Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds fluid intake. It can range from mild to severe based on the percentage of fluid loss. Treatment involves oral rehydration for mild to moderate cases and IV fluids for severe cases. IV fluid regimens are calculated based on correcting existing deficits, replacing ongoing losses, and meeting daily fluid needs over 24 hours. The treatment goal is gradual rehydration to prevent complications.
A presentation created and delivered by me in the pediatric department of Ibrahim Malik Teaching Hospital (Khartoum, Sudan) on the 10th of May 2017. It is composed of the following parts:
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Causes
- Assessment
- Management
The total number of slides is 19 slide. One of the slides contain a video from the IMCI program by World Health Organization (WHO) for assessment of children with dehydration. The youtube link of the video added in this online version instead of the complete video that was shown in the original presentation.
Diarrhoea is passage of three or more loose stools or watery stools in a 24-hour period.
The main cause of death from acute diarrhoea is dehydration, which results from the loss of fluid and electrolytes in diarrhoeal stools.
A presentation created and delivered by me in the pediatric department of Ibrahim Malik Teaching Hospital (Khartoum, Sudan) on the 10th of May 2017. It is composed of the following parts:
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Causes
- Assessment
- Management
The total number of slides is 19 slide. One of the slides contain a video from the IMCI program by World Health Organization (WHO) for assessment of children with dehydration. The youtube link of the video added in this online version instead of the complete video that was shown in the original presentation.
Diarrhoea is passage of three or more loose stools or watery stools in a 24-hour period.
The main cause of death from acute diarrhoea is dehydration, which results from the loss of fluid and electrolytes in diarrhoeal stools.
Basics in Dehydration & it's management in paediatric practice. Prepared by Dr. Viduranga Edirisinghe on request by Prof. Wasantha Karunasekara. [2013 Aug]
Basics in Dehydration & it's management in paediatric practice. Prepared by Dr. Viduranga Edirisinghe on request by Prof. Wasantha Karunasekara. [2013 Aug]
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. DEHYDRATION OVERVIEW
• Water is an essential element of the body. From 80% of the body's weight of a
newborn to 60% in adults’ body weight is made up of water. TBW is divided
between two main compartments: intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid
(ECF). The ECF is further divided into the plasma water and the interstitial fluid.
• The volume of plasma water can be altered by a variety of pathologic
conditions, including dehydration, anemia, polycythemia, heart failure,
abnormal plasma osmolality, and hypoalbuminemia.
• The interstitial fluid, normally about 15% of body weight, can increase
dramatically in diseases associated with edema such as heart failure, liver
failure, nephrotic syndrome, and other causes of hypoalbuminemia.
• Dehydration occurs when the amount of water leaving the body is greater than
the amount being taken in.
• The high fat content in overweight children leads to decrease in TBW as a
percentage of body weight.
• During dehydration the TBW decreases and, thus, is a smaller percentage of
body weight
5. Dehydration is a condition that can occur with excess loss of
water and other body fluids. Dehydration results from decreased
intake (due to mouth ulcers, stomatitis, pharyngitis), increased
output (renal, gastrointestinal or insensible losses, fever), a shift of
fluid (e.g. ascites, effusions), or capillary leak of fluid (e.g. burns and
sepsis).
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - hypoglycemia, hypotension,
hyperkaliemia, and hyponatremia.
Pyloric stenosis - often associated with poor intake, vomiting.
Cystic fibrosis - excessive sodium and chloride losses in sweat.
Diabetes insipidus - excessive output of very dilute urine.
Thyrotoxicosis - increased insensible losses and diarrhea.
Definition
7. • Hyponatremic: primarily a loss of electrolytes,
particularly sodium < 135 mmol/l
• Hypernatremic: primarily a loss of water,
Na > 158 mmol/l
• Isonatremic: equal loss of water and electrolytes sodium
135-154 mmol/l
TYPES OF DEHYDRATION BASED ON
TYPE OF FLUID LOSS
8. Mild :
when the total fluid loss reaches 5% or less.
Moderate :
when the total fluid loss reaches 5-10%.
Severe :
when the total fluid loss reaches more than 10%.
10. Moderate dehydration
• Dry skin and mucous membranes
• Thirst
• Decreased urine output
• Crying baby with tears
• Muscle weakness
• Drowsiness
• Light headache
• Sunken fontanels
• Decreased BP
• Increased Pulse rate (tachycardia)
• 5 to 10 % of body Weight is lost
• Capillary refill
• Shallow rapid RR
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. • Extreme thirst
• Very dry mouth, skin and mucous membranes
• Sunken eyes
• Sunken fontanels
• No tears
• Dry skin that lacks elasticity and slowly “bounces back” when
pinched into a fold
• Rapid heartbeat
• Rapid and shallow breath
• Unconsciousness
• More than 10% of body Weight is loss
• Delay in Capillary refill for more than 2 seconds
Severe dehydration
16. Mild Moderate Severe
Weight loss Up to 5% 6-10% More than 10%
Appearance Active, alert Irritable, alert, thirsty Lethargic, looks sick
Capillary filling
(compared to your
own)
Normal Slightly delayed Delayed
Pulse Normal Fast, low volume Very fast, thready
Respiration Normal Fast Fast and deep
Blood pressure Normal Normal or low
Orthostatic hypotension
Very low
Mucous memb. Moist Dry Parched
Tears Present Less than expected Absent
Eyes Normal Normal Sunken
Pinched skin Springs back Tents briefly Prolonged tenting
Fontanel (infant
sitting)
Normal Sunken slightly Sunken significantly
Urine flow Normal Reduced Severely reduced
18. TREATMENT
• Dehydration treatment depends on age, weight, severity of
dehydration and its cause.
Oral rehydration solution (ORS) for mild and moderate
dehydration
IV fluid replacement (for severe dehydration)
Treating the cause of dehydration
19. TREATMENT OF MILD AND MODERATE
DEHYDRATION
Oral rehydration solution (ORS)
is a simple treatment for dehydration
According to WHO formula:
Glucose:13.5-20 g, NaCl: (2.6) 3.5 g,
KCl:1.5 g, Na citrate: 2.9 g,
Water: 1 liter
Contraindications for ORS:
1. Severe dehydration.
2. Unconsciousness.
3. Frequent vomiting attacks.
Continue breastfeeding.
20.
21. Daily Maintenance Fluid Requirements
• Calculate child’s weight in kg.
• Allow 100 ml/kg for the first 10 kg body weight.
• Allow 50 ml/kg for the second 10 kg body weight.
• Allow 20 ml/kg for the remaining body weight.
DAILY MAINTENANCE FLUID
REQUIREMENTS
22. CALCULATING REPLACEMENT
• Deficit in ml = wt (kg) x % dehydrated x 10 (ideally the pre-
dehydration weight should be used).
14 kg child which is 5% dehydrated
has a deficit of 14 x 5 x 10 = 700 ml.
23. INTRAVENOUS REHYDRATION
INDICATIONS
• A. Diarrhea - Severe dehydration (> 10% of BW loss in infants)
- Diarrhea, accompanied by severe uncontrolled vomiting
- Inability to comply with oral fluids
• B. Other indications include Hemorrhage, Shock, Electrolyte
disturbances
• Supplying fluids and food for patients who are unable to maintain oral
intake.
24. INTRAVENOUS REHYDRATION
• Correction of existing fluid deficit
• Replacement of ongoing losses
• Providing the normal daily requirement
Degree of dehydration (% of body weight) Existing fluid deficit
Mild (No signs of dehydration) <5% < 50ml/Kg
Moderate (Some dehydration) 5-10% 50-100ml/Kg
Severe (Severe dehydration) >10% > 100ml/Kg
Example: existing loss of a 5kg weighting boy presented to you with “Some dehydration” is
250 to 500 ml.
Deficit of Sodium – 6-10 mmol/100ml
Deficit of Potassium – 4-6 mmol/100ml
Max. concentration of Potassium in the infusion – 40 mmol/l or 3 mmol/kg/24h
15 mmols of Sodium in 100 ml Serum physiologicum 0,9%
20 mmols of Potassium in 10 ml Potassium Cloride 15%
25. DAILY REQUIREMENTS
Body Weight Fluid per Day Sodium Potassium
0-10 kg 100 mL/kg 3 2
11-20 kg 50 mL/kg for each kg > 10 kg 2 2
> 20 kg 20 mL/kg for each kg > 20 kg 1 1
The maximum total fluid per day is normally 2,400 mL.
The maximum fluid rate is normally 100 mL/hr.
0-10 kg: 4 mL/kg/h
10-20 kg: 40 mL/h + 2 mL/kg/h
>20 kg: 60 mL/h + 1 mL/kg/h
26. EXAMPLE
H2O Na/Cl Ser. Phys.
Existing deficit 560 45 300
Daily needs 800 24 170
Ongoing losses 100 8 50
Weight – 8kg
Moderate dehydration – 7%
BE – (-11)
H2O Na/Cl Ser. Phys.
Existing deficit Weight x dehydration
degree x10
Deficit of water/100 x
6-10 mmol/100ml
(Deficit of sodium/15)
x 100
Daily needs Acc. to the table on previous slide
Ongoing losses App. 2% of BW, max 200ml or measured
Correction of acidosis according
to Astrup formula:
NaHCO3 8,4% BE x 0,3 x kg