This document provides information about gynecologists and the female reproductive system. It defines key terms like gestation period and endometrium. It describes what gynecologists do, such as treating diseases of the reproductive system and performing procedures like hysterectomies. It also explains that the gestation period is the time between conception and birth, usually 38-42 weeks, and that the endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus.

1. Presentation 10
By
Kidane Hailemichael

2. Reproductive System
• Terms
• Gynecologist
• Gestation Period
• Endometrium

3. Gynecologist
• A physician who specializes in treatment of women is called a
gynecologist

4. Gynecology
• Gynecology is the medical practice dealing with the
health of female reproductive system
• A gynecologist specialize in issues regarding a woman’s
reproductive system i.e.
• Ovaries
• Uterus
• Vagina
• Urinary tract issue, such as stress incontinence

5. Gynecologist
• Gynecologists are trained to evaluate, recognize and
treat potential diseases of the reproductive system
• They are also trained to perform surgeries like
hysterectomy (removal of uterus)
• Many gynecologists are also obstetricians
• They help women with reproductive issues
• They oversee the care of a pregnant women
• They are present for the birth of children
• They perform cesarean section
• They induce labor
• They halt premature labor
• They perform any other treatment required before, during or immediately
after a woman has given birth

6. Gynecologist
• In the United States a gynecologist must be board certified
• Gynecologist may work in a medical clinic, a hospital, a clinic
devoted to birth control or abortion, or birth centers
• One of the main jobs in a medical clinic devoted to gynecology
is performing yearly exam
• Gynecologists also use these yearly check-ins to help educate
women about reproductive health and concerns, and to listen
to any concern a woman might have regarding,
• menstrual cycle
• birth control methods
• beginning menopause or others

7. Procedures
• Adhesiolysis - Cutting of adhesions (scar tissue)
• Cervical bone biopsy
• Colporrhapy – Surgical repair f vaginal wall
• Colposcopy – use of a surgical magnifying device to look
at the vagina, vulva and cervix
• Myomectomy – Surgical removal of uterine leiomyomas
• Oophorectomy – Surgical removal of the ovaries
• Trachelectomy - Surgical removal of the cervix

8. Gestation Period
• The time required for the development of a fetus is called
gestation period

9. Gestation
• Gestation is the period of time between conception and birth
• During this time, the baby grows and develops inside the
mother’s womb
• Gestation age is the common term used during pregnancy to
describe how far along the pregnancy is

10. Gestation
• Gestation age is measured in weeks, from the first day of
the woman’s last menstrual cycle to the current date
• A normal pregnancy can range from 38 to 42 weeks
• Infants born before 37 weeks are considered premature
• Infants born after 42 weeks are considered post mature
• Gestation age can be determined before or after birth
• Before birth – A doctor will use ultrasound to measure the baby’s
head, abdomen, and thigh bone.
• This will determine how well the baby is growing in the womb
• After birth – By looking at the baby’s weight, length, head
circumference, vital signs, reflexes, muscle tone, posture, and
condition of the skin and hair

11. Gestation
• Determination of the gestation age is important
• It gives the doctor key information and directly affect the medical
treatment plan for the baby
• So they may choose the times at which to perform various
screening tests and assessments, such as
• Serum screening
• Assessment of maturity
• Induction of labor for post date pregnancies

12. Gestation Period
• In many societies’ medical or legal definitions, human
pregnancy is somewhat arbitrarily divided in to three
trimester periods, as a means to simplify reference to the
different stages of prenatal development
• 1st trimester – carries the highest risk of miscarriage
• 2nd trimester – The development of the fetus can be more easily
monitored and diagnosed
• 3rd trimester – Often approximates the point of viability, or the
ability of the fetus to survive with or with out medical
help, outside of the uterus

13. Endometrium
• The inner lining of the uterus is called the endometrium

14. Uterus
• The uterus consist of two parts, the body and the cervix
• The uterus is the hollow muscular organ in female in
which the blastocyst normally becomes embedded and
in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished
• When a woman is not pregnant the body of the uterus is about
the size of a fist
• During pregnancy the walls of uterus are pushed apart as the
fetus grows
• The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus, it has a canal
opening into the vagina, which allows menstrual blood to flow
out

15. Endometrium
• The endometrium is the innermost grandular layer and
functions as a lining for the uterus, preventing adhesions
between the opposed walls of the myometrium, thereby
maintaining the patency of the uterine cavity

16. Endometrium
• The endometrium consists of a single layer of columnar
epithelium resting on the stroma, a layer of connective
tissue that varies in thickness according to hormonal
influence
• During pregnancy the endometrium thickens and
becomes enriched with blood vessels to house and
support the growing fetus
• If pregnancy did not occur, the endometrium is shed as
part of menstrual flow

17. Endometrium
• In a woman of reproductive age , two layers of
endometrium can be distinguished
• The functional layer- This layer is built up after the end of
menstruation during the first part of the previous menstrual cycle
• This layer is completely shed during menstruation
• The basal layer- Is not shed at any time during the menstrual
cycle, and from it the functional layer develops
• In the absence of progesterone, the arteries supplying
blood to the functional layer constrict, so that cells in
that layer become ischemic and die, leading to
menstruation

18. Pathological Conditions
• Adenomyosis – The growth of the endometrium into the
muscle layer of the uterus
• Endometriosis – The growth of endometrial tissue out
side the uterus
• Endometrial cancer – the most common cancer of the
human female genital tract
• Asherman’s syndrom – occurs when the basal layer of
the endometrium is damaged by in

19. References
• WiseGEEK.com
• University of Rochester medical center
• MedlinePlus.com
• wikipedia.org