Transforming African Economies: Interconnectedness, Investment, and Inclusive...OECDglobal
The document discusses challenges facing private sector stakeholders in Africa, including interconnectedness, investment, and inclusiveness. It notes that while Africa has seen strong economic growth and increasing trade and investment, intra-African trade remains low, investment lags behind other regions, and skills mismatches and education quality hamper inclusive growth. The OECD aims to support Africa's transformation by leveraging its work on trade in value chains, public-private partnerships, investment policy, and education strategies to help address these challenges and reduce barriers to doing business on the continent.
African Economic Outlook 2015. Nordic dissemination Helsinki.UNU-WIDER
This document provides an outline and summary of the African Economic Outlook 2015 report presented by the UN-WIDER, African Development Bank Group, and Development Research Department. It summarizes that Africa's GDP growth is expected to be 3.7% in 2015 and 4.4% in 2016, driven by agriculture, manufacturing, extractive industries, services, and construction. However, risks to growth include lower commodity prices, pockets of conflict, and currency depreciations. It also discusses Africa's population growth and challenges around job creation, noting the need for innovative, multi-sectoral, and place-based regional development strategies.
The document discusses Africa's potential to become a pole of global growth. It notes that Africa has experienced economic growth in recent years, but still faces challenges in diversifying its economies and generating sufficient jobs. For Africa to truly unleash its potential as a driver of global growth, it will need to accelerate structural transformation through industrialization and modernization of agriculture, while also investing heavily in infrastructure, education, and regional integration. With the right policies and continued reforms, Africa could see a significant expansion of trade, investment, and development.
This document provides an economic overview and outlook for sub-Saharan Africa in three parts:
1) Economic growth has slowed in 2015-2016 due to falling commodity prices, though growth remains higher than other regions. There are large disparities between commodity exporters and importers.
2) New challenges to growth include lower commodity prices, deteriorating global financial conditions, and long-term challenges of climate change and rapid population growth.
3) Growth prospects are examined for select oil exporters, frontier economies, and individual countries like Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, which are expected to continue robust growth despite challenges.
This document discusses economic opportunities in developing regions around the world amid an uncertain global economy. It analyzes the state of key economies like the US, Europe, China, and several emerging markets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Several countries and regions are highlighted as having strong growth potential in the coming years, such as Africa due to its young population, various Asian countries benefiting from rising domestic consumption, and Latin America's growing middle class driving consumer demand. Challenges and risks to growth are also noted.
Macreconomic outlook challenges and opportunitiesDr Lendy Spires
1) Africa has experienced steady economic growth above 5% for several years, driven by high commodity prices and increased trade and investment from China and India. However, inflation remains high and progress on the MDGs has been slow.
2) Technical and vocational skills development can play an important role in addressing skills gaps and youth unemployment, boosting productivity, and supporting achievement of the MDGs, but access to TVSD in Africa is low compared to other regions.
3) Key challenges include improving secondary education completion rates, adequately addressing skills needs, and reforming TVSD provision to meet the demands of formal and informal labor markets.
The document is a report by the Economic Commission for Africa and the African Union Commission titled "Governing development in Africa - the role of the state in economic transformation". It examines the role of the state in promoting economic transformation in Africa. The report finds that while some African states have pursued policies to transform their economies, overall progress has been limited. It argues that African countries need to develop "developmental states" capable of planning and implementing long-term development strategies. The report provides recommendations for how African states can enhance their role in economic transformation by strengthening institutions, implementing focused industrial policies, and investing in areas like research and social policy.
Transforming African Economies: Interconnectedness, Investment, and Inclusive...OECDglobal
The document discusses challenges facing private sector stakeholders in Africa, including interconnectedness, investment, and inclusiveness. It notes that while Africa has seen strong economic growth and increasing trade and investment, intra-African trade remains low, investment lags behind other regions, and skills mismatches and education quality hamper inclusive growth. The OECD aims to support Africa's transformation by leveraging its work on trade in value chains, public-private partnerships, investment policy, and education strategies to help address these challenges and reduce barriers to doing business on the continent.
African Economic Outlook 2015. Nordic dissemination Helsinki.UNU-WIDER
This document provides an outline and summary of the African Economic Outlook 2015 report presented by the UN-WIDER, African Development Bank Group, and Development Research Department. It summarizes that Africa's GDP growth is expected to be 3.7% in 2015 and 4.4% in 2016, driven by agriculture, manufacturing, extractive industries, services, and construction. However, risks to growth include lower commodity prices, pockets of conflict, and currency depreciations. It also discusses Africa's population growth and challenges around job creation, noting the need for innovative, multi-sectoral, and place-based regional development strategies.
The document discusses Africa's potential to become a pole of global growth. It notes that Africa has experienced economic growth in recent years, but still faces challenges in diversifying its economies and generating sufficient jobs. For Africa to truly unleash its potential as a driver of global growth, it will need to accelerate structural transformation through industrialization and modernization of agriculture, while also investing heavily in infrastructure, education, and regional integration. With the right policies and continued reforms, Africa could see a significant expansion of trade, investment, and development.
This document provides an economic overview and outlook for sub-Saharan Africa in three parts:
1) Economic growth has slowed in 2015-2016 due to falling commodity prices, though growth remains higher than other regions. There are large disparities between commodity exporters and importers.
2) New challenges to growth include lower commodity prices, deteriorating global financial conditions, and long-term challenges of climate change and rapid population growth.
3) Growth prospects are examined for select oil exporters, frontier economies, and individual countries like Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, which are expected to continue robust growth despite challenges.
This document discusses economic opportunities in developing regions around the world amid an uncertain global economy. It analyzes the state of key economies like the US, Europe, China, and several emerging markets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Several countries and regions are highlighted as having strong growth potential in the coming years, such as Africa due to its young population, various Asian countries benefiting from rising domestic consumption, and Latin America's growing middle class driving consumer demand. Challenges and risks to growth are also noted.
Macreconomic outlook challenges and opportunitiesDr Lendy Spires
1) Africa has experienced steady economic growth above 5% for several years, driven by high commodity prices and increased trade and investment from China and India. However, inflation remains high and progress on the MDGs has been slow.
2) Technical and vocational skills development can play an important role in addressing skills gaps and youth unemployment, boosting productivity, and supporting achievement of the MDGs, but access to TVSD in Africa is low compared to other regions.
3) Key challenges include improving secondary education completion rates, adequately addressing skills needs, and reforming TVSD provision to meet the demands of formal and informal labor markets.
The document is a report by the Economic Commission for Africa and the African Union Commission titled "Governing development in Africa - the role of the state in economic transformation". It examines the role of the state in promoting economic transformation in Africa. The report finds that while some African states have pursued policies to transform their economies, overall progress has been limited. It argues that African countries need to develop "developmental states" capable of planning and implementing long-term development strategies. The report provides recommendations for how African states can enhance their role in economic transformation by strengthening institutions, implementing focused industrial policies, and investing in areas like research and social policy.
Constraints on economic development revision packMatthew Bentley
This document discusses several key constraints on economic growth and development, including infrastructure gaps, primary commodity dependence, macroeconomic instability, conflicts and corruption, and human capital weaknesses. It provides examples of each constraint in different countries and regions. Infrastructure deficiencies like inadequate power, roads, sanitation and transportation networks increase costs for businesses and limit connectivity. Reliance on volatile primary exports also exposes countries to economic shocks from falling commodity prices. Conflicts, corruption and poor governance undermine stability, investment and equitable resource allocation.
This document summarizes a lecture about the foundations of GCC economies and the impact of Covid-19. It notes that building human capital is key to development. The global economy took a major hit from the pandemic, with estimated global GDP losses exceeding $20 trillion. GCC economies are highly dependent on oil exports and saw significant losses in 2020. Unemployment, especially among youth, is a major challenge. The document calls for GCC countries to adopt collaborative economic models, accelerate digital transformation, and incentivize private sector investment to build more resilient economies.
The document discusses the current economic environment and drivers of economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that perceptions of risk in Africa have shifted positively in recent years. Strong economic growth across the region over the past decade has been fueled by increasing political stability, strategic development planning, regional integration efforts, and infrastructure investment. Côte d'Ivoire in particular is highlighted as pursuing business-friendly reforms and allocating a large portion of its budget to investments and poverty reduction initiatives to promote continued economic and social development.
The document discusses emerging markets and compares the top 10 fastest growing emerging markets in 2005 and 2014. It finds that while the largest emerging markets by GDP have remained mostly the same, the composition of the fastest growing markets has changed significantly. In 2005, the top 3 fastest growing markets were China, Kuwait, and Kazakhstan, but in 2014 they were India, China, and Nigeria. The reasons for countries dropping or rising in growth rankings varied, such as economic diversification helping countries like Bangladesh and Nigeria accelerate, while dependence on oil hurt growth for Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia.
South African Investment Environment and Business Opportunitiessimguybar
Presentation to the US-South African Women's Business Forum Chicago by Pumla Ncapayi, Department of Trade and Industry Deputy Director General for Trade and Investment October 24, 2011
Uneca economic report on africa governing development in africa the role of...Dr Lendy Spires
The document summarizes the 2011 Economic Report on Africa, which examines the role of the state in economic transformation in Africa. It discusses key topics such as economic and social conditions in Africa in 2010, current development challenges including international trade and financing, and the need for African countries to develop "developmental states" to promote economic diversification and growth. The report was a joint publication of the UN Economic Commission for Africa and the African Union Commission.
Challenges for investment, growth, and job creation in the MENA regionOECDglobal
The document discusses challenges facing investment, growth, and job creation in the MENA region and implications for the MENA-OECD Investment Programme. It outlines three main risks: 1) spill-over effects from the crisis in Syria and security concerns, 2) domestic political uncertainty, and 3) large fiscal deficits. This translates to core challenges of low economic growth insufficient to reduce unemployment, decreased foreign direct investment, and high youth unemployment. The Investment Programme focuses on structural reforms in four key areas: investment policy, SME policies, women in the economy, and business integrity to foster inclusive private sector-led growth through improving investment climate and SME development with support from international partners.
The document discusses opportunities for doing business in Africa. It notes that Africa has a growing population and economy, with many countries experiencing high GDP growth rates. Key sectors of interest for foreign investment include infrastructure, manufacturing, mining, agriculture and energy. Challenges still exist such as some political instability, but many countries have embraced market reforms and privatization to attract more foreign direct investment to support Africa's continued economic development.
• Consumer expenditure in SSA
equaled nearly $600 billion in
2010, accounting for almost eight
percent of all emerging-market
spending, and is expected to reach
nearly $1 trillion by 2020.
• Consumer spending in South
Africa and Nigeria accounts for 51
percent of SSA's total expenditure.
• Poverty in SSA is decreasing
rapidly—from 40 percent in 1980 to
less than 30 percent in 2008—and is
expected to fall to 20 percent by 2020.
• By 2050, almost 60 percent of
people in SSA will live in cities,
compared with 40 percent in 2010.
This means 800 million more people
will live in urban environments.
• By 2012, over 50 percent of all
Africans—or more than 500 million
people—will own a mobile phone.
By 2014, this portion is expected to
increase to 56 percent (more than 600
million people), giving Africa one of
the world’s highest mobile usage rates.
The document discusses investment potential in Africa. It notes signs of potential like Rwanda's economic reforms and growth in mobile phone usage. Forecasts predict Sub-Saharan Africa will have steady growth around 4-6% annually through 2019. The document also outlines sectors with growth opportunities like mining, energy, infrastructure, and agriculture. Success factors for investment in Sub-Saharan Africa include defining appropriate strategies, partnering with governments, achieving scale, and flawless execution.
Africa is home to some of the fast growing countries in the world, a wealth continent full of minerals, abundant human resources and opportunities. At the same time, poverty, underdevelopment, insecurity, infrastructure and talent gaps are high. With 54 independent States and a population of over 1.1 billion inhabitants, Africa economic growth is a paradox story. From the desert in the North through the rich mineral belts of the coastal lines and tourism savannah in Kenya to the dense equatorial forests of Congo basin, Africa’s old dilemma stays the same. The question remains, how can a continent gifted and endowed with the World’s most envied, high in demand and profitable natural resources, abundant and cheap labour market, vast arable land, tourism opportunities and favourable climate said to be the poorest?
The document outlines an agenda for an online event titled "The New Economy Saudi Arabia 2020" that will discuss the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the transformation to a new global economy. The agenda includes discussions on the post-COVID world, recovery scenarios, policies and decision making trends, the new world order, traits of the new global economy, and digital transformation. The document notes that COVID-19 has exposed unprecedented socioeconomic threats and will likely push the world to a "new normal." It also discusses how the pandemic has impacted industries, employment, poverty levels, and could result in $82 trillion in damages to the global economy over five years.
- Africa has experienced rapid economic growth in recent decades but still faces significant challenges to transforming its economies and ensuring food security. While some countries have grown at over 5% annually, others have been stuck at lower growth rates.
- Key drivers of growth have included increased investment and emerging opportunities from globalization, but Africa has yet to gain its fair share of global trade due to internal constraints and trade issues. Ensuring food security also remains a challenge as many regions remain food insecure and Africa imports $30 billion in food annually.
- For Africa to enhance food security and move up global value chains, policies must address issues like weak infrastructure, disjointed regional economies, lack of economic diversification, and underdeveloped agriculture.
Africa tapping into growth opportunities challenges and strategies for cons...Dr Lendy Spires
Africa represents a significant growth opportunity for consumer products companies due to its growing population, increasing urbanization, and rising incomes. While risks must be considered, companies can succeed in Africa by adapting products to local needs, investing in communities, and taking a long-term view. Coca-Cola and Unilever are cited as examples through strategies like product modifications, partnerships with small retailers, and sustainable sourcing programs. When expanding operations, companies should build local presence, leverage first-mover advantage, and gain government relationships.
This document provides information comparing the economies of Egypt and Turkey. It discusses key economic indicators such as GDP, GDP growth rates, trade balances, foreign direct investment, and technology exports for both countries. The summary is as follows:
Egypt has seen moderate GDP growth but remains resource-based rather than knowledge-based. Turkey has more stable GDP growth and a stronger industrial economy, exporting high-value manufactured goods. Both countries attract foreign investment mainly in oil, construction and manufacturing, but Turkey has been more successful in reducing its trade deficit through industrialization. While Egypt imports and exports raw materials, Turkey imports materials and exports finished goods. Overall, Turkey has developed a more robust economy through state policies supporting education, employment, and industrial
Economic Recovery in Africa and its Determinants
John Ulimwengu, Senior Research Fellow, West and Central Africa Office, IFPRI, DRC
2015 ReSAKSS Annual Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Sept. 1-3
The key indicators of globalization include international trade flows, financial flows, and investment flows. International trade in goods and services has grown rapidly in recent years, with annual trade growth around twice the rate of world economic growth. This increase is largely due to transnational corporations that structure production across countries based on costs. Various trade agreements have also contributed to rising world trade by reducing trade barriers between member countries.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Doing Business in Malawi - 2013 Country Commercial Guide...Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document provides an overview and guide for doing business in Malawi, including:
- Malawi has a population of over 15 million and an economy based primarily on agriculture, with tobacco, tea, and sugar as major exports.
- Opportunities exist in agricultural equipment, used vehicles, and telecom equipment, while challenges include poor infrastructure, high costs, and bureaucracy.
- The guide covers topics such as finding agents, establishing an office, selling to the government, intellectual property protection, and provides resources for researching the market.
IN ASEAN SINGAPORE IS THE RICHEST ECONOMY WHILE MYANMAR IS POORESTMYO AUNG Myanmar
IN ASEAN SINGAPORE IS THE RICHEST ECONOMY WHILE MYANMAR IS POOREST
https://www.worldlistmania.com/top-20-poorest-countries-asia/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_GDP
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-richest-and-poorest-countries-of-southeast-asia.html
ECONOMICS
The Richest And Poorest Countries Of Southeast Asia
Singapore is the richest economy in Southeast Asia, while Myanmar is the poorest.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_and_Pacific_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)
https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterpham/2017/10/18/why-is-asias-99-so-poor/#7fa9c41123be
Why Is Asia's 99% So Poor?
Peter Pham-Contributor-
I write financial newsletters for investors on how to profit in Asia.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2VPPu5L5gI
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/which-asean-country-is-the-most-competitive/
Which ASEAN country is the most competitive?
https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/myanmar-gdp-country-report
Myanmar GDP and Economic Data
Country Report 2017 - Includes Myanmar real Gross Domestic Product growth rate, with latest forecasts and historical data, GDP per capita, GDP composition and breakdown by sector.
Browse additional economic indicators and data sets, selected by Global Finance editors, to learn more about Myanmar economic outlook, debt to GDP ratio, international trade performance and population trends. Rankings of Myanmar best banks and safest banks are also available.
https://www.gfmag.com/magazine/september-2018/frontier-asias-trickiest-puzzle
Myanmar: Frontier Asia's Trickiest Puzzle
Investing in Myanmar requires reconciling great opportunities and great risks.
SEPTEMBER 01, 2018 Author: AL EMID
https://borgenproject.org/why-is-myanmar-poor/
12NOV2017
Why is Myanmar Poor?
https://www.adb.org/countries/myanmar/poverty
Poverty in Myanmar
http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/overview
The World Bank In Myanmar
The World Bank is working with the government and other partners in support of reforms that will benefit all of the people of Myanmar, including the poor and vulnerable.
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/12/12/myanmar-revises-poverty-measure-to-reflect-needs-of-population-in-2015
Myanmar Revises Poverty Measure to Reflect Needs of Population in 2015
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/05/17/economy-grows-amid-uncertainty-in-myanmar
PRESS RELEASE May 17, 2018
Economy Grows Amid Uncertainty in Myanmar
Africa has many developing countries where most people live in poverty, but mining, oil production, and tourism help boost some economies. Democratic governments and education are also needed to further economic growth and create more skilled jobs.
This document summarizes the history of neocolonialism in Latin America from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. [1] Large multinational companies established extractive industries like banana and rubber plantations that primarily benefited foreign interests and left local workers in poor conditions when the companies left. [2] Authoritarian governments arose that concentrated power and wealth among ruling elites while suppressing democracy, indigenous groups, and political dissent. [3] This neocolonial system dominated Latin America's economies and politics and led to its increased absorption into a global order led by the United States and European powers.
Constraints on economic development revision packMatthew Bentley
This document discusses several key constraints on economic growth and development, including infrastructure gaps, primary commodity dependence, macroeconomic instability, conflicts and corruption, and human capital weaknesses. It provides examples of each constraint in different countries and regions. Infrastructure deficiencies like inadequate power, roads, sanitation and transportation networks increase costs for businesses and limit connectivity. Reliance on volatile primary exports also exposes countries to economic shocks from falling commodity prices. Conflicts, corruption and poor governance undermine stability, investment and equitable resource allocation.
This document summarizes a lecture about the foundations of GCC economies and the impact of Covid-19. It notes that building human capital is key to development. The global economy took a major hit from the pandemic, with estimated global GDP losses exceeding $20 trillion. GCC economies are highly dependent on oil exports and saw significant losses in 2020. Unemployment, especially among youth, is a major challenge. The document calls for GCC countries to adopt collaborative economic models, accelerate digital transformation, and incentivize private sector investment to build more resilient economies.
The document discusses the current economic environment and drivers of economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that perceptions of risk in Africa have shifted positively in recent years. Strong economic growth across the region over the past decade has been fueled by increasing political stability, strategic development planning, regional integration efforts, and infrastructure investment. Côte d'Ivoire in particular is highlighted as pursuing business-friendly reforms and allocating a large portion of its budget to investments and poverty reduction initiatives to promote continued economic and social development.
The document discusses emerging markets and compares the top 10 fastest growing emerging markets in 2005 and 2014. It finds that while the largest emerging markets by GDP have remained mostly the same, the composition of the fastest growing markets has changed significantly. In 2005, the top 3 fastest growing markets were China, Kuwait, and Kazakhstan, but in 2014 they were India, China, and Nigeria. The reasons for countries dropping or rising in growth rankings varied, such as economic diversification helping countries like Bangladesh and Nigeria accelerate, while dependence on oil hurt growth for Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia.
South African Investment Environment and Business Opportunitiessimguybar
Presentation to the US-South African Women's Business Forum Chicago by Pumla Ncapayi, Department of Trade and Industry Deputy Director General for Trade and Investment October 24, 2011
Uneca economic report on africa governing development in africa the role of...Dr Lendy Spires
The document summarizes the 2011 Economic Report on Africa, which examines the role of the state in economic transformation in Africa. It discusses key topics such as economic and social conditions in Africa in 2010, current development challenges including international trade and financing, and the need for African countries to develop "developmental states" to promote economic diversification and growth. The report was a joint publication of the UN Economic Commission for Africa and the African Union Commission.
Challenges for investment, growth, and job creation in the MENA regionOECDglobal
The document discusses challenges facing investment, growth, and job creation in the MENA region and implications for the MENA-OECD Investment Programme. It outlines three main risks: 1) spill-over effects from the crisis in Syria and security concerns, 2) domestic political uncertainty, and 3) large fiscal deficits. This translates to core challenges of low economic growth insufficient to reduce unemployment, decreased foreign direct investment, and high youth unemployment. The Investment Programme focuses on structural reforms in four key areas: investment policy, SME policies, women in the economy, and business integrity to foster inclusive private sector-led growth through improving investment climate and SME development with support from international partners.
The document discusses opportunities for doing business in Africa. It notes that Africa has a growing population and economy, with many countries experiencing high GDP growth rates. Key sectors of interest for foreign investment include infrastructure, manufacturing, mining, agriculture and energy. Challenges still exist such as some political instability, but many countries have embraced market reforms and privatization to attract more foreign direct investment to support Africa's continued economic development.
• Consumer expenditure in SSA
equaled nearly $600 billion in
2010, accounting for almost eight
percent of all emerging-market
spending, and is expected to reach
nearly $1 trillion by 2020.
• Consumer spending in South
Africa and Nigeria accounts for 51
percent of SSA's total expenditure.
• Poverty in SSA is decreasing
rapidly—from 40 percent in 1980 to
less than 30 percent in 2008—and is
expected to fall to 20 percent by 2020.
• By 2050, almost 60 percent of
people in SSA will live in cities,
compared with 40 percent in 2010.
This means 800 million more people
will live in urban environments.
• By 2012, over 50 percent of all
Africans—or more than 500 million
people—will own a mobile phone.
By 2014, this portion is expected to
increase to 56 percent (more than 600
million people), giving Africa one of
the world’s highest mobile usage rates.
The document discusses investment potential in Africa. It notes signs of potential like Rwanda's economic reforms and growth in mobile phone usage. Forecasts predict Sub-Saharan Africa will have steady growth around 4-6% annually through 2019. The document also outlines sectors with growth opportunities like mining, energy, infrastructure, and agriculture. Success factors for investment in Sub-Saharan Africa include defining appropriate strategies, partnering with governments, achieving scale, and flawless execution.
Africa is home to some of the fast growing countries in the world, a wealth continent full of minerals, abundant human resources and opportunities. At the same time, poverty, underdevelopment, insecurity, infrastructure and talent gaps are high. With 54 independent States and a population of over 1.1 billion inhabitants, Africa economic growth is a paradox story. From the desert in the North through the rich mineral belts of the coastal lines and tourism savannah in Kenya to the dense equatorial forests of Congo basin, Africa’s old dilemma stays the same. The question remains, how can a continent gifted and endowed with the World’s most envied, high in demand and profitable natural resources, abundant and cheap labour market, vast arable land, tourism opportunities and favourable climate said to be the poorest?
The document outlines an agenda for an online event titled "The New Economy Saudi Arabia 2020" that will discuss the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the transformation to a new global economy. The agenda includes discussions on the post-COVID world, recovery scenarios, policies and decision making trends, the new world order, traits of the new global economy, and digital transformation. The document notes that COVID-19 has exposed unprecedented socioeconomic threats and will likely push the world to a "new normal." It also discusses how the pandemic has impacted industries, employment, poverty levels, and could result in $82 trillion in damages to the global economy over five years.
- Africa has experienced rapid economic growth in recent decades but still faces significant challenges to transforming its economies and ensuring food security. While some countries have grown at over 5% annually, others have been stuck at lower growth rates.
- Key drivers of growth have included increased investment and emerging opportunities from globalization, but Africa has yet to gain its fair share of global trade due to internal constraints and trade issues. Ensuring food security also remains a challenge as many regions remain food insecure and Africa imports $30 billion in food annually.
- For Africa to enhance food security and move up global value chains, policies must address issues like weak infrastructure, disjointed regional economies, lack of economic diversification, and underdeveloped agriculture.
Africa tapping into growth opportunities challenges and strategies for cons...Dr Lendy Spires
Africa represents a significant growth opportunity for consumer products companies due to its growing population, increasing urbanization, and rising incomes. While risks must be considered, companies can succeed in Africa by adapting products to local needs, investing in communities, and taking a long-term view. Coca-Cola and Unilever are cited as examples through strategies like product modifications, partnerships with small retailers, and sustainable sourcing programs. When expanding operations, companies should build local presence, leverage first-mover advantage, and gain government relationships.
This document provides information comparing the economies of Egypt and Turkey. It discusses key economic indicators such as GDP, GDP growth rates, trade balances, foreign direct investment, and technology exports for both countries. The summary is as follows:
Egypt has seen moderate GDP growth but remains resource-based rather than knowledge-based. Turkey has more stable GDP growth and a stronger industrial economy, exporting high-value manufactured goods. Both countries attract foreign investment mainly in oil, construction and manufacturing, but Turkey has been more successful in reducing its trade deficit through industrialization. While Egypt imports and exports raw materials, Turkey imports materials and exports finished goods. Overall, Turkey has developed a more robust economy through state policies supporting education, employment, and industrial
Economic Recovery in Africa and its Determinants
John Ulimwengu, Senior Research Fellow, West and Central Africa Office, IFPRI, DRC
2015 ReSAKSS Annual Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Sept. 1-3
The key indicators of globalization include international trade flows, financial flows, and investment flows. International trade in goods and services has grown rapidly in recent years, with annual trade growth around twice the rate of world economic growth. This increase is largely due to transnational corporations that structure production across countries based on costs. Various trade agreements have also contributed to rising world trade by reducing trade barriers between member countries.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Doing Business in Malawi - 2013 Country Commercial Guide...Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document provides an overview and guide for doing business in Malawi, including:
- Malawi has a population of over 15 million and an economy based primarily on agriculture, with tobacco, tea, and sugar as major exports.
- Opportunities exist in agricultural equipment, used vehicles, and telecom equipment, while challenges include poor infrastructure, high costs, and bureaucracy.
- The guide covers topics such as finding agents, establishing an office, selling to the government, intellectual property protection, and provides resources for researching the market.
IN ASEAN SINGAPORE IS THE RICHEST ECONOMY WHILE MYANMAR IS POORESTMYO AUNG Myanmar
IN ASEAN SINGAPORE IS THE RICHEST ECONOMY WHILE MYANMAR IS POOREST
https://www.worldlistmania.com/top-20-poorest-countries-asia/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_GDP
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-richest-and-poorest-countries-of-southeast-asia.html
ECONOMICS
The Richest And Poorest Countries Of Southeast Asia
Singapore is the richest economy in Southeast Asia, while Myanmar is the poorest.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_and_Pacific_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)
https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterpham/2017/10/18/why-is-asias-99-so-poor/#7fa9c41123be
Why Is Asia's 99% So Poor?
Peter Pham-Contributor-
I write financial newsletters for investors on how to profit in Asia.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2VPPu5L5gI
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/which-asean-country-is-the-most-competitive/
Which ASEAN country is the most competitive?
https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/country-data/myanmar-gdp-country-report
Myanmar GDP and Economic Data
Country Report 2017 - Includes Myanmar real Gross Domestic Product growth rate, with latest forecasts and historical data, GDP per capita, GDP composition and breakdown by sector.
Browse additional economic indicators and data sets, selected by Global Finance editors, to learn more about Myanmar economic outlook, debt to GDP ratio, international trade performance and population trends. Rankings of Myanmar best banks and safest banks are also available.
https://www.gfmag.com/magazine/september-2018/frontier-asias-trickiest-puzzle
Myanmar: Frontier Asia's Trickiest Puzzle
Investing in Myanmar requires reconciling great opportunities and great risks.
SEPTEMBER 01, 2018 Author: AL EMID
https://borgenproject.org/why-is-myanmar-poor/
12NOV2017
Why is Myanmar Poor?
https://www.adb.org/countries/myanmar/poverty
Poverty in Myanmar
http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/overview
The World Bank In Myanmar
The World Bank is working with the government and other partners in support of reforms that will benefit all of the people of Myanmar, including the poor and vulnerable.
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/12/12/myanmar-revises-poverty-measure-to-reflect-needs-of-population-in-2015
Myanmar Revises Poverty Measure to Reflect Needs of Population in 2015
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/05/17/economy-grows-amid-uncertainty-in-myanmar
PRESS RELEASE May 17, 2018
Economy Grows Amid Uncertainty in Myanmar
Africa has many developing countries where most people live in poverty, but mining, oil production, and tourism help boost some economies. Democratic governments and education are also needed to further economic growth and create more skilled jobs.
This document summarizes the history of neocolonialism in Latin America from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. [1] Large multinational companies established extractive industries like banana and rubber plantations that primarily benefited foreign interests and left local workers in poor conditions when the companies left. [2] Authoritarian governments arose that concentrated power and wealth among ruling elites while suppressing democracy, indigenous groups, and political dissent. [3] This neocolonial system dominated Latin America's economies and politics and led to its increased absorption into a global order led by the United States and European powers.
Latin America experienced neocolonialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as European demand for exports like coffee, beef, and minerals led to oligarchies and dictators maintaining control to facilitate trade. Nationalism then emerged in response, as revolutionary leaders took power in countries like Mexico following the Mexican Revolution. Nationalist governments in the early-to-mid 20th century pursued policies of import substitution industrialization to reduce foreign economic domination and influence.
This document covers several topics related to globalization, culture, and neoliberalism including:
1. A brief overview of key concepts in Marxism such as class struggle, commodity, labor power, and surplus value.
2. Information about upcoming research group meetings including exchanging contact details and dividing subtopics.
3. Discussion of David Harvey's definition of "creative destruction" in relation to neoliberalism and the premises of neoliberalism as a theory that promotes free markets and private property.
- Scholars disagree on distinguishing imperialism from colonialism/colonization. Colonialism often involves economic exploitation and physical presence, while imperialism includes exploitation without presence.
- Opinions on Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel vary widely. It takes a broad, scientific view of history but lacks specificity. While influential, its geographic determinism is incomplete and it is criticized for disparaging previous scholarship. Its usefulness in the classroom depends on how it is taught.
His 102 chapter 22 - imperialism and colonialism 1870-1914dcyw1112
The document provides an overview of European imperialism between 1870-1914. It discusses the expansion of European colonial empires through formal colonialism in places like India, China, and Africa. New imperialist strategies involved establishing colonial governments, dividing territories into European spheres of influence, and justifying expansion through ideas of racial and cultural superiority. By 1900, Europe had colonized around 1/4 of the world's lands. Rising tensions between imperial powers led to conflicts over territory in Africa and Asia at the turn of the 20th century.
Lecture 10 decolonization & neocolonialism - Belgian Congo & South AfricaLACCD
This document provides an overview of decolonization in Africa from the late 19th century to the 1990s. It discusses the concepts of neocolonialism and nationalism, key independence leaders like Nkrumah and their roles in independence movements. It also summarizes major events like the independence of Ghana in 1957, the Organization of African Unity, genocide in the Belgian Congo, apartheid in South Africa, and Nelson Mandela's release from prison in 1990. The document uses these examples to outline the general process of decolonization across the African continent.
The document discusses United States imperialism in Japan and Cuba in the late 1800s. It explains that after gaining independence from Britain, the US resisted other countries' imperialism but then became imperialistic itself against Native Americans. In the mid-1800s, the US sought to expand by influencing Japan to open its ports through the use of force and threatening technology. It also expanded its control over Cuba through the Spanish-American war over issues like Spanish concentration camps and the sinking of the USS Maine, gaining Cuba and other territories as protectorates or territories.
The document summarizes aspects of neocolonialism in Latin America, including:
1) Foreign companies exploited natural resources like bananas and rubber, but provided few long-term benefits for workers who were left jobless and injured.
2) Wealthy elites in countries like Brazil and Mexico benefited from infrastructure and rising land values due to exports and railroads, but this displaced many peasants.
3) Authoritarian governments and dictators like Porfirio Diaz in Mexico provided political stability preferred by foreign investors, but limited democratic freedoms and rights for much of the population.
1. The document provides information on various Latin American independence movements against Spanish and Portuguese rule in the early 19th century.
2. Revolutionary leaders like Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin led movements that resulted in independence for countries like Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay in the 1810s-1820s.
3. However, Bolivar's dream of a unified Gran Colombia failed due to regionalism and political fragmentation in the newly independent states.
The document discusses the growth of anti-black racism in Europe from around 1870. It explores how racist stereotypes developed as Europeans expanded overseas through slavery and colonialism. Contact with Africans led Europeans to view them as primitive and uncivilized. The colonization and brutal exploitation of Africans in their colonies, especially the Belgian Congo, reinforced racist beliefs of white superiority. By the late 19th century, the presence of some black people in Europe also faced hostility as racist attitudes became deeply entrenched during the imperial era.
The document provides an overview of American imperialism between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the expansion of US influence through colonialism in Latin America, Hawaii, Samoa, and Alaska. It also covers the Spanish-American War that resulted in the US acquiring Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines from Spain in 1898. Debates emerged over whether to annex the Philippines, and a brutal war broke out as Filipinos resisted American control. Ultimately, the US established colonial rule over its new territories in the aftermath of the war.
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Used for our unit on Imperialism in the 1800s. There is more in here than actually needed. I tend to pick and choose various parts as needed and hide the others.
1. Colonialism and imperialism arose in the late 19th century as European powers sought to expand their territories for economic, political, and cultural reasons. Major factors driving expansion included the desire for raw materials, new markets, and national prestige.
2. The largest colonial empires were the British and French empires. Conflicts arose as powers competed for territory in Africa and elsewhere. The Berlin Conference formalized the "scramble for Africa" and partitioned the continent.
3. Colonization had both harmful consequences, such as economic exploitation and loss of culture, and potential benefits such as transmission of technology. The effects were complex and varied between places.
The document discusses the end of World War 1 and the Treaty of Versailles. It describes how President Woodrow Wilson advocated for American entry into World War 1 and his 14 Points plan for peace which led to the creation of the League of Nations. However, the US Congress ultimately rejected joining the League of Nations or signing the Treaty of Versailles due to not wanting to give up power to an international organization like the League.
Imperialism involved stronger nations dominating weaker countries politically, economically, and socially through colonialism, spheres of influence, and protectorates. There were several types and causes of imperialism in the 19th century, including seeking new markets and resources, civilizing missions, and Social Darwinism. European imperialism resulted in the colonization and exploitation of much of Asia and Africa during this period.
Imperialism is very similar to colonialism, with one major difference: colonial powers settle the countries of which they gain control, while imperial powers do not. The term “imperialism” does not seem to exist prior to the 1800s. Nineteenth-century imperialism was spurred in large part by the Industrial Revolution. The development of new industrial economies in the 1700s and 1800s necessitated the acquisition of raw materials and the desire to gain control of marketplaces; thus, by the mid-1800s, imperialistic actions of strong nations (most notably European nations) started to become policy.
1 Definition is from America: Pathways to the Present (New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005, p. 981).
Imperialism and colonialism involved the conquest and rule of other lands and peoples. From 1870 onward, European powers aggressively expanded their colonial empires, driven by economic, political, and ideological motives. They sought raw materials, markets, and national prestige. By the late 19th century, most of Africa and Asia was under European control as a result of the "scramble for Africa" and colonial expansion in Asia. The consequences of imperialism were mixed, providing some benefits but also economic exploitation and loss of culture for colonized peoples. Colonial expansion also increased tensions between European powers.
Jean-Michel Severino, president of the impact investing group "Investisseurs & Partenaires" explores the current and future opportunities arising in African countries.
The document provides an economic, social, and political outlook for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in 2015. It finds that regional growth rebounded to 2.2% in 2014 but is expected to remain flat at 2.2% in 2015 due to challenges from falling oil prices and increased security issues. Oil exporting countries face significant challenges, while oil importing countries may see only partial benefits from lower oil prices due to regional instability. The outlook for MENA countries varies significantly depending on their dependence on oil exports and the level of political stability within their borders.
AMENAAnEconomicandSocialOutlook2015F-16-Jul-15ultimoenv.pptxGurumurthy B R
The document provides an economic, social, and political outlook for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in 2015. It finds that regional growth rebounded to 2.2% in 2014 but is expected to remain flat at 2.2% in 2015 due to challenges from falling oil prices and increased security issues. Oil exporting countries face significant challenges, while oil importing countries may see only partial benefits from lower oil prices due to regional instability. The outlook for MENA countries varies significantly depending on their dependence on oil exports and the level of political stability within their borders.
The document discusses underdeveloped economies around the world. It begins by defining an underdeveloped economy as having low living standards, high poverty, low income, poor health services, and reliance on foreign aid. It then compares developed and underdeveloped economies, noting that underdeveloped economies typically have lower income, more poverty, reliance on agriculture, and underutilized resources.
The document goes on to list the top 10 most underdeveloped economies by region, including countries in Asia like North Korea, Nepal, and Pakistan. It provides details on the economic conditions of Pakistan, Nepal, Moldova, and Ukraine, highlighting factors contributing to their underdevelopment such as political instability, corruption, lack of industrialization, and difficulties transitioning to a
This document summarizes a presentation given to the National Treasury of South Africa on African development. It discusses three key points:
1. Africa has experienced a growth turnaround in recent decades but still faces significant development challenges including lack of structural transformation, high unemployment, and low productivity.
2. Country-level experiences vary greatly, with some countries like Ethiopia, Ghana, and Rwanda seeing both rapid growth and poverty reduction, while others like South Africa have seen little progress.
3. Two major research projects - GAPP and L2C - shed light on these issues. GAPP analyzed poverty trends in 16 African countries, finding uneven progress. L2C studied lack of industrialization in Africa and factors
This document discusses investment opportunities for Swedish companies in Francophone Africa. It notes that 4 of the 20 fastest growing economies in the world are located in Francophone Africa, with GDP growth rates over 8% annually. While Swedish investment in Africa is still limited compared to other regions, sectors like oil/gas, mining, infrastructure, banking, agriculture and consumer goods show strong potential. The document recommends Swedish companies invest for long-term profit in these growing Francophone African economies, especially in industries they already excel in, while being aware of corruption concerns.
The document provides an overview of trends and opportunities in Africa, with a focus on Angola, Mozambique, and São Tomé e Príncipe. It discusses the growing economies and shifting GDP compositions in Angola and Mozambique towards agriculture, industry, energy, and construction as their dependence on oil and mining declines. The document also outlines opportunities in sectors like housing, healthcare, education, logistics and agriculture in these countries, noting the need for improved infrastructure, skills training, and access to services and products tailored for the emerging middle class.
The document summarizes the opportunities and challenges facing Arab countries in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. It outlines that Arab countries need to (1) promote a modern digital economy to create jobs for youth, (2) maximize finance for development by unleashing the private sector, and (3) prioritize human capital investments and climate adaptation. Key challenges include high youth unemployment, reliance on oil revenues, water scarcity exacerbated by climate change, and displacement crises from conflicts. Arab countries also lag in areas like innovation, gender equality, and returns on spending in health and education. Regional integration and public-private partnerships are seen as important to address these challenges.
This document discusses the need for new forms of partnerships for development in Africa. It notes that while African economies have grown significantly in recent decades, growth has largely bypassed key sectors and the continent still faces challenges around structural transformation, inclusive growth, and mobilizing development finance. New partnerships will be needed to tap innovative financing mechanisms and additional sources of development funding. Lessons from efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals highlight the need to address imbalances in trade and financial systems and the inability of past partnerships to deal with issues like climate change. Emerging trends also require partnerships that can facilitate greater South-South cooperation and integration while avoiding dependence on primary commodities. Regional initiatives may help boost infrastructure investment and cross-border cooperation
The document discusses the growth opportunities in the consumer market in Sub-Saharan Africa. Key points include:
- Consumer spending in SSA has grown 4% annually since 2000 and reached $600 billion in 2010, expected to reach $1 trillion by 2020.
- Factors fueling growth are a rapidly increasing population projected to reach 2 billion by 2050, significant decrease in poverty, and rapid urbanization where 60% of Africans will live in cities by 2050.
- Improving infrastructure like mobile phone access making over 500 million Africans reachable is enabling the consumer market growth.
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This document discusses investment attraction and innovation policy in Peru. It provides context on the global and Latin American economies following the 2008 financial crisis. Some key points:
- Emerging economies recovered faster than advanced economies from the crisis. Latin America saw strong growth of 6.1% in 2010 led by Peru, Brazil, Chile and Colombia.
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This document summarizes key points from "The Least Developed Countries Report 2012" regarding harnessing remittances and diaspora knowledge to build productive capacities in LDCs. It finds that remittances to LDCs have grown significantly and now surpass FDI and ODA. However, costs of remitting remain high. Brain drain also affects LDCs more intensely than other countries. The report proposes policies to lower remittance costs, mobilize diaspora knowledge networks, and create a new investment scheme to transfer diaspora knowledge and invest in productive sectors.
Gabon's economy continues to grow in 2012-2013, though at a slower pace due to completion of infrastructure projects for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations. Unemployment remains high, especially among youth. While per capita GDP is one of the highest in Africa, human development indicators are below average for middle-income countries. The economy relies heavily on oil exports but aims to diversify by promoting other industries and private investment zones. Growth is projected to slow to 4.4% in 2012 and 3.3% in 2013 as public investment declines after preparations for the Cup finish.
The document discusses drafting a national financing strategy for São Tomé and Príncipe over the next five years. It provides background on the country's economy, which relies heavily on agriculture and hopes to develop oil production. It identifies challenges such as unemployment, lack of economic diversity, and political instability. The strategy proposes focusing on four areas: expanding the energy sector, diversifying agriculture, promoting innovation, and growing tourism. It estimates $1.25 billion in funding needs and identifies sources such as agriculture partners, foreign direct investment, local government, and multilateral partnerships. The conclusion advocates a blended approach to broaden stakeholders and unlock investment opportunities in order to promote sustained, inclusive economic growth and employment.
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This document discusses Africa's economic growth trends and opportunities. It notes that while overall GDP growth has slowed, some countries have accelerated. Africa's corporate sector is growing rapidly compared to other emerging markets. The document divides African economies into three groups - stable growers not dependent on resources, vulnerable growers often resource dependent with challenges, and slow growers like North African and South African economies. It highlights Africa's growing middle class, youth population, urbanization, and reforms improving business environment as positive trends driving economic opportunities in various sectors like financial services, education, manufacturing, and logistics. Examples of investments in sectors like IT, education, and agriculture are mentioned.
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Africa is the world's second largest continent by land area and second most populous, with 1 billion people, half of whom are under 19 years old. Africa's economy has grown rapidly in recent decades, with GDP rising nearly 5% annually from 2000 to 2008. Top imports to Africa include machinery, chemicals, petroleum, scientific instruments, and foodstuffs, mainly from Europe, America, and increasingly Asia. Major exports include palm oil, gold, diamonds, oil, cocoa, and timber, with Europe and China being the largest trading partners. If political stability and infrastructure investments continue, Africa is projected to maintain strong economic growth above 5% annually in the future.
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2. SUMMARY
Part 1
Sustained economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
Part 2
… Remains to sustain
Part 3
But economic growth which seduces and promotes the development of Capital
Investment
Part 4
And that stimulates the development of African business
2NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
4. SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH
• African growth is characterized by good macroeconomic indicators
o Inflation decreasing: 15% in 2000 to 8.1% in 2011
o Mastery of foreign debt from 63% of GDP in 2000 to 22.2% in 2012
• And is based on several structural phenomena, demographic and geographic
1. export growth
2. improved terms of trade,
3. strong domestic demand
o final consumption up
o growth of public and private investment
5. significant population growth and increasing urbanization
6. transfers significant and steady migrants
The real GDP of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has increased on average by 3.4% per
year between 1990 and 2010, from 273 to USD 573 billion.
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 4
5. 1. EXPORT GROWTH
+ 117% between 2000 and 2010.
They represent 33% of GDP in 2011, against 26% in 1990.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
IndiceBase100en2000
Sources : World Bank Indicators, CNUCED
Exportations de biens et services (% du PIB)
Indice du volume des exportations
(2000=100)
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 5
6. 2. THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE TERMS OF TRADE
+ 60% between 2000 and 2010
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Indicebase100en2000
Source : CNUCED 2011
Improvement in the terms of trade in SSA
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 6
7. … SOURCE INPUT LARGEST CURRENCY
Between 2004 and 2012, foreign exchange reserves in Sub-Saharan Africa
increased by 60%.
0
2
4
6
8
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Monthsofimportsofgoodsand
services
Source : World Economic outlook avril 2012 (IMF)
Foreign exchange reserves of Sub-Saharan countries
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 7
8. 3. INCREASE THE FINAL HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
+ 4,4% per year between 2000 and 2010
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
EnmilliardsUSDconstants
Source : Africa Development Indicators, 2011
Final consumption expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 8
9. … PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INVESTMENT AND
STRENGTHEN THE DOMESTIC DEMAND.
+ 109% in 10 years
10%
11%
11%
12%
12%
13%
13%
14%
14%
15%
15%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
EnMilliardsUSDconstants
Source : World Bank Indicators, 2012
FBCF du secteur public et privé
FBCF du secteur privé, en % du PIB
Public and private investment
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 9
10. 4. TRANSFERS OF MIGRANTS
Important source of income for local households, they amounted to USD 21.6 billion
in 2010, nearly half of public development assistance flows.
0%
1%
1%
2%
2%
3%
3%
0
5
10
15
20
25
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
MilliardsUSD
Source : UNCTAD 2011
Remittances from migrants in the direction of Sub-Saharan countries
En USD courants
En % du PIB
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 10
11. MAJOR POPULATION GROWTH, ESPECIALLY IN
THE CITY, WHICH RESULTS IN AN INCREASE IN
BUSINESS
71% over the past 20 years
Urbanization: 36% in 2011 against 28% in 1990
69,4%
69,6%
69,8%
70,0%
70,2%
70,4%
70,6%
70,8%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Millions
Source : World Bank Indicators
Population totale
Population urbaine
Taux d'activité
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 11
13. GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REMAINS
HETEROGENEOUS, FRAGILE AND INSUFFICIENT
• Heterogeneous growth: 48 sub-Saharan African countries do not face the same
problems of development
o The difference in GDP between middle-income countries and fragile states has doubled in 20 years
• A fragile growth: balance of commodity exports weakens undiversified by exposing
them to the volatility of world economies
o Outside of South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa achieve at least 75% of their exports with only 8 products
o In six of them, one type of export accounts for 85% of total exports
• Insufficient growth: the development gap with other regions of the world remain
significant
o In 2011, the African HDI remains below 52% in the North American HDI, against 56% in 1980
13NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
14. 1. GROWTH UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED
The International Monetary Fund distinguishes 4 groups of countries:
• Oil countries: Angola, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria
• Middle income countries: Botswana, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Namibia,
Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia
• Low-income countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Madagascar,
Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda
• Fragile States: Burundi, Central African Republic, Comoros, Democratic Republic of
Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Togo, Zimbabwe
14NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
15. TESTIFY IN THE GAPS BETWEEN GROWTH RATE OF
THESE GROUPS OF COUNTRIES…
15
> 10 percentage points as between 2000 and 2005
-10,0
-5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
Source : World Bank Indicators, 2012
Rate of GDP growth in SSA
Pays pétroliers
Pays à revenu intermédiaire
Pays à faible revenu
Etats Fragiles
Afrique subsaharienne
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
16. …AND GDP GROWTH FOR 20 YEARS.
16
From 1990 to 2010, the GDP gap between middle-income countries and fragile states
has nearly doubled, reaching USD 201 billion in 2010 against 104 in 1990.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Milliards
Source : World Bank Indicators, 2012
Real GDP (2000) in SSA
Pays pétroliers
Pays à revenu intermédiaire
Pays à faible revenu
Etats Fragiles
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
17. 2. A FRAGILE GROWTH…
• Exports from Sub-Saharan Africa are largely composed of unprocessed raw
materials. This strategy has important disadvantages
o Dutch disease: over-appreciation of the exchange rate which hampers the export manufacturing sectors
o Grabbing investment and neglect other productive sectors (more)
o Exposure to the downturn in international prices
o Weak effects of trainings
o Kleptocracy - civil wars
• In addition, sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a very important infrastructure
needs.
o In particular, it needs to increase its 7000 MWatt annual capacity of electricity generation
o The World Bank estimates the necessary investment to $ 93 billion per year, 40% for energy
17NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
18. ... BASED PRIMARILY ON EXPORTS OF RAW MATERIALS
18
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0,00%
10,00%
20,00%
30,00%
40,00%
50,00%
60,00%
70,00%
80,00%
90,00%
100,00%
Tanzania
Madagascar
Djibouti
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Somalie
Congo,Dem.Rep.
Malawi
Mozambique
Gambia,The
Cameroon
Togo
Seychelles
Lesotho
Burundi
Rwanda
Mali
SaoToméetPrincipe
Coted'Ivoire
CapeVerde
Ghana
Mauritanie
Congo,Rep.
Chad
Nombredeproduitsreprésentant75%desexportations
Intheshareofexports
Source : Africa Development Indicators –
Factoid 2011
Diversification of exports from SSA countries in 2009
Part du top 3 des produits exportés dans les
exportations totales
Nombre de produits représentant plus de
75% des exportations
For 3/4 of SSA countries, the first three products exported are raw materials, averaging
2/3 of exports.
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
19. 3. GROWTH UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED THAT DOES NOT
ALWAYS SUPPORTS DEVELOPMENT
• Sub-Saharan Africa has the rate of extreme poverty the most important in the world
despite a decrease of 10 points in 20 years
o Between 1990 and 2000, the share of population living on less than $ 1.25 / day increased from 56.5% to
47.5%
o However, population growth is the absolute number of poor has increased by 33% over the same period
• For growth generates human development, economic growth must be inclusive and
redistributive. Countries as Equatorial Guinea illustrate that this is not always the case.
Between 1990 and 2010:
o per capita income has increased by 16
o while it remains the 13th country in life expectancy the lowest in the world (51)
19NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
20. WHICH RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANT INEQUALITIES
20
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
70,0%
60,8%
20,9%
8,7%
4,7% 4,8%
36,5%
24,0%
9,9% 10,8%
18,8%
Source : AfDB Market Brief (2011)
Population and income distribution by classes in Africa
Population Revenu
In 2010, six of the most unequal countries in the world were in SSA, especially in
southern Africa.
After Latin America, this is the second part of the world with the greatest inequality.
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
21. AND DOES NOT ALLOW THE SSA TO REDUCE THE GAP
WITH THE BRICS AND OECD COUNTRIES
The gap in life expectancy has increased over the past 40 years,
from 14.6 years in 1970 to 19 in 2011.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Numberofyears
Source : UNDAES 2011
Difference in life expectancy
Différence AfSS - OCDE
Différence AfSS - Brésil
Différence AfSS - Chine
Différence AfSS - Inde
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 21
22. GROWTH STILL NOT ENOUGH
Life expectancy in SSA increased by 10 years since 1970 to $ 54 in 2011. However,
this figure remains low compared to the performance of other regions.
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Numberofyear
Source : UNDAES 2011
Life expectancy at birth
Brésil
Chine
Inde
AfSS
OCDE
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 22
23. …EFFECTIVELY FIGHT TO THE POVERTY REDUCTION
The development gap between SSA and other regions of the world just to subside
despite an increase of 25% of the African HDI over the past 30 years.
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source : PNUD 2012
Human Development Index
Asie
Amérique du Nord
Afrique subsaharienne
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 23
24. FINALLY, THE AFRICAN GROWTH MUST BE INCLUSIVE
• Africa has the youngest population in the world and it is growing rapidly
o 200 million inhabitants aged 15-24 years in 2011
o 10 million new entrants to the job market each year
o nearly a billion of jobseekers in 2040
• Mass unemployment coupled with a highly urban population may have serious
consequences in political and social terms
• A generator inclusive job growth, requires the development of the private sector
which is responsible for 90% of employment in developing countries
24NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
25. FOCUS AREAS OF INTERVENTION I&P
Categories Countries of operation in 2012
Petroleum Exporting Countries Cameroon
Middle-income countries
Ghana
Maurice
Namibia
Senegal
Low-income countries
Benin
Burkina Faso
Madagascar
Mali
Niger
Uganda
Fragile countries
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo
Ivoiry Coast
Mauritania
Togo
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 25
26. GROWTH RATE LOWER BUT ALSO VOLATILE THAN THE
REST OF THE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
-1%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source : World Bank Indicators, 2012.
GDP Growth rate per Capita
I&P
AfSS hors I&P
Approx. 2.3% growth in 2010
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 26
27. STANDARD OF LIVING PER CAPITA ALMOST IDENTICAL
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
EnUSDconstants
Source : World Bank Indicators, 2012
GDP per Capita
I&P
AfSS hors I&P
< $ 900 per capita
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 27
28. 3
AN ECONOMIC GROWTH WHICH SEDUCES AND
PROMOTES THE DEVELOPEMENT OF CAPITAL
INVESTMENT
28NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
29. 3 MAJOR EVENTS ARE TO NOTE
1. The sector increased significantly and knows good prospects
2. The distribution of capital investment improves and targets change
3. Increased Foreign Direct Investment
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 29
30. 1. CAPITAL INVESTMENT PROGRESS IN AFRICA
• Over the period 2008-2011, SSA has received an average 4.4% of the
funds raised for all emerging countries, representing 3.1% of the
investment (the major remaining area of Asia)
• With over less than 100 million and less than greater than $ 1 billion fund
money for the rest of the emerging markets
• Relative to GDP, the activity of capital investment in SSA was
comparable to that of BRIC in 2008 and 2009 (0.29% and 0.15% of GDP)
30NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
31. THE ECONOMIC CRISIS HAS SLOWED THE FLOW, WITHOUT
STOPPING
31
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
EnmillionsdedollarsEU
Fundraising and investment in private equity in Sub-Saharan Africa
Levée de fonds Investissements
1.3 billion of funds raised to $ 1 billion invested in private equity in 2011
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
32. THE SECTOR KNOWS GOOD PROSPECTS
• 67 % of limited partners interviewed believe attractive Africa in 2011
• 50% plan to make investments in sub-Saharan Africa by 2013
• A growing number of very large businesses include the African continent
among their top strategic targets
32NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
33. 2. THE DISTRIBUTION OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT GROWS
ON THE CONTINENT
• The activity is concentrated in a handful of markets: South Africa, Kenya,
Nigeria ...
• But diversification is at work: the three countries in 2010 had fallen to
"only" 56% of the total number of investments (against 74% and 73% in
2008 and 2009)
• Among the new countries attraction: Benin, Congo, Ghana, Liberia,
Madagascar, Tanzania ...
33NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
34. CHANGE TARGETS
The banking and the infrastructure
sector hold a prominent place in the
space of capital investment.
In 2010, however, more than half of
the operations were carried out in
areas such as health and food media
and telecommunications 27%
18%
13%
10%
9%
9%
5%
9%
Sectoral distribution of investments in Sub-
Saharan Africa (2009 - 2010)
Infrastructure
Banking & Financial
Services
Industrials &
Manufacturing
Services
Energy & Natural
Resources
Media & Telecom
Agribusiness
Other
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 34
35. 3. SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENT FOREIGN DIRECT
INVESTMENT
X 5 to sub-Saharan Africa since 2000
3 USD 000 billion is invested in the space of 10 years.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Milliards
Source : UNCTAD 2011
Inward flow foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa
En dollars EU courants, taux de change
courants
% de PIB
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 35
36. EN TÉMOIGNE LE NIVEAU DES INVESTISSEMENTS
PRIVÉS DANS LES TÉLÉCOMS
X 4 between 2000 to 2009, reaching $ 12 billion in 2009.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
EnmilliardsUSDcourants
Source : World Bank Indicators, 2012
Investment in telecoms with private participation in Sub-Saharan Africa
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 36
37. 4
GROWTH WHICH PROMOTES THE DEVELOPMENT
OF AFRICAN BUSINESSES
37NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
38. SMES HOLD VITAL ROLE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
SMEs now have a flexible multiple barriers to their creation and growth, by improving
the legal and administrative context:
1. Reducing the time of registration of property rights
2. Reducing the delays in obtaining operating licenses
3. Reducing the costs associated with starting a business in Sub-Saharan Africa
38
SMEs contribute to 30% of GDP and 17% of jobs created.
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
39. 1. REDUCED REGISTRATION DEADLINES PROPERTY
RIGHTS
39
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Numberofdays–Sub-SaharanAfrica
Source : Doing Business 2011
- 60 days between 2004 to 2010
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
40. 2. TIME LIMIT FOR OBTAINING A LICENSE
40
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Numberofdays–Sub-SaharanAfrica
Source : Doing Business 2011
- 44% between 2004 to 2010, 53 days or less
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
41. 3. COST OF PROCEDURES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A COMPANY
41
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Asa%ofGNI-Sub-SaharanAfrica
Source : Doing Business 2011
- 70% between 2003 to 2011
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC
42. The phenomenon of the "missing middle" is partly explained by the lack of access to
finance for small enterprises.
However we see in developing economies a significant lack of formal SMEs:
THE MISSING MIDDLE
Source : http://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/cid/programs/entrepreneurial-finance-lab-research-initiative/the-missing-middle
Numberoffirms
Micro
High-Income Countries
SMEs Large
Numberoffirms
Micro
Low-Income Countries
SMEs Large
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 42
43. THE « MISSING MIDDLE »
Micro-Enterprises
(Invest.: 100€ to 50K€)
Mesofinance
Middle Size Companies
(Invest.: 150K€ to 1000K€)
LARGE COMPANIES
(Invest.: >1M€)
Local Banks,
international investors
MICROFINANCE
INSTITUTIONS
> Gap
funding
Today it is difficult to invest in these SMEs
because:
•The lack of reliable accounting
•A lack of management culture
•The high cost of monitoring and
evaluation in comparison with the
amounts invested
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 43
44. Investisseurs & Partenaires (I&P) intends to meet the
financing needs and support these businesses and thus
contribute to the growth and development of the African
continent.
NOVEMBER 2012 - TOWARDS A NEW AFRICAN ECONOMIC 44