specific disease must be reproduced when
pure culture is reintroduced into host

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????

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Technological advances have
resulted in the development of
studies in
– Agricultural microbiology
– Aquatic microbiology
– Industrial microbiology
– Medical microbiology
– Space microbiology
– Environmental microbiology

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THANK YOU
ALL