Presentation 11 Kala Frazier
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The document discusses medical suffixes and conditions related to thirst and urine. It defines the suffixes -dipsia, meaning thirst, and -uria, meaning urine condition. For -dipsia, it gives the example word polydipsia, which means excessive thirst. For -uria, it gives the example word polyuria, which means excessive urine production. It describes polydipsia and polyuria in more detail, noting that both can be early symptoms of diabetes or other medical issues.
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K jackson medical terminology chapter 11
Water is vital for physiological functions and thirst signals the body's need to replace lost water through processes like sweating. Most people need around 8 glasses of water daily but more in hot weather or after heavy sweating. Polydipsia is excessive thirst and causes people to drink too much water, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances. Nocturia is waking at night to urinate, caused by producing too much urine, low bladder capacity, or a combination of the two. Polyuria is excessive urine production of over 2.5 liters per day, which can indicate bladder, urinary tract, or metabolic issues like diabetes.
Approach of Dehydration in pediatrics & management
This document discusses dehydration, including:
1. It defines dehydration as a deficit of total body water that disrupts metabolic processes when water loss exceeds intake. There are three types based on electrolyte imbalances.
2. Causes include vomiting, diarrhea, fever, medications, and other factors that increase water loss or decrease intake.
3. Assessment involves checking weight loss, vital signs, skin signs, and urine output to determine severity. Treatment depends on severity and cause, ranging from oral rehydration for mild cases to IV fluids for severe dehydration.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses more than 1.5% of its water content. Common causes of dehydration include sweating, breathing, exercise, aging, altitude, stress, diarrhea, and alcohol consumption. Symptoms of mild dehydration include thirst, reduced appetite, flushing, dark urine, dry mouth, fatigue, headaches, chills, and dizziness. It is important to drink 6-8 cups of water per day to avoid dehydration and its negative health effects.
Dehydration
Dehydration (from the Greek hydor (water)) and the Latin prefix de- (indicating deprivation, removal, and separation) occurs when more water and fluids are exiting the body than are entering the body. With about 75% of the body made up of water found inside cells, within blood vessels, and between cells, survival requires a rather sophisticated water management system. Luckily, our bodies have such a system, and our thirst mechanism tells us when we need to increase fluid intake. Although water is lost constantly throughout the day as we breathe, sweat, urinate, and defecate, we can replenish the water in our body by drinking fluids. The body can also shift water around to areas where it is more needed if dehydration begins to occur.
Dehydration
This document summarizes dehydration in children. It defines dehydration as a loss of fluid from the extracellular space at a rate exceeding intake. Children are more susceptible to dehydration due to their higher body water content and metabolic rates. Common causes of dehydration in children include viral and bacterial infections causing vomiting and diarrhea. Signs of dehydration include sunken eyes, decreased urination, and irritability. Treatment depends on the severity of dehydration and includes oral rehydration for mild to moderate cases and intravenous fluids for severe cases. Care must be taken with hyponatremic and hypernatremic dehydration to slowly correct electrolyte imbalances.
The signs and symptoms of dehydration
This document discusses signs and symptoms of dehydration at different levels of fluid loss, as well as causes, treatment, and prevention of dehydration. Mild dehydration can cause thirst and dry mouth, while more severe dehydration over 10% fluid loss leads to muscle spasms, vomiting and confusion. Dehydration is caused by fluid loss from vomiting, diarrhea or excessive sweating without replenishment. Treatment involves slow rehydration with water and electrolyte replacement. Prevention focuses on drinking adequate water daily based on individual needs and factors like climate, and replacing fluids lost through sweat and urine.
Medical terminology chapter 11
Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine, which normally does not occur as the kidneys filter and return all glucose to the bloodstream. Glycosuria can result from diabetes mellitus, which leads to loss of water in urine and potential dehydration, or from large carbohydrate intake. Polydipsia is excessive thirst and usually exists in diabetic patients who do not take their medication. Psychogenic polydipsia involves excessive water intake in patients with mental illnesses like schizophrenia, which risks seizure or cardiac arrest if intake exceeds kidney function. Minor excessive drinking can falsely indicate a diabetes diagnosis.
Dehydration and rehydration
Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds fluid intake. It can range from mild to severe based on the percentage of fluid loss. Treatment involves oral rehydration for mild to moderate cases and IV fluids for severe cases. IV fluid regimens are calculated based on correcting existing deficits, replacing ongoing losses, and meeting daily fluid needs over 24 hours. The treatment goal is gradual rehydration to prevent complications.
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K jackson medical terminology chapter 11
Water is vital for physiological functions and thirst signals the body's need to replace lost water through processes like sweating. Most people need around 8 glasses of water daily but more in hot weather or after heavy sweating. Polydipsia is excessive thirst and causes people to drink too much water, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances. Nocturia is waking at night to urinate, caused by producing too much urine, low bladder capacity, or a combination of the two. Polyuria is excessive urine production of over 2.5 liters per day, which can indicate bladder, urinary tract, or metabolic issues like diabetes.
Approach of Dehydration in pediatrics & management
This document discusses dehydration, including:
1. It defines dehydration as a deficit of total body water that disrupts metabolic processes when water loss exceeds intake. There are three types based on electrolyte imbalances.
2. Causes include vomiting, diarrhea, fever, medications, and other factors that increase water loss or decrease intake.
3. Assessment involves checking weight loss, vital signs, skin signs, and urine output to determine severity. Treatment depends on severity and cause, ranging from oral rehydration for mild cases to IV fluids for severe dehydration.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses more than 1.5% of its water content. Common causes of dehydration include sweating, breathing, exercise, aging, altitude, stress, diarrhea, and alcohol consumption. Symptoms of mild dehydration include thirst, reduced appetite, flushing, dark urine, dry mouth, fatigue, headaches, chills, and dizziness. It is important to drink 6-8 cups of water per day to avoid dehydration and its negative health effects.
Dehydration
Dehydration (from the Greek hydor (water)) and the Latin prefix de- (indicating deprivation, removal, and separation) occurs when more water and fluids are exiting the body than are entering the body. With about 75% of the body made up of water found inside cells, within blood vessels, and between cells, survival requires a rather sophisticated water management system. Luckily, our bodies have such a system, and our thirst mechanism tells us when we need to increase fluid intake. Although water is lost constantly throughout the day as we breathe, sweat, urinate, and defecate, we can replenish the water in our body by drinking fluids. The body can also shift water around to areas where it is more needed if dehydration begins to occur.
Dehydration
This document summarizes dehydration in children. It defines dehydration as a loss of fluid from the extracellular space at a rate exceeding intake. Children are more susceptible to dehydration due to their higher body water content and metabolic rates. Common causes of dehydration in children include viral and bacterial infections causing vomiting and diarrhea. Signs of dehydration include sunken eyes, decreased urination, and irritability. Treatment depends on the severity of dehydration and includes oral rehydration for mild to moderate cases and intravenous fluids for severe cases. Care must be taken with hyponatremic and hypernatremic dehydration to slowly correct electrolyte imbalances.
The signs and symptoms of dehydration
This document discusses signs and symptoms of dehydration at different levels of fluid loss, as well as causes, treatment, and prevention of dehydration. Mild dehydration can cause thirst and dry mouth, while more severe dehydration over 10% fluid loss leads to muscle spasms, vomiting and confusion. Dehydration is caused by fluid loss from vomiting, diarrhea or excessive sweating without replenishment. Treatment involves slow rehydration with water and electrolyte replacement. Prevention focuses on drinking adequate water daily based on individual needs and factors like climate, and replacing fluids lost through sweat and urine.
Medical terminology chapter 11
Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine, which normally does not occur as the kidneys filter and return all glucose to the bloodstream. Glycosuria can result from diabetes mellitus, which leads to loss of water in urine and potential dehydration, or from large carbohydrate intake. Polydipsia is excessive thirst and usually exists in diabetic patients who do not take their medication. Psychogenic polydipsia involves excessive water intake in patients with mental illnesses like schizophrenia, which risks seizure or cardiac arrest if intake exceeds kidney function. Minor excessive drinking can falsely indicate a diabetes diagnosis.
Dehydration and rehydration
Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds fluid intake. It can range from mild to severe based on the percentage of fluid loss. Treatment involves oral rehydration for mild to moderate cases and IV fluids for severe cases. IV fluid regimens are calculated based on correcting existing deficits, replacing ongoing losses, and meeting daily fluid needs over 24 hours. The treatment goal is gradual rehydration to prevent complications.
Polydipsia and polyuria
Excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive urination (polyuria) are symptoms of underlying diseases rather than diseases themselves. Polydipsia can be caused by conditions like diabetes, hypokalemia, or mental illnesses that result in a change in the body's fluid balance or osmolality. Polyuria is usually accompanied by polydipsia and occurs when an adult urinates over 2.5-3 liters in a 24 hour period, though it can sometimes be normal due to high fluid intake; it is also commonly linked to diabetes. Both polydipsia and polyuria can have simple causes such as consuming too much caffeine, alcohol, or fluids during pregnancy.
K jackson medical terminology chapter 11
Water is vital for physiological functions and thirst signals the body's need to replace lost water through processes like sweating. Most people need around 8 glasses of water daily but more in hot weather or after heavy sweating. Polydipsia is excessive thirst and causes people to drink too much water, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances. Nocturia is waking at night to urinate, caused by producing too much urine, low bladder capacity, or a combination of the two. Polyuria is excessive urine production of over 2.5 liters per day, which can indicate bladder, urinary tract, or metabolic issues like diabetes.
Dehydration.pptx
Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in and doesn't have enough water to carry out its normal functions. Anyone can become dehydrated but it is especially dangerous for young children and older adults. The most common causes of dehydration in young children are diarrhea and vomiting while older adults are more at risk due to lower body water levels and medications. Symptoms in infants include dry mouth, no tears, and sunken spots on the head while adults experience extreme thirst, less urination, fatigue, and confusion. See a doctor if diarrhea lasts over 24 hours, there is blood in stool, or the person cannot keep down fluids or is disoriented.
Dipsia & uria
Polydipsia is a symptom of excessive thirst that can be caused by conditions that create a water deficit in the body like diabetes insipidus. If too much water is consumed and the kidneys cannot excrete it, it can dilute sodium levels dangerously and potentially cause seizures or cardiac arrest.
Polyuria is excessive urination of over 2.5 liters per day and can be caused by medications like diuretics, conditions like diabetes, or psychogenic polydipsia. Patients experiencing polyuria should track fluid intake, urination frequency and volume, and urine color to monitor their symptoms. Simple dietary changes may help but worsening symptoms require seeing a doctor.
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- *FCPS1 One Month CRASH Course for May Attempt By Dr. Nusrat*
*[ONLY 3 SPOTS remaining]*
Course Highlights:
1. Students will be given Live Lectures on Zoom, recordings will be available, alternative day Mock tests. There will be theory discussion, RAFII, SK and mcqs group.
2. Students will receive *all previous lectures and mocks tests*
3. Video access will be unlimited
4. Students will be taught EXTENSIVELY covering all systems, anatomy, neuro and minors
5. This is limited offer.
6. Registration must be done *before 15th April*
7. No one will be accepted after the 15th.
8. Contact for registration
9. *Registration Form:* https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1lKm_9XrFW1pqtXLhgSxqIP_Oolv81Zh3pBJqEax3wII/edit?usp=drivesdk
10. You will be added into the group as soon as you register.
11. Contact 03164500454 for any further queries.
12. Course Price: Rs. 4000 (Eid Discount till 12th April, after which it will be 4500)
13. *THIS IS LIFESAVER, GAME CHANGER AND HOPE* for students who have failed before, job waale and mothers and married women who can't give enough time for self study.
14. Dr. Nusrat aap pe mehnat karain gii, Yaad karwayain gii, and insha'Allah insha'Allah you'll ace it!
Endocrine System
Polyuria refers to the excessive production of urine of more than 2.5 liters per day in adults and is often noticed at night. It is commonly accompanied by polydipsia, which is excessive fluid intake due to sensations of dry mouth. Polydipsia can be associated with mental disorders if caused by medications for those disorders, or by uncontrolled diabetes where the kidneys work to remove excess blood sugar, producing more urine and leading to thirst.
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Most people know that thirst is a sign of dehydration. However, there are many other signs, apart from thirst, that signal dehydration.
17 Reasons Why You Urinate So Often
You may need to urinate frequently for one of several reasons:
1. Drinking too much water can cause the body to produce more urine.
2. Medical conditions like urinary tract infections, diabetes, kidney stones, and tumors can cause frequent urination.
3. Certain medications, foods, drinks, and lifestyle factors like alcohol, caffeine, and constipation can also lead to urinating more often than normal.
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This document discusses dehydration in children. It defines dehydration and describes the pathophysiology and types based on fluid and electrolyte loss. Signs and symptoms of mild, moderate, and severe dehydration are provided. The causes, diagnosis, potential complications, treatment including oral rehydration and IV fluids, nursing considerations, and prevention are outlined. Treatment depends on the child's age, weight, dehydration severity and cause. Oral rehydration solution is first-line treatment for mild/moderate dehydration while IV fluids are needed for severe cases. Nursing focuses on fluid management and treating the underlying cause.
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The urinary system filters blood through glomeruli in the kidneys, which filter out large particles but allow small molecules like water, salts, and wastes to pass into the urine. Urine characteristics provide information about hydration and health status, and urinalysis can detect diseases. The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra work together to collect, store, and eliminate urine from the body, maintaining homeostasis of water and electrolyte levels. Dysfunction of the urinary system can disrupt this homeostasis and impact other body systems and health.
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The document discusses the importance of hydration for seniors. As people age, they lose muscle mass and have a weakened thirst mechanism, making them more at risk for dehydration. Staying hydrated is important for brain and intestinal health in seniors. While incontinence is a common fear, limiting fluid intake can actually lead to constipation, dehydration, and kidney stones. The document recommends drinking around 8 cups of water per day and offers tips for staying hydrated such as drinking water with meals and snacks or adding fruit to water.
Water intoxication
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Alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse refers to excessive drinking or drinking by certain groups like children or pregnant women. Signs of alcohol abuse include nausea, sweating, headaches and tremors. Long-term effects involve damage to the brain, liver and pancreas including cirrhosis. Treatment involves detoxification, counseling and medications. Heavy drinking can lead to hepatitis, which causes liver inflammation and may progress to fibrosis or cirrhosis. Cirrhosis occurs when scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue, preventing proper function. It is treated by lifestyle changes and medication, and advanced cases may require liver transplant.
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Excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive urination (polyuria) are symptoms of underlying diseases rather than diseases themselves. Polydipsia can be caused by conditions like diabetes, hypokalemia, or mental illnesses that result in a change in the body's fluid balance or osmolality. Polyuria is usually accompanied by polydipsia and occurs when an adult urinates over 2.5-3 liters in a 24 hour period, though it can sometimes be normal due to high fluid intake; it is also commonly linked to diabetes. Both polydipsia and polyuria can have simple causes such as consuming too much caffeine, alcohol, or fluids during pregnancy.
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Water is vital for physiological functions and thirst signals the body's need to replace lost water through processes like sweating. Most people need around 8 glasses of water daily but more in hot weather or after heavy sweating. Polydipsia is excessive thirst and causes people to drink too much water, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances. Nocturia is waking at night to urinate, caused by producing too much urine, low bladder capacity, or a combination of the two. Polyuria is excessive urine production of over 2.5 liters per day, which can indicate bladder, urinary tract, or metabolic issues like diabetes.
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Polydipsia is a symptom of excessive thirst that can be caused by conditions that create a water deficit in the body like diabetes insipidus. If too much water is consumed and the kidneys cannot excrete it, it can dilute sodium levels dangerously and potentially cause seizures or cardiac arrest.
Polyuria is excessive urination of over 2.5 liters per day and can be caused by medications like diuretics, conditions like diabetes, or psychogenic polydipsia. Patients experiencing polyuria should track fluid intake, urination frequency and volume, and urine color to monitor their symptoms. Simple dietary changes may help but worsening symptoms require seeing a doctor.
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*[ONLY 3 SPOTS remaining]*
Course Highlights:
1. Students will be given Live Lectures on Zoom, recordings will be available, alternative day Mock tests. There will be theory discussion, RAFII, SK and mcqs group.
2. Students will receive *all previous lectures and mocks tests*
3. Video access will be unlimited
4. Students will be taught EXTENSIVELY covering all systems, anatomy, neuro and minors
5. This is limited offer.
6. Registration must be done *before 15th April*
7. No one will be accepted after the 15th.
8. Contact for registration
9. *Registration Form:* https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1lKm_9XrFW1pqtXLhgSxqIP_Oolv81Zh3pBJqEax3wII/edit?usp=drivesdk
10. You will be added into the group as soon as you register.
11. Contact 03164500454 for any further queries.
12. Course Price: Rs. 4000 (Eid Discount till 12th April, after which it will be 4500)
13. *THIS IS LIFESAVER, GAME CHANGER AND HOPE* for students who have failed before, job waale and mothers and married women who can't give enough time for self study.
14. Dr. Nusrat aap pe mehnat karain gii, Yaad karwayain gii, and insha'Allah insha'Allah you'll ace it!
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Polyuria refers to the excessive production of urine of more than 2.5 liters per day in adults and is often noticed at night. It is commonly accompanied by polydipsia, which is excessive fluid intake due to sensations of dry mouth. Polydipsia can be associated with mental disorders if caused by medications for those disorders, or by uncontrolled diabetes where the kidneys work to remove excess blood sugar, producing more urine and leading to thirst.
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You may need to urinate frequently for one of several reasons:
1. Drinking too much water can cause the body to produce more urine.
2. Medical conditions like urinary tract infections, diabetes, kidney stones, and tumors can cause frequent urination.
3. Certain medications, foods, drinks, and lifestyle factors like alcohol, caffeine, and constipation can also lead to urinating more often than normal.
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This document discusses dehydration in children. It defines dehydration and describes the pathophysiology and types based on fluid and electrolyte loss. Signs and symptoms of mild, moderate, and severe dehydration are provided. The causes, diagnosis, potential complications, treatment including oral rehydration and IV fluids, nursing considerations, and prevention are outlined. Treatment depends on the child's age, weight, dehydration severity and cause. Oral rehydration solution is first-line treatment for mild/moderate dehydration while IV fluids are needed for severe cases. Nursing focuses on fluid management and treating the underlying cause.
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The document discusses the importance of hydration for seniors. As people age, they lose muscle mass and have a weakened thirst mechanism, making them more at risk for dehydration. Staying hydrated is important for brain and intestinal health in seniors. While incontinence is a common fear, limiting fluid intake can actually lead to constipation, dehydration, and kidney stones. The document recommends drinking around 8 cups of water per day and offers tips for staying hydrated such as drinking water with meals and snacks or adding fruit to water.
Water intoxication
Water intoxication, also known as water poisoning, occurs when too much water is consumed too quickly, causing an electrolyte imbalance that can lead to cellular swelling, especially in the brain. A 28-year-old woman died after drinking large amounts of water during a radio station contest. Drinking excessive water too quickly can cause the body's electrolyte balance to shift, causing cells including brain cells to swell. Symptoms range from headache to seizures and brain damage. Risk factors include low body mass, endurance exercise without electrolyte replenishment, psychiatric conditions, and medical treatment that does not balance fluids and electrolytes. Prevention involves drinking water in moderation over time rather than large volumes at once. Treatment focuses on fluid restriction
fluid-electrolyte-imbalance-n132-160210135651.pdf
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte imbalances. It begins by defining fluid imbalance as abnormally decreased or increased fluid volume or rapid shifts between body fluid compartments. It then discusses specific types of fluid imbalances - hypovolemia resulting from reduced fluid intake or losses, and hypervolemia which is an isotonic expansion due to abnormal water and sodium retention. Electrolyte imbalances of sodium, potassium and their clinical implications are also summarized. Signs, causes, and treatment approaches for hypo- and hypernatremia and hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are provided.
Alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse refers to excessive drinking or drinking by certain groups like children or pregnant women. Signs of alcohol abuse include nausea, sweating, headaches and tremors. Long-term effects involve damage to the brain, liver and pancreas including cirrhosis. Treatment involves detoxification, counseling and medications. Heavy drinking can lead to hepatitis, which causes liver inflammation and may progress to fibrosis or cirrhosis. Cirrhosis occurs when scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue, preventing proper function. It is treated by lifestyle changes and medication, and advanced cases may require liver transplant.
Home remedies for diarrhea causes and symptoms
Are You Facing Diarrhea? Where Diarrhea is a digestive problem. You can find here the root cause of Diarrhea and its symptoms and people can treat it at home using simple home remedies
Kidneys
The document discusses kidney disease and its symptoms. It begins with an overview of kidney anatomy and function. The kidneys help remove waste, regulate blood cells and pressure, and produce vitamin D. Risk factors for kidney disease include family history, diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, and obesity. Early symptoms can be difficult to detect. Common symptoms discussed include changes in urination, swelling, fatigue, dizziness, back pain, skin issues, bad breath, nausea, feeling cold, and shortness of breath. The document emphasizes that awareness of symptoms can help early detection and treatment of kidney disease.
Healthy Living: Lesson One Water
Do you know how much water you should drink per day? It's probably more than you think (no, not 8 glasses)! Did you also know that drinking more water makes your skin healthier, raises your immunity and makes you less hungry?
Urinary elimination
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which work together to produce and excrete urine. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. When full, the bladder empties through the urethra. Urine contains water and waste products like urea, salts, and other dissolved substances. Dysfunctions like incontinence, retention, infection, or changes in urine production can indicate underlying issues.
Dehydration in the Elderly Strategies for Prevention and Management
Dehydration is the most common fluid and electrolyte disturbance among older adults. That has been associated with high mortality rates and high morbidity. Therefore, it is essential to deal with this matter with care.
READ MORE : https://eldersadvisor.com/dehydration-in-the-elderly-strategies-for-prevention-and-management/
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Dehydration in the Elderly Strategies for Prevention and Management
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Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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- 2. -dipsia • The suffix -dipsia means thirst. • An example of the suffix in a whole word is polydipsia.
- 3. Polydipsia • Polydipsia means excessive feeling of thirst. • Though everyone gets thirsty, it is normally temporary. Once we get something to drink, the feeling of thirst is no longer there. • However, with polydipsia, the feeling takes longer to go away after drinking something. This can be an indication that something in your body is not well. • In some cases, this is an initial symptom of diabetes.
- 4. -uria • The suffix –uria means urine condition • An example of the suffix in a whole word is polyuria.
- 5. Polyuria • Polyuria is a condition of producing an excessive amount of urine. • The average adult bladder can produce about 2.5 liters of urine per day. It is considered excessive if one produces more than 2.5 liters per day. • Sometimes, if you start drinking more liquids than you usually do, such as water, then it is common and normal to produce more urine. • However, in some cases, the cause of polyuria are things like diabetes, kidney failure, sickle cell anemia in which one should go see a doctor.