The Propaganda Movement was a group of Filipinos in the late 19th century who studied in Europe and used literature and writing to advocate for political reforms in the Philippines, including the removal of the tobacco monopoly, shorter forced labor periods, and a tax replacement. While they succeeded in achieving some initial reforms, their funds ran out, some members were killed including their leader Jose Rizal, and they ultimately failed to gain independence from Spain at that time.
The document summarizes the Reform Movement in the Philippines from 1882 to 1896. It discusses key Filipino reformists like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce who advocated for representation in the Spanish Cortes and assimilation of the Philippines as an official province of Spain. Societies like La Liga Filipina and Katipunan were formed to promote reforms through newspapers, but the movement ultimately failed when its leaders were arrested or executed by Spanish authorities.
The document summarizes the key events and organizations of the Philippine Reform Movement from 1882 to 1896. It discusses figures like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce who advocated for political reforms in the Philippines and founded organizations like La Liga Filipina and La Solidaridad to promote assimilation and representation in the Spanish Cortes. The Reform Movement ultimately failed and gave way to the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Following the death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975, Spain transitioned from an authoritarian regime to a democratic constitutional monarchy. The transition involved the legalization of political parties and the first free elections in 1977. Initially, a centrist party called the Union of the Democratic Center gained the most votes as Spaniards were still wary of more extreme left or right parties. By the 1980s, Spain had stabilized into a two-party system dominated by the center-left PSOE and center-right People's Party. The transition also involved economic modernization and recognition of Spain's regional identities like Catalonia.
The reform movement began in 1882 in response to the unjust execution of three Filipino priests and aimed to assimilate the Philippines into Spain through peaceful means. Led by middle class ilustrados like Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Jose Rizal, the movement used publications like La Solidaridad to advocate for reforms. Key organizations that supported reforms included the Hispano-Filipino Association and Masonic lodges. However, the reform movement failed and gave way to more radical organizations like the Katipunan and La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal and Bonifacio in 1892.
The document provides historical context on the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic from 1931-1939. It discusses key events like the proclamation of the republic, the 1931 constitution that established Spain as a secular state, and symbols of the new republic like the flag and national anthem. It also summarizes the Republican-Azañista biennium from 1931-1933 when important reforms were passed regarding agrarian reform, labor laws, the military, religion, and autonomy for Catalonia. Overall, the document outlines the major political, economic, and social developments during the Second Spanish Republic.
The document summarizes the key events and figures of the Philippine Propaganda Movement from 1872 to 1895. The movement was a peaceful crusade led by educated Filipinos called Illustrados to campaign for political reforms through publications like La Solidaridad. Key reforms sought included equality before the law and representation in the Spanish Cortes. The movement gradually ended as its leaders like Rizal were exiled and funds dried up, but its promotion of nationalism and ideals of freedom paved the way for the Philippine Revolution.
A presentation which contains the reform movements during the Spanish Colonizaton such as the Propaganda Movement, the La Solidaridad and the La Liga Filipina.
The Propaganda Movement was a group of Filipinos in the late 19th century who studied in Europe and used literature and writing to advocate for political reforms in the Philippines, including the removal of the tobacco monopoly, shorter forced labor periods, and a tax replacement. While they succeeded in achieving some initial reforms, their funds ran out, some members were killed including their leader Jose Rizal, and they ultimately failed to gain independence from Spain at that time.
The document summarizes the Reform Movement in the Philippines from 1882 to 1896. It discusses key Filipino reformists like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce who advocated for representation in the Spanish Cortes and assimilation of the Philippines as an official province of Spain. Societies like La Liga Filipina and Katipunan were formed to promote reforms through newspapers, but the movement ultimately failed when its leaders were arrested or executed by Spanish authorities.
The document summarizes the key events and organizations of the Philippine Reform Movement from 1882 to 1896. It discusses figures like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce who advocated for political reforms in the Philippines and founded organizations like La Liga Filipina and La Solidaridad to promote assimilation and representation in the Spanish Cortes. The Reform Movement ultimately failed and gave way to the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Following the death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975, Spain transitioned from an authoritarian regime to a democratic constitutional monarchy. The transition involved the legalization of political parties and the first free elections in 1977. Initially, a centrist party called the Union of the Democratic Center gained the most votes as Spaniards were still wary of more extreme left or right parties. By the 1980s, Spain had stabilized into a two-party system dominated by the center-left PSOE and center-right People's Party. The transition also involved economic modernization and recognition of Spain's regional identities like Catalonia.
The reform movement began in 1882 in response to the unjust execution of three Filipino priests and aimed to assimilate the Philippines into Spain through peaceful means. Led by middle class ilustrados like Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Jose Rizal, the movement used publications like La Solidaridad to advocate for reforms. Key organizations that supported reforms included the Hispano-Filipino Association and Masonic lodges. However, the reform movement failed and gave way to more radical organizations like the Katipunan and La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal and Bonifacio in 1892.
The document provides historical context on the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic from 1931-1939. It discusses key events like the proclamation of the republic, the 1931 constitution that established Spain as a secular state, and symbols of the new republic like the flag and national anthem. It also summarizes the Republican-Azañista biennium from 1931-1933 when important reforms were passed regarding agrarian reform, labor laws, the military, religion, and autonomy for Catalonia. Overall, the document outlines the major political, economic, and social developments during the Second Spanish Republic.
The document summarizes the key events and figures of the Philippine Propaganda Movement from 1872 to 1895. The movement was a peaceful crusade led by educated Filipinos called Illustrados to campaign for political reforms through publications like La Solidaridad. Key reforms sought included equality before the law and representation in the Spanish Cortes. The movement gradually ended as its leaders like Rizal were exiled and funds dried up, but its promotion of nationalism and ideals of freedom paved the way for the Philippine Revolution.
A presentation which contains the reform movements during the Spanish Colonizaton such as the Propaganda Movement, the La Solidaridad and the La Liga Filipina.
The document summarizes the key events and figures of the Philippine reformist movement in the late 19th century known as the Propaganda Movement. It discusses the execution of priests known as the Gomburza that helped spark calls for reform, the rise of the ilustrado class who were educated and exposed to liberal ideas abroad, and the founding of cultural organizations like La Solidaridad newspaper and the Liga Filipina society to advocate for reforms through peaceful and intellectual means. Central figures of the movement discussed include Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Jose Rizal who wrote novels highlighting injustices under Spanish colonial rule. However, the movement ultimately failed to achieve its goals of greater autonomy
This document provides an overview of the history and development of media and pop culture in Spain from the 17th century to present day. It discusses the origins of Spain's newspaper tradition in the 17th century gazettes from France. It then outlines the growth of the newspaper industry in Spain throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, followed by the political effects on media during the 20th century including censorship under Franco's dictatorship. The document also briefly profiles some of Spain's major newspapers and news agencies.
The document summarizes the Philippine reform movement from 1882 to 1892. It was led by middle class Filipinos and aimed for peaceful political reforms, not independence from Spain. Key figures included Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Jose Rizal. They campaigned through publications like La Solidaridad and established organizations like the Hispano-Filipino Association and Freemasonry lodges to further their goals of gaining more rights for Filipinos and representation in the Spanish government. In 1892, Rizal formed La Liga Filipina to unite Filipinos and pursue political and economic reforms through peaceful means.
Presentation: Spain in the 19th centuryrafakarmona
The document provides information about Spain during the 19th century. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Industrial Revolution transformed Spain's economy and society in the 19th century as factories replaced workshops. There was social unrest during this time as the lower classes faced difficult working conditions. Culturally, Romanticism emerged in art and literature while new architectural styles like Modernism developed in a growing urban landscape.
The document summarizes the Propaganda Movement, a peaceful campaign for reforms in the Philippines led by educated Filipinos called Illustrados. Key events included the execution of priests Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora in 1872, which radicalized the movement. Leaders like Rizal, del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena wrote literature exposing injustices and petitioning for reforms from abroad. They formed organizations like the Liga Filipina and Compromisarios to further their goals, but the movement ultimately ended due to lack of funds and failure to achieve reforms from Spain. However, their ideals paved the way for the Philippine Revolution.
Fernando Barrientos del Monte gave a presentation in Tokyo, Japan in October 2006. He discussed his background and education including receiving a scholarship from the Japan-IDB program. He provided a brief overview of Mexico's history from ancient civilizations to modern independence. He also summarized Mexico's cultural diversity with its many indigenous groups and traditions. Finally, he touched on Mexico's current political and economic situation, trade relationships, and population statistics. In his master's thesis, he analyzed the democratization process in Latin America using Stein Rokkan's theory of democratic development.
The document summarizes the key events and organizations of the Philippine Reform Movement from the 1880s to 1896. It discusses the unjust execution of three priests that sparked the movement. Major reformists like Rizal, del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena are profiled who sought political reforms like representation in the Spanish Cortes and assimilation of the Philippines as a province of Spain with equal rights. Societies like La Liga Filipina and Masonic lodges supported these aims and promoted unity, education, and economic development among Filipinos.
1. Fernando and Isabel united their kingdoms through marriage, creating a powerful Spain. They established the Spanish Inquisition and expelled Jews in 1492.
2. Explorers like Columbus and Magellan expanded Spain's empire, leading to the conquest of the Aztecs and Incas. This introduced new goods, diseases, and slavery to the Americas.
3. The Hapsburg and Bourbon dynasties ruled Spain over subsequent centuries. The Bourbons centralized power and modernized Spain under the influence of the Enlightenment.
The document summarizes the history of the Spanish Second Republic from 1931 to 1936. Key events include the overthrow of the monarchy in 1931 and establishment of the democratic republic, the progressive constitution of 1931, a period of leftist reform from 1931-1933 followed by a conservative backlash from 1933-1936 under the Radical-CEDA government, and rising tensions that led to the Popular Front election victory in 1936 and military coup planned shortly thereafter that plunged Spain into civil war.
1. In the late 19th century, Spain experienced political instability and unrest due to authoritarian governments that did not enact democratic reforms. This led to a revolution in 1868 and the establishment of a short-lived republic in 1873.
2. Political stability returned under King Alfonso XII in 1874, beginning the Restoration period. However, this was still not a true democracy, and elections were manipulated. Industrialization began in this time.
3. Unrest continued in the early 20th century under King Alfonso XIII, culminating in the establishment of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in 1923 after national disasters. This ended in 1930 and led to the formation of the Second Republic in 1931 and democratic reforms
The document summarizes the history of print media in the Philippines from 1637 to the present. It outlines important milestones like the first Filipino newsletter in 1637, the first newspaper in 1811, and the establishment of major newspapers in the late 19th century that helped fuel the revolution. It also discusses the golden age of Philippine journalism between 1945-1972 before martial law was declared in 1972. The modern era sees a shift towards digital media like the internet, radio, and away from print newspapers and magazines.
The document summarizes the Propaganda Movement and the Katipunan in the Philippines in the 19th century. It describes how Filipino patriots like Jose Rizal campaigned for reforms but failed, leading Bonifacio to found the Katipunan secret society to gain independence through revolution. The Katipunan grew to over 20,000 members and established a government led by Bonifacio, but was discovered in 1896 due to fears of one member revealing secrets, though many members escaped. The document outlines the key events and organizations in the Philippine independence movement during the Spanish colonial period.
The document provides information on Spanish history from the Modern Age through the 19th century. It begins by outlining the social structure and monarchies of the Modern Age, including the Catholic Kings, Habsburg rule, and the Bourbon dynasty. The arts flourished in the Golden Age. The 19th century saw the War of Independence against Napoleon, the Constitution of 1812, and Isabel II's reign which was challenged by moderates and progressives. The First Spanish Republic was established but short-lived from 1873 to 1874 before the Bourbon dynasty was restored.
The political system of the Philippines in the 19th century was organized under one central Spanish government, uniting the country as one nation called "Filipinas" for the first time. The King of Spain was at the top, followed by the Viceroy of Mexico and then the Governor General of the Philippines. Local governments included provincial areas led by Alcalde Mayors, cities governed by city councils, and towns headed by Gobernadorcillos. This Spanish system established centralized rule and administrative divisions across the newly united Philippines.
1. The document discusses the ideology of key Filipino revolutionaries and movements in the 19th century such as Jose Rizal, the Propaganda Movement, and the Katipunan.
2. It outlines the pre-requisites for a successful revolutionary movement including a common ideology, unified leadership, and resources.
3. The document contains an excerpt from "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog" by Emilio Jacinto which outlines the ideology of the Katipunan focusing on equality, justice, dignity, and opposing oppression.
Pedro A. Paterno was born in 1857 in Manila to a wealthy family. He studied at Ateneo Municipal de Manila and universities in Spain, becoming the first Filipino to write a novel in 1885 called Ninay. As a politician, Paterno served as the second Prime Minister of the Philippine Republic from May to November 1899 and was a member of the Philippine Assembly. He is also known for mediating the Pact of Biak-na-Bato between Spanish colonial authorities and Filipino revolutionaries in 1897. Throughout his career, Paterno switched his allegiance between supporting Spanish colonial rule and later backing American colonial rule, earning him a reputation as an opportunistic politician.
The document summarizes key events in Spain from 1931 to 1936 that led to the Spanish Civil War. A provisional government was established in 1931 after republican parties united. Reforms were implemented under progressive governments from 1931-1933 including work, agrarian, and regional autonomy reforms. However, conservative forces opposed the reforms and there were failed coup attempts. From 1933-1936, a more conservative government rolled back some reforms. Tensions increased with events like the Asturias Revolution in 1934 and revolt in Barcelona in 1934. By 1936, political radicalization and confrontation in the streets increased polarization between left and right, setting the stage for the civil war.
The document provides a detailed overview of Colombia's history, geography, and political system. It discusses Colombia gaining independence from Spain in 1810, the formation of the Republic of Gran Colombia in 1819, and the country's long history of violence between the Liberal and Conservative parties. It also summarizes Colombia's struggle with guerrilla groups like the FARC and ELN, paramilitary organizations, and drug cartels in recent decades.
The document is a collection of 15 photos from Flickr shared under various Creative Commons licenses. The photos show scenes of nature, cities, and people engaged in activities and include attribution to the photographers and links to the original photos on Flickr.
SPICE MODEL of 2SK4002 (Standard+BDS Model) in SPICE PARKTsuyoshi Horigome
SPICE MODEL of 2SK4002 (Standard+BDS) in SPICE PARK. English Version is http://www.spicepark.net. Japanese Version is http://www.spicepark.com by Bee Technologies.
The document summarizes the key events and figures of the Philippine reformist movement in the late 19th century known as the Propaganda Movement. It discusses the execution of priests known as the Gomburza that helped spark calls for reform, the rise of the ilustrado class who were educated and exposed to liberal ideas abroad, and the founding of cultural organizations like La Solidaridad newspaper and the Liga Filipina society to advocate for reforms through peaceful and intellectual means. Central figures of the movement discussed include Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Jose Rizal who wrote novels highlighting injustices under Spanish colonial rule. However, the movement ultimately failed to achieve its goals of greater autonomy
This document provides an overview of the history and development of media and pop culture in Spain from the 17th century to present day. It discusses the origins of Spain's newspaper tradition in the 17th century gazettes from France. It then outlines the growth of the newspaper industry in Spain throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, followed by the political effects on media during the 20th century including censorship under Franco's dictatorship. The document also briefly profiles some of Spain's major newspapers and news agencies.
The document summarizes the Philippine reform movement from 1882 to 1892. It was led by middle class Filipinos and aimed for peaceful political reforms, not independence from Spain. Key figures included Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Jose Rizal. They campaigned through publications like La Solidaridad and established organizations like the Hispano-Filipino Association and Freemasonry lodges to further their goals of gaining more rights for Filipinos and representation in the Spanish government. In 1892, Rizal formed La Liga Filipina to unite Filipinos and pursue political and economic reforms through peaceful means.
Presentation: Spain in the 19th centuryrafakarmona
The document provides information about Spain during the 19th century. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Industrial Revolution transformed Spain's economy and society in the 19th century as factories replaced workshops. There was social unrest during this time as the lower classes faced difficult working conditions. Culturally, Romanticism emerged in art and literature while new architectural styles like Modernism developed in a growing urban landscape.
The document summarizes the Propaganda Movement, a peaceful campaign for reforms in the Philippines led by educated Filipinos called Illustrados. Key events included the execution of priests Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora in 1872, which radicalized the movement. Leaders like Rizal, del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena wrote literature exposing injustices and petitioning for reforms from abroad. They formed organizations like the Liga Filipina and Compromisarios to further their goals, but the movement ultimately ended due to lack of funds and failure to achieve reforms from Spain. However, their ideals paved the way for the Philippine Revolution.
Fernando Barrientos del Monte gave a presentation in Tokyo, Japan in October 2006. He discussed his background and education including receiving a scholarship from the Japan-IDB program. He provided a brief overview of Mexico's history from ancient civilizations to modern independence. He also summarized Mexico's cultural diversity with its many indigenous groups and traditions. Finally, he touched on Mexico's current political and economic situation, trade relationships, and population statistics. In his master's thesis, he analyzed the democratization process in Latin America using Stein Rokkan's theory of democratic development.
The document summarizes the key events and organizations of the Philippine Reform Movement from the 1880s to 1896. It discusses the unjust execution of three priests that sparked the movement. Major reformists like Rizal, del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena are profiled who sought political reforms like representation in the Spanish Cortes and assimilation of the Philippines as a province of Spain with equal rights. Societies like La Liga Filipina and Masonic lodges supported these aims and promoted unity, education, and economic development among Filipinos.
1. Fernando and Isabel united their kingdoms through marriage, creating a powerful Spain. They established the Spanish Inquisition and expelled Jews in 1492.
2. Explorers like Columbus and Magellan expanded Spain's empire, leading to the conquest of the Aztecs and Incas. This introduced new goods, diseases, and slavery to the Americas.
3. The Hapsburg and Bourbon dynasties ruled Spain over subsequent centuries. The Bourbons centralized power and modernized Spain under the influence of the Enlightenment.
The document summarizes the history of the Spanish Second Republic from 1931 to 1936. Key events include the overthrow of the monarchy in 1931 and establishment of the democratic republic, the progressive constitution of 1931, a period of leftist reform from 1931-1933 followed by a conservative backlash from 1933-1936 under the Radical-CEDA government, and rising tensions that led to the Popular Front election victory in 1936 and military coup planned shortly thereafter that plunged Spain into civil war.
1. In the late 19th century, Spain experienced political instability and unrest due to authoritarian governments that did not enact democratic reforms. This led to a revolution in 1868 and the establishment of a short-lived republic in 1873.
2. Political stability returned under King Alfonso XII in 1874, beginning the Restoration period. However, this was still not a true democracy, and elections were manipulated. Industrialization began in this time.
3. Unrest continued in the early 20th century under King Alfonso XIII, culminating in the establishment of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in 1923 after national disasters. This ended in 1930 and led to the formation of the Second Republic in 1931 and democratic reforms
The document summarizes the history of print media in the Philippines from 1637 to the present. It outlines important milestones like the first Filipino newsletter in 1637, the first newspaper in 1811, and the establishment of major newspapers in the late 19th century that helped fuel the revolution. It also discusses the golden age of Philippine journalism between 1945-1972 before martial law was declared in 1972. The modern era sees a shift towards digital media like the internet, radio, and away from print newspapers and magazines.
The document summarizes the Propaganda Movement and the Katipunan in the Philippines in the 19th century. It describes how Filipino patriots like Jose Rizal campaigned for reforms but failed, leading Bonifacio to found the Katipunan secret society to gain independence through revolution. The Katipunan grew to over 20,000 members and established a government led by Bonifacio, but was discovered in 1896 due to fears of one member revealing secrets, though many members escaped. The document outlines the key events and organizations in the Philippine independence movement during the Spanish colonial period.
The document provides information on Spanish history from the Modern Age through the 19th century. It begins by outlining the social structure and monarchies of the Modern Age, including the Catholic Kings, Habsburg rule, and the Bourbon dynasty. The arts flourished in the Golden Age. The 19th century saw the War of Independence against Napoleon, the Constitution of 1812, and Isabel II's reign which was challenged by moderates and progressives. The First Spanish Republic was established but short-lived from 1873 to 1874 before the Bourbon dynasty was restored.
The political system of the Philippines in the 19th century was organized under one central Spanish government, uniting the country as one nation called "Filipinas" for the first time. The King of Spain was at the top, followed by the Viceroy of Mexico and then the Governor General of the Philippines. Local governments included provincial areas led by Alcalde Mayors, cities governed by city councils, and towns headed by Gobernadorcillos. This Spanish system established centralized rule and administrative divisions across the newly united Philippines.
1. The document discusses the ideology of key Filipino revolutionaries and movements in the 19th century such as Jose Rizal, the Propaganda Movement, and the Katipunan.
2. It outlines the pre-requisites for a successful revolutionary movement including a common ideology, unified leadership, and resources.
3. The document contains an excerpt from "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog" by Emilio Jacinto which outlines the ideology of the Katipunan focusing on equality, justice, dignity, and opposing oppression.
Pedro A. Paterno was born in 1857 in Manila to a wealthy family. He studied at Ateneo Municipal de Manila and universities in Spain, becoming the first Filipino to write a novel in 1885 called Ninay. As a politician, Paterno served as the second Prime Minister of the Philippine Republic from May to November 1899 and was a member of the Philippine Assembly. He is also known for mediating the Pact of Biak-na-Bato between Spanish colonial authorities and Filipino revolutionaries in 1897. Throughout his career, Paterno switched his allegiance between supporting Spanish colonial rule and later backing American colonial rule, earning him a reputation as an opportunistic politician.
The document summarizes key events in Spain from 1931 to 1936 that led to the Spanish Civil War. A provisional government was established in 1931 after republican parties united. Reforms were implemented under progressive governments from 1931-1933 including work, agrarian, and regional autonomy reforms. However, conservative forces opposed the reforms and there were failed coup attempts. From 1933-1936, a more conservative government rolled back some reforms. Tensions increased with events like the Asturias Revolution in 1934 and revolt in Barcelona in 1934. By 1936, political radicalization and confrontation in the streets increased polarization between left and right, setting the stage for the civil war.
The document provides a detailed overview of Colombia's history, geography, and political system. It discusses Colombia gaining independence from Spain in 1810, the formation of the Republic of Gran Colombia in 1819, and the country's long history of violence between the Liberal and Conservative parties. It also summarizes Colombia's struggle with guerrilla groups like the FARC and ELN, paramilitary organizations, and drug cartels in recent decades.
The document is a collection of 15 photos from Flickr shared under various Creative Commons licenses. The photos show scenes of nature, cities, and people engaged in activities and include attribution to the photographers and links to the original photos on Flickr.
SPICE MODEL of 2SK4002 (Standard+BDS Model) in SPICE PARKTsuyoshi Horigome
SPICE MODEL of 2SK4002 (Standard+BDS) in SPICE PARK. English Version is http://www.spicepark.net. Japanese Version is http://www.spicepark.com by Bee Technologies.
Mario Vargas Llosa nació en Arequipa, Perú en 1936. Estudió en varios colegios en Perú y Bolivia antes de ingresar a la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos en Lima. Obtuvo una beca para estudiar un doctorado en España y luego vivió en París donde publicó su primera colección de cuentos. A lo largo de su carrera ha recibido numerosos premios literarios incluyendo el Premio Nobel de Literatura en 2010. Es conocido por sus novelas que exploran temas políticos y sociales en Perú y
University-Barcelona-Business, edited by Barcelona Activa, is a compilation of 20 case studies of R&D&I collaboration between University and research centers and companies that have given rise to highly innovative initiatives and products.
The energy sector in Barcelona and Catalonia is an important economic driver for the region. Barcelona has become a leader in Spain for renewable energy and sustainability initiatives. Several factors contribute to Barcelona's prominence in energy, including strong promotion of renewable technologies, a focus on energy efficiency, new infrastructure projects, and large energy companies headquartered in Catalonia. Research and manufacturing related to energy also help make the sector a major part of the regional economy.
El documento describe el funcionamiento del navegador web y el protocolo HTTP. Explica que el navegador renderiza HTML y ejecuta JavaScript, y que HTTP se usa para solicitar y transferir recursos como páginas web, imágenes y archivos. También describe los componentes clave de una petición y respuesta HTTP como la operación, URL, cabeceras y cuerpo.
Pasantía sobre Manual Web para la documentación de la integración de la Centr...maria ferreira
Presentación de la Pasantía titulada Manual Web para la documentación de la integración de la Central Telefónica Digital a la Red LAN del Centro Local Carabobo. Universidad Nacional Abierta. Venezuela 2010. realizada por: María Isabel Ferreira
O documento discute a literacia da informação no contexto da literacia do século XXI e o papel das bibliotecas. Ele define literacia e vários tipos de literacia, incluindo literacia da informação. Também discute as competências necessárias para a literacia do século XXI e o papel das bibliotecas em ensinar essas competências.
El interval training consiste en alternar periodos de alta intensidad con periodos de descanso activo. Mejora notablemente la resistencia física, la capacidad aeróbica y la quema de calorías. Existen diferentes tipos como realizar series de 300 metros a intensidad moderada con descansos de 3 minutos, o hacer 12 diagonales a alta intensidad con descansos trotando.
The document provides information about the ICT sector in Barcelona and Catalonia. It discusses 10 reasons to invest in ICT in the region, including Barcelona's position as a digital city with high ICT penetration rates, the concentration of over 1,700 ICT companies in the area, and the availability of infrastructure, innovation networks, and knowledge generation centers to support the sector. It also highlights the culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, public institution support for ICT promotion, important ICT projects, future sector potential, and the culture of networking and adaptation to change that make Barcelona an attractive location for ICT investment.
The document discusses homeostasis and fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. It covers the key electrolytes sodium, potassium, calcium, and their roles in the body. For each electrolyte, it discusses normal values, functions, causes and signs of imbalance, diagnostic tests, and nursing management for hypo- and hyper- conditions. It provides examples of nursing questions related to fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
El documento presenta una serie de pruebas funcionales para evaluar la movilidad de la columna vertebral lumbar y los nervios ciático y femoral. Incluye exámenes como la palpación de dermatomas, la movilización de tejidos blandos, la tracción lumbar en diferentes posiciones, y movimientos segmentarios de la columna como flexión, rotación y extensión. El objetivo es comprobar cambios en los síntomas del paciente y aumentar el rango de movimiento.
Credits for Learning with Open CourseWare – Introducing a Learning PassportAnthony Fisher Camilleri
The presentation created by Anne-Christin Tannhauser and Anthony F. Camilleri presents a number of scenarios for the unbundling of learning, together with proposals on how to improve the recognition and transfer of credit achieved through open learning.
2015 02 judicialization of catalonian language and identity politicsMiqui Mel
The document summarizes a judicial decision regarding Catalonia's status within Spain that has strained relations between the two governments. The Spanish Constitutional Court struck down parts of Catalonia's statute that referenced Catalonia as a "nation" and gave preferential status to the Catalan language. This decision fueled anti-Spanish sentiment in Catalonia and led Catalan leaders to hold a symbolic independence referendum in 2014, further exacerbating tensions over Catalonia's autonomy and identity within Spain. The ruling highlighted the tension between Spain's principle of national unity and recognition of regional autonomy in its constitution.
The passage describes a unique atmosphere in Barcelona, Spain, with colorful artifacts and greenery throughout. It focuses on a modern installation artwork called "Identity" located in Plaza Nova. The translucent bamboo structure in a grid formation is meant to reinterpret an ancient wall and allow people to walk through openings. The artwork was commissioned to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Battle of Barcelona on September 11, 1714, when the city fell to French-Castilian troops after a long siege, becoming a symbol of Catalan national identity and spirit of recovery.
Did you know that the language of Barcelona is not Spanish but Catalan? Did you know that Catalonia is a nation? Did you know that the Catalans had the first Parliament? Discover this rich culture.
The document discusses the recent vote in Catalonia supporting independence from Spain and examines related documents from the 1970s during Spain's transition to democracy after Franco's dictatorship. It finds that despite the relatively peaceful transition, there were underlying forces of separatism, as evidenced by concerns over Catalan autonomy. The Catalan identity and past concessions to autonomy have nourished calls for independence that remain strong today, as shown by the recent vote, posing challenges for the Spanish government.
The document discusses the Renaixença movement in Catalonia during the 19th century. The movement originated as a recovery of the Catalan language through literary festivals. It led to a wider Catalanism movement promoting traditional Catalan values and identity. Over time, Catalanism evolved into a nationalist political movement seeking greater autonomy or independence from Spain, as is advocated by some political parties in Catalonia today.
The document is a letter responding to claims made by colleagues from Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya. It makes four main points: 1) Calling an illegal referendum undermines democracy and rule of law. 2) Allowing the referendum would deprive all Spanish citizens a say in their country's future. 3) Catalonia has historically always been part of Spain and was never a separate nation. 4) Catalans who oppose independence are facing intimidation and those claiming most Catalans support the referendum are misrepresenting polls showing only 23% support it.
The Galizan Nationalist Bloc (BNG) newsletter summarizes their activities over the past few months, celebrating the 50th anniversary of Galizan National Day with over 20,000 participants demanding sovereignty for Galiza. It discusses international delegations that attended, the 30th anniversary of Galiza Nova, support for Catalan independence, condemnation of the imprisonment of the Meirás 19 activists, the BNG's participation in the European Free Alliance assembly, and criticism of EU electoral reforms weakening representation of smaller parties.
The document discusses the 300th anniversary of the War of Spanish Succession ending in 1714 with Barcelona surrendering to Bourbon troops. It provides historical context of the period following 1714 when Catalonia lost ancient freedoms and political autonomy under centralizing Spanish rule. While Catalan identity and culture faced attacks, the 19th century Renaixença cultural revival movement helped sustain the Catalan nation. The document argues Catalonia still desires equal partnership in democratic Spain but recent events have changed citizens' relationship with the Spanish state due to issues like fiscal contributions not being fairly distributed. It maintains the will of the Catalan people is to vote on their future and they will hold a non-binding referendum on November 9th regarding Catal
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1. Catalan independentism 1
Catalan independentism
Catalan independentism (Catalan: Independentisme català;
Eastern Catalan: [indəpəndənˈtizmə kətəˈɫa], Western
Catalan: [independenˈtizme kataˈla]) is a political movement,
derived from Catalan nationalism, which supports the
independence of Catalonia or the so-called Catalan countries
from Spain and France. Catalan independentism is based on
the thesis that Catalonia is a nation, derived from its own
history, language and culture.
The beginnings of the movement can be traced back to the
early 20th century, when some organisations and political Catalan independentist mural in Belfast
parties started demanding full independence of Catalonia from
Spain. During the following years, and mainly due to Franco's regime oppression against the Catalan people and
culture, the movement gained more sympathizers. More recently, there has been an increase in the number of
followers and non-binding and unofficial referendums have been held in municipalities around Catalonia.
The Estelada flag, in its blue and red versions, has become its main symbol.
History
Some Catalan separatist authors argue that first precedents of
Catalan independentism may date back as far as 1640, with the
unsuccessful first Catalan Republic after the Reaper's War, and
subsequently during the War of the Spanish Succession. However, in
the modern sense, the first political parties which started defining
themselves as independentists[1] were created between the 1920s and
the 1930s in Spanish Catalonia. The main separatist party created at
this time was Estat Català[1] and its branch called Bandera Negra.
Estat Català evolved into the new party Esquerra Republicana de
Catalunya, although some of its members refused it and remained
faithful to the original Estat Català, now a minor party.
After the Spanish Civil War, members of Estat Català and Nosaltres
Sols founded the Front Nacional de Catalunya which became the
main pro-independence party. However, one might argue that
modern Catalan independentism was actually born in the 1960s with
On the left, Francesc Macià, leader of ERC and the Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional (PSAN). Since then, the
President of Catalonia between 1931 and 1933 pro-independence movement has assumed a mostly left-wing
political trend and has often shifted its focus from "independence for
Catalonia" to "independence for the 'Catalan Countries'".
By the 1970s, the PSAN split into several factions, and many other groups appeared, including the armed
organization Terra Lliure. In the 1980s, the Moviment de Defensa de la Terra (MDT) became the major
pro-independence political group but this too became divided by the end of the decade. During the 1990s, existing
political parties such as Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya and the linguistic-national initiative Crida a la Solidaritat
progressively evolved towards a more pro-independence stance.
2. Catalan independentism 2
Modern Independentism
The parties explicitly campaigning for independence are Esquerra
Republicana de Catalunya, Solidaritat Catalana per la Independència
and Reagrupament; the former two are currently represented in the
Catalan Parliament. They won 11.6% of the total Catalan votes in the
Catalan Parliament in the Catalonian parliamentary election, 2010 [2]
becoming the 3rd most important party and having the key for the
government. They are present as well in another parliament in the
Catalan countries, namely that of the Balearic Islands, where they
have one member.[3] They also have an elected member in the
Consell de Mallorca[4] which belongs to the autonomic government.
Out of Catalan Countries they have one MEP and 3 members of the
Spanish Parliament.
A number of members and voters of Convergència i Unió (CiU),
nationalist federation of 2 parties[5] with the majority of seats at the
Catalan parliament (38.5% of the vote in the 2010 Catalan
parliamentary election) also give, usually less explicit, support to Joan Puigcercós, former leader of ERC, in Blanes
independence. This tendency inside the party has presumably been
growing since its leader proposed in 2007 the so called Casa Gran del Catalanisme project which, among other
causes, includes the defense of self-determination for Catalonia. Finally, the left wing party Iniciativa per Catalunya
(7.5% of the vote in the 2010 Catalan parliamentary election) claims to give full support to self-determination right
and has several members explicitly supporting Catalan independence.
The political parties that explicitly reject Catalan independence and self-determination rights are the Socialists' Party
of Catalonia,[6] the People's Party of Catalonia[7] and Ciutadans[8] which had 18,6%, 12,2% and 3,4% of the vote
respectively in the 2010 Catalan parliamentary election. However, there is a significant fraction within the Socialist
Party supporting the sovereignty of Catalonia within a federalized Spain.[9]
Other independentist smaller parties or coalitions, without present representation in any parliament, are Estat Català,
Unitat Nacional de Catalunya, Endavant, PSAN, MDT, CUP and Reagrupament. There are also youth organizations
such as Maulets or Coordinadora d'Assemblees de Joves de l'Esquerra Independentista, and the student unions SEPC
and FNEC.
In recent years, some of the rationale for Catalan independentism has
received support from individuals coming from a broader political
spectrum other than the usual left or far-left Catalan nationalism.
Relevant examples are the liberal economists Xavier Sala i
Martín[10] and Ramon Tremosa Balcells (elected deputy for CiU in
the European parliament in the 2009 election), the lawyer and FC
Barcelona president Joan Laporta[11] or the jurist and former member
of the Consejo General del Poder Judicial Alfons López Tena.[12]
The think tank Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes, led by the jurists "L'Estelada Vermella" (The Red Starred Flag), the
Alfons López Tena and Hèctor López Bofill was founded in 2007. red version of the independentist flag.
Since then it has summoned a number of lawmakers, professors,
businessmen, professionals, economists, journalists and intellectuals for the cause of Catalonia's independence. In
Spain, some considered
3. Catalan independentism 3
this trend to have been stimulated as a reaction especially against the
policy of the latter Spanish governments of the Partido Popular
party, and its opposition to certain legislative reforms such as the
new proposal of Statute of Catalonia.
Referendum on Catalonia's independence
Since 13 December 2009, non-official referendums on Catalan
independence are being carried out[13][14][15] in 167[16] towns,
"L'Estelada Blava" (The Blue Starred Flag), the blue
villages and 5 Comarcal council covering more than 700,000[17]
version of the independentist flag.
citizens with 15,000 volunteers,[18] following the first one celebrated
in Arenys de Munt on 13 September, 30[16] international observers
have been accredited, like the MEPs (Jill Evans from Plaid Cymru, Frieda Brepoels from Flanders, François Alfonsi
from Corse and Oriol Junqueras from Catalonia).[19]
Studies on social support to independentism in Catalonia
Polls on the matter are troublesome as the question of independence is not on the daily political agenda, something
which may be distorting replies from the interviewed. What is more, polls from different institutions vary greatly.
The position of Catalans regarding the independence of either Catalonia or of the Catalan Countries must be studied
taking into account an important fact, namely, that a huge number of Catalan citizens are of immigrant origin and
that many of them feel little or no connection to the Catalan language or culture. It has been reckoned that the total
population of Catalonia with no migrations would have grown from 2 million people in 1900 to just 2.4 million in
1980,[20] merely 39% of the actual population of 6.1 million at that date. This population has continued growing and
was over 7.4 million in 2009.
Polls
A few institutions have performed polls which also include questions on the independence issue in Catalonia. The
following are the most prominent ones: (1) Center for Social Research (Centro de Investigaciones Sociales CIS)
which belongs to the Spanish government, (2) Social and Political Sciencies Institute of Barcelona (Institut de
Ciències Polítiques i Socials ICPS) belonging to the Autonomous University of Barcelona and Diputation of
Barcelona, and (3) Center for Opinion Studies (Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió CEO). The CEO was depending on the
Economy Department of the Generalitat of Catalonia until early 2011. Since then it has been placed under direct
control of the Presidency of the Generalitat. It is now headed by Jordi Argelaguet i Argemí.
CIS performed a poll in Catalonia on 2001, including an explicit question on independence with the following
results: 35.9% supporting it, 48.1% opposing it, 13.3% indifferent, 2.8% did not reply.
ICPS performs annually an opinion poll since 1989, which always includes a section on independence.
The question of independence has not been polled so far in other Catalan-speaking territories outside of Catalonia,
but anecdotal evidence (basically the total absence of the independentist question in those territories) suggests that
there is no sizeable support for the idea of independence of the Catalan-speaking territories outside of Catalonia.
Polls seem to indicate an ambivalent and far from universal feeling. For example, the 2007 ICPS poll indicated that,
when asked about the independence of Catalonia, 51% of the population would be against it, 32% would be for it,
while 17% do not have an opinion, but, in the same poll, when asked about the meaning of Spain, only 5% of the
interviewed identified with the downright independentist option ("Spain is an alien State of which my country is not
a part").[21]
The results are in the following table:
4. Catalan independentism 4
Year Support (%) Against (%) Indifferent (%) Do not reply (%)
1991 35 50 11 4
1992 31 53 11 5
1993 37 50 9 5
1994 35 49 14 3
1995 36 52 10 3
1996 29 56 11 4
1997 32 52 11 5
1998 32 55 10 3
1999 32 55 10 3
2000 32 53 13 3
2001 33 55 11 1
2002 34 52 12 1
2003* 43 43 12 1
2004* 39 44 13 3
2005 36 44 15 6
2006 33 48 17 2
2007 31.7 51.3 14.1 2.9
[22] 41.4 22.9 26.5 9.2
2011
• On 2003 and 2004 a different methodology was used (telephonic instead of door-to-door interview).
CEO performs regular polls studying political opinion of Catalan citizens. The following table contains the answers
to the question "Which kind of political entity should Catalonia be with respect to Spain?"[23]:
Date Independent state Confederal Keep it as it is Spanish region Do not know Do not reply
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
June 2005 13.6 31.3 40.8 7.0 6.2 1.1
November 2005 12.9 35.8 37.6 5.6 6.9 1.2
March 2006 13.9 33.4 38.2 8.1 5.1 1.2
July 2006 14.9 34.1 37.3 6.9 6.1 0.7
October 2006 14.0 32.9 38.9 8.3 5.1 0.8
November 2006 15.9 32.8 40.0 6.8 3.7 0.8
March 2007 14.5 35.3 37.0 6.1 4.9 2.2
July 2007 16.9 34.0 37.3 5.5 5.4 1.0
October 2007 18.5 34.2 35.0 4.7 6.0 1.5
December 2007 17.3 33.8 37.8 5.1 5.0 1.0
January 2008 19.4 36.4 34.8 3.8 4.1 1.6
May 2008 17.6 33.4 38.9 5.1 4.3 0.7
July 2008 16.1 34.7 37.0 6.1 5.2 0.9
November 2008 17.4 31.8 38.3 7.1 4.2 1.2
5. Catalan independentism 5
February 16.1 35.2 38.6 4.5 3.6 2.0
[24]
2009
[25] 20.9 35.0 34.9 4.4 3.0 1.7
May 2009
[26] 19.0 32.2 36.8 6.2 4.2 1.6
July 2009
December 21.6 29.9 36.9 5.9 4.1 1.6
[27]
2009
2010 1st 19.4 29.5 38.2 6.9 4.4 1.6
[28]
series
2010 2nd 21.5 31.2 35.2 7.3 4.0 0.7
[29]
series
2010 3rd 24.3 31.0 33.3 5.4 4.9 1.0
[30]
series
2010 4th 25.2 30.9 34.7 5.9 2.7 0.7
[31]
series
2011 1st 24.5 31.9 33.2 5.6 3.5 1.3
[32]
series
2011 2nd 25.5 33.0 31.8 5.6 3.4 0.8
[33]
series
2011 3rd 28.2 30.4 30.3 5.7 3.9 1.5
[34]
series
• Also, since the second quarter of 2011, CEO is asking about the behaviour in an independence referendum:
Date In favor (%) Against (%) Abstain (%) Other (%) Do not know (%) Do not reply (%)
[33] 42.9 28.2 23.3 0.5 4.4 0.8
2011 2nd series
[34] 45.4 24.7 23.8 0.6 4.6 1.0
2011 3rd series
This means that, in the 2011 3rd series, for a turnout of 71.4 %, the opinion is 60.3% in favor of independence and
39,7% against.
• The Catalan newspapers El Periódico and La Vanguardia have been publishing their own surveys in recent
times.
La Vanguardia
6. Catalan independentism 6
Date Yes (%) No (%) Other (%)
[35] 35 46 19
02/11/09
[36] 36 44 20
15/03/10
[37] 37 41 22
19/05/10
[38] 47 36 17
18/07/10
[39] 40 45 15
07/09/10
[40] 34 30 35
11/04/11
El Periódico
Date Yes (%) No (%) Other (%)
[41] 33.9 43.9 22.3
October 2007
[42] 39.0 40.6 20.4
December 2009
[43] 48.1 35.3 16.6
June 2010
[44] 53.6 32.0 14.4
January 2012
• The FUNDACC Government Association conducted a survey over 5084 people that threw the following result.
Date Yes (%) No (%) Other (%)
[45] 34 30 36
April 2011
Public figures supporting Catalan independence
• Víctor Alexandre, writer
• Miquel Calçada, journalist and reporter[46]
• José Carreras, tenor singer[47]
• Àngel Colom, politician, founder of the Independence Party, currently member of the Democratic Convergence of
Catalonia
• Joan Laporta, former president of the Barcelona Football Club, and chairman of the Catalan Solidarity for
Independence
• Alfons López Tena, jurist, former member of the General Council of the Judicial Power of Spain
• Hèctor López Bofill, political scientist and poet
• Joel Joan, actor
• Oriol Junqueras, historian and political activist
• Justo Molinero, Radio host[48]
• Quim Monzó, short story writer
• Manuel de Pedrolo, writer
• Felip Puig, politician (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia) [49][50]
• Jordi Pujol i Soley, former president of the Generalitat de Catalunya
• Oriol Pujol i Ferrusola, politician (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia)[51]
• Pilar Rahola, journalist and author, co-founder of the Independence Party
• Jordi Rebellón, actor
• Francesc Ribera i Toneu, lead singer of the group Brams
8. Catalan independentism 8
[31] Baròmetre d'Opinió Polític. 4a onada 2010 (http:/ / ceo. gencat. cat/ ceop/ AppJava/ pages/ home/ fitxaEstudi. html?colId=3068&
lastTitle=Baròmetre+ d'Opinió+ Política+ (BOP). + 4a+ onada+ 2010)
[32] Baròmetre d'Opinió Polític. 1a onada 2011 (http:/ / ceo. gencat. cat/ ceop/ AppJava/ pages/ home/ fitxaEstudi. html?colId=3368&
lastTitle=Baròmetre+ d'Opinió+ Política+ (BOP). + 1a+ onada+ 2011)
[33] Baròmetre d'Opinió Polític. 2a onada 2011 (http:/ / ceo. gencat. cat/ ceop/ AppJava/ pages/ home/ fitxaEstudi. html?colId=3648&
lastTitle=Baròmetre+ d'Opinió+ Política+ (BOP). + 2a+ onada+ 2011)
[34] Baròmetre d'Opinió Polític. 3a onada 2011 (http:/ / ceo. gencat. cat/ ceop/ AppJava/ pages/ home/ fitxaEstudi. html?colId=3808&
lastTitle=Baròmetre+ d'Opinió+ Política+ (BOP). + 3a+ onada+ 2011)
[35] (http:/ / www. lavanguardia. es/ politica/ noticias/ 20091102/ 53816274034/
la-mayoria-aprueba-la-consulta-independentista-pero-votaria-en-contra-ciu-icv-psc-pp-laporta-institu. html) La mayoría aprueba la consulta
independentista pero votaría en contra (Spanish)
[36] (http:/ / www. lavanguardia. es/ politica/ noticias/ 20100315/ 53897625621/
el-apoyo-a-las-consultas-y-el-rechazo-a-la-independencia-se-mantienen-estables. html) El apoyo a las consultas y el rechazo a la
independencia se mantienen estables (Spanish)
[37] (http:/ / www. lavanguardia. es/ politica/ noticias/ 20100519/ 53928729662/
la-independencia-logra-su-mayor-cota-mientras-cae-el-rechazo-a-la-secesion-erc-ciu-estatut-noxa-psc-. html) La independencia logra su
mayor cota mientras cae el rechazo a la secesión (Spanish)
[38] (http:/ / www. lavanguardia. es/ politica/ noticias/ 20100717/ 53965335140/
ciu-sigue-cerca-de-la-mayoria-absoluta-frente-a-un-tripartito-que-no-remonta. html) CiU sigue cerca de la mayoría absoluta frente a un
tripartito que no remonta (Spanish)
[39] (Spanish)[[Category:Articles with Spanish language external links (http:/ / www. lavanguardia. es/ politica/ noticias/ 20100907/
53996153467/ el-apoyo-a-la-independencia-remite-y-cae-al-40-tribunal-constitucional-partido-popular-instituto-nox. html)]
[40] (http:/ / www. lavanguardia. com/ politica/ 20110411/ 54139721337/
el-34-de-los-catalanes-votaria-si-a-la-independencia-mientras-el-30-se-decantaria-por-el-no. html) El 34% de los catalanes votaría sí a la
independencia mientras el 30% se decantaría por el no (Spanish)
[41] (http:/ / www. elperiodico. cat/ default. asp?idpublicacio_PK=46& idioma=CAT& idnoticia_PK=450428& idseccio_PK=1008) El suport a
un referèndum a Catalunya sorprèn els partits (Catalan)
[42] (http:/ / www. elperiodico. cat/ ca/ noticias/ politica/ 20091222/ lindependentisme-avanca-fins-quedar-se-punt-majoria/ 233940. shtml)
L'independentisme avança fins a quedar-se a un punt de la majoria (Catalan)
[43] (http:/ / www. elperiodico. cat/ ca/ noticias/ politica/ 20100619/ quasi-meitat-catalunya-trencaria-avui-amb-espanya/ 335765. shtml) Quasi la
meitat de Catalunya trencaria avui amb Espanya (Catalan)
[44] (http:/ / societat. e-noticies. cat/ la-independencia-guanya-a-les-enquestes-61097. html) La independència guanya a les enquestes segons el
baròmetre d'El Periódico (Catalan)
[45] (http:/ / www. fundacc. org/ docroot/ fundacc/ includes/ noticies/ fitxers/ entrada11758/ fitxer1326/ 0411-Independencia. pdf) El 34 per cent
dels catalans votaria sí a la independència, el 30 per cent votaria no, el 23 per cent no sap o no contesta, el 9 per cent s'abstindria i el 3 per cent
votaria en blanc (Catalan)
[46] http:/ / www. naciodigital. cat/ noticia/ 12760/ miquel/ calcada/ dignitat/ catalunya/ nom/ nom/ independencia
[47] http:/ / www. intereconomia. com/ programa/ gato-al-agua/ tenor-jose-carreras-camara-visca-catalunya-lliure
[48] http:/ / www. elsingulardigital. cat/ cat/ notices/ 2010/ 04/ justo_molinero_promoura_la_consulta_sobre_independencia_de_cornella_50097.
php
[49] http:/ / www. lamalla. cat/ politica/ article?id=399273
[50] http:/ / www. elpais. com/ articulo/ espana/ cupula/ Convergencia/ abraza/ independentismo/ Cataluna/ elpepuesp/ 20071028elpepinac_16/
Tes
[51] http:/ / www. elsingulardigital. cat/ cat/ notices/ 2010/ 07/ oriol_pujol_es_declara_independentista_54758. php
[52] http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=6FqmcPhp0j8
[53] http:/ / video. google. com/ videoplay?docid=-7040807663819337937#
[54] http:/ / cardedeuperlaindependencia. cat/ joan-sola-i-les-consultes
[55] http:/ / www. insideworldsoccer. com/ 2009/ 02/ henry-catalunya-is-not-spain. html
9. Catalan independentism 9
External links
• A video based on an article about Catalonia's independence by professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin from Columbia
University. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GqD-D3ssHhk)
• Party Urging More Autonomy From Spain Seems to Win in Catalonia (http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.
html?res=FA0611FD385B0C718CDDA80994DE404482) Article on New York Times, November 2, 2006
• Courage in Catalonia (http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.
html?res=F60D10FD34550C718EDDAF0894DE404482) Article on New York Times, June 22, 2006
• Voters in Catalonia Approve A Plan for Greater Autonomy (http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.
html?res=F70D11FF35550C7A8DDDAF0894DE404482) Article on New York Times, June 19, 2006
• Spain Moves On Law to Give Broad Powers To Catalonia (http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.
html?res=F30C13FF39540C728FDDAA0894DE404482) Article on New York Times, March 31, 2006
• Independentist sites (http://www.dmoz.org/World/Català /PolÃtica_i_govern/Independentisme//) at the
Open Directory Project. (Catalan)
• History of Catalan independentism (http://www.xtec.es/recursos/socials/eltemps/abril_05.pdf). Dossier of
the Catalan magazine El Temps. (Catalan)
• Estatpropi.Cat, Webpage to count and to show the support to create an own state for the Catalan Countries (http:/
/www.estatpropi.cat/)
• Spain's secret conflict (Documentary) (http://vimeo.com/24052492)
10. Article Sources and Contributors 10
Article Sources and Contributors
Catalan independentism Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=473561247 Contributors: Akerbeltz, Alexander Domanda, Alexandrecomas, Alpha claudii, Avizcaino, Behemoth,
Belchman, Betacommand, Blondlieut, Brattanie, Chris the speller, Cnoguera, Curb Chain, Dannycas, David Latapie, DerBorg, Diego Moya, Dúnadan, Edsova, Enric, EoGuy, Epbr123, Epfnc,
Eumolpo, EvanSeeds, Everyking, Felpeyu, Fobizan, Friviere, Gershake, Gsp, Guiladg, HappyInGeneral, Hibernian, Hmains, Icemanofbarcelona101, IkonicDeath, Independència, JORDI
SIRVENT NUÑEZ, Jaume87, Jey86, Joan sense nick, Joaquin008, John of Reading, Jordi G, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jotamar, Liberlogos, LilHelpa, Lordet, MacRusgail, Miguel303xm, Miquel
Girones, Mountolive, Mysid, Purpleturple, Queenmomcat, Radagast83, Rubenset, SMP, SQGibbon, SimonP, Sonicology, Taraborn, Toniher, Torecilla, Trivial, Tygerpencil, VR-Land, Viator
slovenicus, Wllacer, Womansblues, Wrathchild, Xtv, YuriBCN, Zzuuzz, 82 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Paisos catalans belfast.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paisos_catalans_belfast.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
Asarlaí, Erri4a, Friviere, Javierme, Joan Puigbarcell, Martorell, Toniher, Wknight94, 5 anonymous edits
File:Manuel Ainaud Sanchez 3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Manuel_Ainaud_Sanchez_3.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0
Contributors: Family
File:Puigcercosblanes.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Puigcercosblanes.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Joanut
File:Estelada roja.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Estelada_roja.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: CHV, Comunaire,
Friviere, Huhsunqu, Joan Puigbarcell, Martorell, Mutxamel, Pmmollet, Van der Hoorn, Vilallonga, 6 anonymous edits
File:Estelada blava.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Estelada_blava.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Comunaire, Conscious,
Friviere, Huhsunqu, Joan Puigbarcell, Martorell, Mutxamel, Pmmollet, Van der Hoorn, 4 anonymous edits
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
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