This document provides an overview of the gross anatomy, structure, functions, common conditions, tests, and treatments of the lungs. It describes the key parts of the lungs including lobes, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. The lungs' main functions are to transport oxygen to the bloodstream and release carbon dioxide. Common lung conditions mentioned include chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, and lung cancer. Tests to evaluate lung health include chest X-rays, CT scans, and pulmonary function tests. Treatments involve surgery such as thoracotomy or lung resection, as well as bronchodilators.

1. PRESENTATION 2
By
Kidane Hailemichael

2. Lung

3. Gross Anatomy of Lungs
• Each cone shaped lung is surrounded by pleurae and
connected to the mediastinum by vascular and bronchial
attachment , called the lung root
• The anterior, lateral, and posterior lung surface lie in close
contact with the ribs and form the continuously curving
costal surface
• The narrow superior tip of the lung is called the apex
• The concave, inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
is the base
• On the mediastinal surface of each lung, there is an
indentation called the hilum

4. Gross anatomy of lungs
• The two lungs differ in size and shape because the apex
of the heart is slightly to the left of the median plane
• The left lung is smaller than the right lung
• Cardiac notch is a concavity in it’s medial aspect that is
modeled to and accommodates the heart
• The left lung is subdivided into two superior and inferior
lobes by the oblique fissure
• The right lung is subdivided into superior, middle and
inferior lobes by the oblique and horizontal fissure
• The smallest subdivisions of the lung visible with the
naked eye are the lobules

5. Structure of the Lungs
• The trachea divides into two main bronchi that enters the
root of the lungs
• The bronchi continue to divide with in the lung, and after
multiple divisions, give rise to bronchioles
• The bronchial tree continues branching until it reached the
level of terminal bronchioles, which lead to alveolar sacs
• Alveolar sacs are made up of cluster of alveoli
• The individual alvioli are tightly wrapped in blood vessels
and it is here that gas exchange actually occur
• The surface area of the lung is larger than the surface
area of the skin

6. Lungs Respiratory Function
• Transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the blood
stream
• Release carbon dioxide from the blood stream into the
atmosphere
• The exchange of gases is accomplished in the mosaic of
specialized cells that form millions of tiny, exceptionally
thin-walled air sacs called alveoli
• The drawing and expulsion of air (ventilation) is driven by
muscular action

7. Lungs Non Respiratory Function
• Filter out small blood clots formed in veins
• May serve as a layer of soft, shock- absorbent for the
heart
• Maintains sterility by producing mucus containing
antimicrobial compounds
• Celiar escalator action is an important defense system
against air-born infections
• Provide airflow for the creation of vocal sound
• Immunoglobin-A is secreted in the bronchial secretion and
protects against respiratory infection

8. Lung Conditions
• Chronic Bronchitis: Repeated, frequent episodes of
productive cough
• Pneumonia: Infection in one or both lugs
• Asthma: The lungs airways (bronchi) becomes inflamed
and can spasm, causing shortness of breath and
wheezing
• Acute Bronchitis: An infection of the lungs large airways,
usually caused by virus
• Pulmonary Fibrosis: The interstitum becomes scarred,
making the lungs stiff and causing shortness of breath
• Pleurisy: Inflammation of the lining of the lung (pleura),
which often causes pain when breathing in

9. Lung Conditions
• Lung Cancer: Cancer can affect almost any part of the
lung. Most lung cancer is caused by smoking
• Tuberculosis: A slowly progressive pneumonia caused by
a bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
• Emphysema: The fragile walls between the lungs air sacs
are damaged, trapping air in the lungs and making
breathing difficult

10. Lung Tests
• Chest X-ray: X-ray is most common first test for lung
problem
• Computer Tomography (CT Scan): A CT scan uses x-rays
and a computer to make detailed picture of the lung
• Spirometer: Measures how fast and how much air a
person can breath out
• Pulmonary Function Test (PFTs): Serious of tests to
evaluate how well the lungs work
• Sputum Culture: Culturing mucus can sometimes identify
the organism responsible for a Pneumonia or Bronchitis
• Lung Biopsy: A small piece of tissue is taken from the
lung. Examining the biopsied tissue under microscope
can help diagnose lung conditions

11. Lung Treatments
• Thoracotomy: A surgery that enters the chest wall (thorax)
• Video Assisted Thorascopic surgery (VATS): Less-
invasive chest wall surgery using an endoscope
• Plurocentesis: A needle is placed into the chest cavity to
drain fluid that’s around the lung
• Bronchodilators: Inhaled medicines can help expand the
airways (bronchi)
• Lung Transplant: Surgical removal of diseased lung and
replacement with organ donor lungs
• Lung Resection: A diseased portion of the lung is
removed through surgery

12. Medical Terminology
• Pulmon/o – Lung
• Pulmonary – Pertaining to the lung
• Pulmonology – Study of lungs
• Pulmonologist – A physician who specializes in lungs
• Pneumonitis – Inflammation of the lungs

13. References
• Book – Human Anatomy and Physiology
• By Elain N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn
• Www. WebMD.com
• en.wikipenda.org