Mobile phone has advanced to the extent that it has made life more comfortable and efficient. The comfort of being able to pay for goods and services from any point of transaction, using mobile payment system has become a vital issue as it saves a lot of time and the risks involved in carrying cash. However, Mobile payment system have not taken off as fast as expected especially in the Informal Sector in Nigeria. The slow adoption rate of mobile payment system raise many questions about what influences consumer behavioural intention to adopt. The main objective of this study was to ascertain the Predictors of Mobile Payment adoption among informal sector in South East Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design and examined the constructs developed from the literature reviewed, which are Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, mobility, payment knowledge, Perceived cost, Perceived Trust and Perceived Risk as regards adoption of mobile payment system, which is supported by the extended Technology Acceptance Model TAM . The data for this study was collected using a structured questionnaire and out of the 665 questionnaire distributed to the mobile phone users, operating under the informal sector of the capital cities of the five states Abia=Umuahia Anambra=Awka Ebonyi=Abakiliki Enugu=Enugu Imo=Owerri that make up South East Nigeria, 484 questionnaires were returned. The findings showed that Perceived ease of use, Perceived usefulness, mobility, Perceived Trust and Perceived Risk significantly influence Behavioural Intention to adopt M payment by the informal sector. While M Payment knowledge and Perceived cost do not significantly influence Behavioural Intention to adopt M payment by the informal sector. The researcher therefore recommends that Mobile payment parties should ensure that they offer mobile payment service at cheap cost so that informal sector will feel convenient to use it as they are mostly price conscious. Anyaeneh Vivian Kamsoluchi | Prof. Irenus. C. Nwaizugbo "Predictors of Mobile Payment Adoption among Informal Sector in South-East Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38707.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38707/predictors-of-mobile-payment-adoption-among-informal-sector-in-southeast-nigeria/anyaeneh-vivian-kamsoluchi
Analysis on Challenges Small Business Face in using the MBanking/Payment Serv...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Mobile banking services are at the present
increasingly used to accomplish economic transactions by the
business people who would have followed long processes to
complete their transaction deals. Despite the importance of
mobile banking, several studies indicate that the industry still
faces challenges including lack of awareness among the
business parties and customers. Though large populations of
Kenyans have embraced the new technology in most of their
transactions, the contribution of the new technology on small
scale enterprises has received very little attention from the
scholars. The main purpose of this study was to identifying
and rank the challenges faced by the residents as they try to
embrace the mobile banking services. The study adopted a
survey design where data was collected from selected
respondents. The population of the study comprises of 730
small business enterprises. Simple random sampling technique
was used to select 88 small business enterprises based on 95%
confidence level and accepting 5% margin of error as
recommended for most business and social researches.
Primary data was collected from the respondents. Data was
analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS)
and it was presented in the form of graphs, tables and charts.
Analysis of the data revealed that the highest challenge faced
by the business owners was the cost of transaction with a
cumulative percentage of 51.3 as compared with other
challenges.
The study was designed to identify basic factors required to deepen adoption of
internet banking in the delivery of banking services to a rapidly growing market
characterized by complexities in service requirements. Analysis of data collected from
selected customers of 5 DMBs in Lagos, Ogun and Ebonyi States of Nigeria showed
that alternative service channels offered by technology-based applications enhanced
the delivery of banking services to bank customers. Specifically, the result showed
significant impact of ease of access, cost, reliability, and security/integrity of
technology-driven service delivery channels on the adoption of engineering
technology-based applications in Nigeria's banking industry.
Mobile Payment System Adoption among Informal Sector in Anambra StateYogeshIJTSRD
Advancements in mobile technologies have led to an increased uptake of smart phones. This has led to a growing trend in mobile payment m payment activities. However, Mobile payment system have not taken off as fast as expected. The slow adoption rate of mobile payment system raise many questions about what influences consumer behavioural intention to adopt. The main objective of this study was to ascertain the extent of Mobile Payment adoption among informal sector in Anambra State of Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design because this design allowed the researcher to collect data from the respondents and make inferences from this information. The study examined the constructs developed from the literature reviewed, which are Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived cost, Perceived Trust and Perceived Risk as regards adoption of mobile payment system, which is supported by the extended Technology Acceptance Model TAM . The data for this study was collected using a structured questionnaire and out of the 246 questionnaire distributed to the mobile phone users, operating under the informal sector of the three major cities Awka, Onitsha and Nnewi in Anambra state, 236 questionnaires were returned. The findings showed that Perceived risk and Perceived cost have a negative influence on Behavioural Intention to adopt mobile payment among the informal sector. While Perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and Perceived trust do not significantly influence Behavioural Intention to adopt mobile payment among the informal sector. The researcher therefore recommends that Mobile payment parties should ensure that they offer mobile payment service at cheap cost so that informal sector will feel convenient to use it as they are mostly price conscious. Anyaeneh Vivian Kamsoluchi | Rev. Prof. A. D. Nkamnebe "Mobile Payment System Adoption among Informal Sector in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43892.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/43892/mobile-payment-system-adoption-among-informal-sector-in-anambra-state/anyaeneh-vivian-kamsoluchi
Effect of Electronic Banking on Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Micro...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
Impact of Information Technology on Performance of Banks in NigeriaAJHSSR Journal
Over the last two decades, the Nigerian banking sector has witnessed some upsurge in the use
of technology for service delivery. However, concerns have been expressed as to whether cost and other
challenges of adopting information technology can be justified by performance. Accordingly, this study sought
to examine the relationship between different e-banking channels and the profitability of organisations in
Nigeria. Four e-banking channels,(automatic teller machines, point of sales, internet banking transactions and
electronic mobile banking) were identified and regressed against return on equity (ROE) of Deposit Money
Banks operating in Nigeria between 2006 and 2016. A panel data regression model was formulated and tested
using the generalized method of moment approach. The result revealed that the overall impact of electronic
banking on profitability of Deposit Money Banks operating in Nigeria was significant and positive. The study
recommends that critical stakeholders and beneficiaries of electronic banking – the government, regulatory
authorities and the banks should collaborate to put in place an enabling operating environment and an effective
regulatory framework to bring about optimal deployment of these services to customers
Selected Macroeconomic Factors versus Bond Market Development in Nigeriainventionjournals
This paper examines the macroeconomic determinants of bond market development in Nigeria to address the persistent research question of whether bond market development is driven by macroeconomic factors or institutional factors in emerging markets. Time series data generated over the period of 32 years was analyzed using ordinary least square regression techniques involving multiple regressions. The aggregate bond market capitalization comprising both government bonds and corporate bonds were exploited. The major findings of the study reveals that exchange rate, interest rate, inflation rate and banking sector development have negative and significant influence on the Nigerian bond market capitalization and as such, they demonstrated strong evidence as robust macroeconomic determinants of bond market development in Nigeria. Bond market, development, determinants, economy, Nigeria
Analysis on Challenges Small Business Face in using the MBanking/Payment Serv...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Mobile banking services are at the present
increasingly used to accomplish economic transactions by the
business people who would have followed long processes to
complete their transaction deals. Despite the importance of
mobile banking, several studies indicate that the industry still
faces challenges including lack of awareness among the
business parties and customers. Though large populations of
Kenyans have embraced the new technology in most of their
transactions, the contribution of the new technology on small
scale enterprises has received very little attention from the
scholars. The main purpose of this study was to identifying
and rank the challenges faced by the residents as they try to
embrace the mobile banking services. The study adopted a
survey design where data was collected from selected
respondents. The population of the study comprises of 730
small business enterprises. Simple random sampling technique
was used to select 88 small business enterprises based on 95%
confidence level and accepting 5% margin of error as
recommended for most business and social researches.
Primary data was collected from the respondents. Data was
analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS)
and it was presented in the form of graphs, tables and charts.
Analysis of the data revealed that the highest challenge faced
by the business owners was the cost of transaction with a
cumulative percentage of 51.3 as compared with other
challenges.
The study was designed to identify basic factors required to deepen adoption of
internet banking in the delivery of banking services to a rapidly growing market
characterized by complexities in service requirements. Analysis of data collected from
selected customers of 5 DMBs in Lagos, Ogun and Ebonyi States of Nigeria showed
that alternative service channels offered by technology-based applications enhanced
the delivery of banking services to bank customers. Specifically, the result showed
significant impact of ease of access, cost, reliability, and security/integrity of
technology-driven service delivery channels on the adoption of engineering
technology-based applications in Nigeria's banking industry.
Mobile Payment System Adoption among Informal Sector in Anambra StateYogeshIJTSRD
Advancements in mobile technologies have led to an increased uptake of smart phones. This has led to a growing trend in mobile payment m payment activities. However, Mobile payment system have not taken off as fast as expected. The slow adoption rate of mobile payment system raise many questions about what influences consumer behavioural intention to adopt. The main objective of this study was to ascertain the extent of Mobile Payment adoption among informal sector in Anambra State of Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design because this design allowed the researcher to collect data from the respondents and make inferences from this information. The study examined the constructs developed from the literature reviewed, which are Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived cost, Perceived Trust and Perceived Risk as regards adoption of mobile payment system, which is supported by the extended Technology Acceptance Model TAM . The data for this study was collected using a structured questionnaire and out of the 246 questionnaire distributed to the mobile phone users, operating under the informal sector of the three major cities Awka, Onitsha and Nnewi in Anambra state, 236 questionnaires were returned. The findings showed that Perceived risk and Perceived cost have a negative influence on Behavioural Intention to adopt mobile payment among the informal sector. While Perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and Perceived trust do not significantly influence Behavioural Intention to adopt mobile payment among the informal sector. The researcher therefore recommends that Mobile payment parties should ensure that they offer mobile payment service at cheap cost so that informal sector will feel convenient to use it as they are mostly price conscious. Anyaeneh Vivian Kamsoluchi | Rev. Prof. A. D. Nkamnebe "Mobile Payment System Adoption among Informal Sector in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43892.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/43892/mobile-payment-system-adoption-among-informal-sector-in-anambra-state/anyaeneh-vivian-kamsoluchi
Effect of Electronic Banking on Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Micro...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
Impact of Information Technology on Performance of Banks in NigeriaAJHSSR Journal
Over the last two decades, the Nigerian banking sector has witnessed some upsurge in the use
of technology for service delivery. However, concerns have been expressed as to whether cost and other
challenges of adopting information technology can be justified by performance. Accordingly, this study sought
to examine the relationship between different e-banking channels and the profitability of organisations in
Nigeria. Four e-banking channels,(automatic teller machines, point of sales, internet banking transactions and
electronic mobile banking) were identified and regressed against return on equity (ROE) of Deposit Money
Banks operating in Nigeria between 2006 and 2016. A panel data regression model was formulated and tested
using the generalized method of moment approach. The result revealed that the overall impact of electronic
banking on profitability of Deposit Money Banks operating in Nigeria was significant and positive. The study
recommends that critical stakeholders and beneficiaries of electronic banking – the government, regulatory
authorities and the banks should collaborate to put in place an enabling operating environment and an effective
regulatory framework to bring about optimal deployment of these services to customers
Selected Macroeconomic Factors versus Bond Market Development in Nigeriainventionjournals
This paper examines the macroeconomic determinants of bond market development in Nigeria to address the persistent research question of whether bond market development is driven by macroeconomic factors or institutional factors in emerging markets. Time series data generated over the period of 32 years was analyzed using ordinary least square regression techniques involving multiple regressions. The aggregate bond market capitalization comprising both government bonds and corporate bonds were exploited. The major findings of the study reveals that exchange rate, interest rate, inflation rate and banking sector development have negative and significant influence on the Nigerian bond market capitalization and as such, they demonstrated strong evidence as robust macroeconomic determinants of bond market development in Nigeria. Bond market, development, determinants, economy, Nigeria
Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry A Case Study of Akure B...ijtsrd
As information technology is the modern trend on banking today, its very imperative for banks to access its impact operational performance so as to justify if the capital invested on it is Justifiable or not, analyze their problem and profit possible solutions. The objective of this research is to examine how the adoption of information technology affects the operations of commercial banks and the impact of information technology on banks and customer relationship. The main research instruments used are questionnaire from staffs and customers of the bank,156 questionnaire were distributed and 150 questionnaire were administered. The simple frequency percentage was adopted as the statistical measure and hypothesis testing was analyzed using chi square statistical tool, at 0.05 level of significance to show whether they should be upheld or rejected. The results of this research affirmed that there is significant relationship between management disposition and the utilization of information technology by banks in Nigeria. In conclusion, the study reward that information technology has tremendously improved growth and performance of the Nigeria commercial banks. Information technology has lead to increase customer satisfaction, improved operational efficiency, reduced transaction time, and gives the bank a competitive edge. The study recommends that every bank in Nigeria should not only invest heavily on IT especially the point of sales POS , but should distribute same to business outlets where business owners and customers will have access to smooth and hassle free transactions. It is therefore necessary for the government to emphasize the need for more policies that will boost the efficiency in utilization of IT equipment by reducing the cost of acquiring them so as to reduce cost and boost the growth of the economy. Consequently, it is hereby suggested that further studies be carried out on the impact of Information Technology on development finance institutions. Olaitan S. K | Arijeniwa O. C "Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry (A Case Study of Akure Bank Area)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45242.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/45242/impacts-of-information-technology-on-banking-industry-a-case-study-of-akure-bank-area/olaitan-s-k
In order to reduce cash handling cost of banks amongst other objectives, the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced the ‘cashless policy’. The success of this policy hinges on the adoption of alternative payment systems one of which is mobile banking. Thus it is imperative for policy makers and other relevant stakeholders to anticipate and deal with inhibitions surrounding the adoption of mobile banking by bank customers in the country. This study investigates the determinants of mobile banking adoption in Nigeria using a modified version of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This incorporates Perceived Risk, Facilitating Conditions and Demographic Characteristics (Age, Gender, Educational Qualification and Income) to Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease-of-Use as determinants of Mobile Banking Adoption. We also propose that this relationship is mediated by attitude towards mobile banking adoption. A total of 250 bank customers from the Lagos area were selected and a structured questionnaire was designed and copies distributed to them. Data was analysed using multiple regression and computed using SPSS 20.0 computer application. Results show that Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease-of-Use, perceived Risk, Facilitating Conditions, Age, Educational Qualifications and Income significantly determine Mobile Banking Adoption. However, the relationship between gender and Mobile Banking Adoption is not significant. The outcome of this study has some implications to m-banking policy formulation and implementation. It also throws more light into what should be done to improve mbanking adoption rate in Nigeria
It is evident that financial services industry has been undergoing a profound transformation in Nigeria. Rapid changes in the banking environment, increased competition by new players from non-banking sector, product innovations, globalization and technological advancement-all these have led to a market situation in which the battle for consumers is intense. We look at the prospect and challenges of mobile banking services in Nigeria using four selected' banks as case study, reviewed prior literatures on mobile banking, analyze the different factors that impact the market, and give direction for future research on this emerging field. A framework of four contingency and five competitive factors were proposed to facilitate the analysis. Factors affecting mobile services in Nigeria such interoperability, unstable power supply, network problems etc. were identified. Finally, we recommended that non–bank led model of mobile banking be adopted by Nigeria banks to make the services transformational instead of additives as is currently being practiced.
Effect of Mobile Banking on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kisi...paperpublications3
Abstract: Around half of the world’s population is out of formal banking and financial services. For this reason, several mobile payment trend studies have revealed the potential of mobile network technologies for payment purposes. The main objective of the study was to assess the effect of mobile banking to financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of perceived security of mobile payments technology on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town, to determine the effect of perceived ease of accessibility of mobile payments technology on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town and to determine the effect of transaction cost of mobile payment technology on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town. The study used a sample of 255 respondents which was drawn from Operation Managers, clients, cashiers and 7 M-Pesa paying agents. The data collected were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the help of Social Sciences version 21 software. The study found out that, perceived cost, perceived access and perceived security of mobile payments technology have a significant influence on the financial performance of commercial banks. The study concluded that the transaction cost of mobile payment is cheap, mobile banking money can be sent any time of day; it saves time of travelling and that mobile banking transactions are processed in accordance with clients’ expectations besides providing evident of payment to another person.
Keywords: Craft, External equity, Financing, Growth, Microenterprise, Tabaka.
Title: Effect of Mobile Banking on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kisii Town, Kenya
Author: Isabellah Mageto, Dr. Willy Mwangi Muturi, Dr. Vitalis Mogwambo Abuga
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR MOBILE PAYMENTSIJMIT JOURNAL
With the exponential proliferation of mobile devices, smart phones and apps in the consumer market,
mobile payment is emerging as a key area to revolutionise the everyday financial life of both consumers
and merchants. The past few years have witnessed an increase in the adoption of digital payments and
online billing methods that leverage on wireless technologies and the Internet. However, the success or
failure of mobile payments in businesses is a hot topic today due to the multi-faceted factors such as, type
of wireless technologies used, security and privacy, the players involved and their influencing business
models, including consumer factors relating to interoperability, flexibility, ease-of-use and social
marketing. This paper examines mobile payments in all perspectives: technical, social as well as business
viewpoints and provides a strategic framework for a successful mobile payment adoption.
Strategic framework for mobile paymentsIJMIT JOURNAL
With the exponential proliferation of mobile devices, smart phones and apps in the consumer market, mobile payment is emerging as a key area to revolutionise the everyday financial life of both consumers and merchants. The past few years have witnessed an increase in the adoption of digital payments and
online billing methods that leverage on wireless technologies and the Internet. However, the success or failure of mobile payments in businesses is a hot topic today due to the multi-faceted factors such as, type of wireless technologies used, security and privacy, the players involved and their influencing business models, including consumer factors relating to interoperability, flexibility, ease-of-use and social
marketing. This paper examines mobile payments in all perspectives: technical, social as well as business
viewpoints and provides a strategic framework for a successful mobile payment adoption.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ANALYSIS OF MOBILE PAYMENT INFLUENCING FACTORScscpconf
With the exponential proliferation of mobile devices in the consumer market, wireless e-business
is emerging as a key area to revolutionise industries. In the past few years, industry has
witnessed an increase in the adoption of mobile payment and billing methods that leverage on
wireless technologies. Yet, the success of mobile payments in businesses much depends on
many factors such as, type of wireless technologies used, security options available, the players
involved and their influencing m-business models. This paper examines mobile payments in
both technical as well as business perspectives. It identifies and analyses the influencing factors
from multi-dimensions that would be useful for adopting mobile payments.
Ericsson ConsumerLab: Mobile Commerce in Emerging AsiaEricsson
A report from Ericsson ConsumerLab has explored the possibilities of widespread m-commerce adoption in emerging Asia. The countries included in the study were Bangladesh, Indonesia and Vietnam.
There has been tremendous growth in mobile banking penetration in many countries in the developed and
developing economies and most interestingly in a number of developing countries such as Nigeria. Yet there are numbers of opportunities and threats in the mobile banking systems. However the major threat of mobile banking is its non-adoption by the banking customers. This research focuses on the perceived barriers to mobile banking adoption in Nigeria as a developing economy. The study adopted an exploratory qualitative method and this was conducted among banking customers spread across three regions of North, West and East of Nigeria. The basis of participants’ selection was being active customers of the Nigerian banks. Findings indicate that there is intention to adopt the mobile banking services; unfortunately, the
intentions cannot be translated into action due mainly to lack of trust on issues such as the delivery
channels/technology, communication infrastructures, government policies, etc. Findings further revealed
that majority of respondents do not use internet and mobile banking services, due to several identified
barriers. There is however a preference for the traditional banking approaches as opposed to the mobile
banking services. The study recommends that banks and other financial institutions embark on massive
awareness campaign.
CASHLESS SOCIETY: DRIVE’S AND CHALLENGES IN NIGERIAijistjournal
The purpose of this paper is to examine how we can achieve a cashless society in Nigeria especially given her infrastructure deficits. This study examines the cashless economic system so as to assess its feasibility in Nigeria with regards to timeless, preparedness and adequacy against the backdrop of our level of development both technologically and educationally. Nigeria has continued to evolve in different realms. The economy is being reformed, the institutions are being reshaped and laws are being re-examined so as to reposition the nation to take its rightful position in the international community. As a way of fasttracking the Nigerian economy so as to be among the first 20 world economies come 2020, Nigeria proposed 2012 for the adoption of the cashless economy system starting with Lagos State but could not realized its objective. The study used structured questionnaire as a means of data collection and the collected data were analyzed using simple percentage procedure. The results indicate that: majority of Nigerians are already aware of the policy and majority agree that the policy will help fight against corruption/money laundering and reduce the risk of carrying cash and can also foster economic growth. Major problems envisaged that can hinder the implementation of the policy are: cyber fraud, limited point of sales and numeracy illiteracy. Based on the findings some recommendations made are: the government should adopt a different strategy to educate the non-literate Nigerians about the cashless economy; and the Federal Government of Nigerian should establish a Cybercrime law.
Mobile Money Adoption In a Fragile Economy: The Case of a Seven Year Failed E...inventionjournals
A seven year flounder and failed experience of mobile money ignition in Nigeria is worrisome. Ipso-facto, this paper explores the factors that influence mobile money adoption in the Nigerian fragile economy. A survey data generated from 344 experience mobile phone users formed final data base used in this study. Exploratory factor analysis anchored on principle component method and correlation analysis were employed in the methodology. Results reveal that trailability, compatibility, perceived trust, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, level of awearness, and relative advantage strongly drives the adoption of mobile money in Nigeria as they exhibit significant positive relationship. No significant relationship was found between perceived financial cost and mobile money adoption in Nigeria. To attract greater adoption and growth of mobile money in achieving cashless economy in Nigeria, these factors should be integrated in the Nigerian mobile money/payment regulatory framework and be made more flexible from its apparent stiff regulation and control
Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry A Case Study of Akure B...ijtsrd
As information technology is the modern trend on banking today, its very imperative for banks to access its impact operational performance so as to justify if the capital invested on it is Justifiable or not, analyze their problem and profit possible solutions. The objective of this research is to examine how the adoption of information technology affects the operations of commercial banks and the impact of information technology on banks and customer relationship. The main research instruments used are questionnaire from staffs and customers of the bank,156 questionnaire were distributed and 150 questionnaire were administered. The simple frequency percentage was adopted as the statistical measure and hypothesis testing was analyzed using chi square statistical tool, at 0.05 level of significance to show whether they should be upheld or rejected. The results of this research affirmed that there is significant relationship between management disposition and the utilization of information technology by banks in Nigeria. In conclusion, the study reward that information technology has tremendously improved growth and performance of the Nigeria commercial banks. Information technology has lead to increase customer satisfaction, improved operational efficiency, reduced transaction time, and gives the bank a competitive edge. The study recommends that every bank in Nigeria should not only invest heavily on IT especially the point of sales POS , but should distribute same to business outlets where business owners and customers will have access to smooth and hassle free transactions. It is therefore necessary for the government to emphasize the need for more policies that will boost the efficiency in utilization of IT equipment by reducing the cost of acquiring them so as to reduce cost and boost the growth of the economy. Consequently, it is hereby suggested that further studies be carried out on the impact of Information Technology on development finance institutions. Olaitan S. K | Arijeniwa O. C "Impacts of Information Technology on Banking Industry (A Case Study of Akure Bank Area)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45242.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/45242/impacts-of-information-technology-on-banking-industry-a-case-study-of-akure-bank-area/olaitan-s-k
In order to reduce cash handling cost of banks amongst other objectives, the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced the ‘cashless policy’. The success of this policy hinges on the adoption of alternative payment systems one of which is mobile banking. Thus it is imperative for policy makers and other relevant stakeholders to anticipate and deal with inhibitions surrounding the adoption of mobile banking by bank customers in the country. This study investigates the determinants of mobile banking adoption in Nigeria using a modified version of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This incorporates Perceived Risk, Facilitating Conditions and Demographic Characteristics (Age, Gender, Educational Qualification and Income) to Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease-of-Use as determinants of Mobile Banking Adoption. We also propose that this relationship is mediated by attitude towards mobile banking adoption. A total of 250 bank customers from the Lagos area were selected and a structured questionnaire was designed and copies distributed to them. Data was analysed using multiple regression and computed using SPSS 20.0 computer application. Results show that Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease-of-Use, perceived Risk, Facilitating Conditions, Age, Educational Qualifications and Income significantly determine Mobile Banking Adoption. However, the relationship between gender and Mobile Banking Adoption is not significant. The outcome of this study has some implications to m-banking policy formulation and implementation. It also throws more light into what should be done to improve mbanking adoption rate in Nigeria
It is evident that financial services industry has been undergoing a profound transformation in Nigeria. Rapid changes in the banking environment, increased competition by new players from non-banking sector, product innovations, globalization and technological advancement-all these have led to a market situation in which the battle for consumers is intense. We look at the prospect and challenges of mobile banking services in Nigeria using four selected' banks as case study, reviewed prior literatures on mobile banking, analyze the different factors that impact the market, and give direction for future research on this emerging field. A framework of four contingency and five competitive factors were proposed to facilitate the analysis. Factors affecting mobile services in Nigeria such interoperability, unstable power supply, network problems etc. were identified. Finally, we recommended that non–bank led model of mobile banking be adopted by Nigeria banks to make the services transformational instead of additives as is currently being practiced.
Effect of Mobile Banking on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kisi...paperpublications3
Abstract: Around half of the world’s population is out of formal banking and financial services. For this reason, several mobile payment trend studies have revealed the potential of mobile network technologies for payment purposes. The main objective of the study was to assess the effect of mobile banking to financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of perceived security of mobile payments technology on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town, to determine the effect of perceived ease of accessibility of mobile payments technology on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town and to determine the effect of transaction cost of mobile payment technology on financial performance of commercial banks in Kisii Town. The study used a sample of 255 respondents which was drawn from Operation Managers, clients, cashiers and 7 M-Pesa paying agents. The data collected were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with the help of Social Sciences version 21 software. The study found out that, perceived cost, perceived access and perceived security of mobile payments technology have a significant influence on the financial performance of commercial banks. The study concluded that the transaction cost of mobile payment is cheap, mobile banking money can be sent any time of day; it saves time of travelling and that mobile banking transactions are processed in accordance with clients’ expectations besides providing evident of payment to another person.
Keywords: Craft, External equity, Financing, Growth, Microenterprise, Tabaka.
Title: Effect of Mobile Banking on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kisii Town, Kenya
Author: Isabellah Mageto, Dr. Willy Mwangi Muturi, Dr. Vitalis Mogwambo Abuga
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR MOBILE PAYMENTSIJMIT JOURNAL
With the exponential proliferation of mobile devices, smart phones and apps in the consumer market,
mobile payment is emerging as a key area to revolutionise the everyday financial life of both consumers
and merchants. The past few years have witnessed an increase in the adoption of digital payments and
online billing methods that leverage on wireless technologies and the Internet. However, the success or
failure of mobile payments in businesses is a hot topic today due to the multi-faceted factors such as, type
of wireless technologies used, security and privacy, the players involved and their influencing business
models, including consumer factors relating to interoperability, flexibility, ease-of-use and social
marketing. This paper examines mobile payments in all perspectives: technical, social as well as business
viewpoints and provides a strategic framework for a successful mobile payment adoption.
Strategic framework for mobile paymentsIJMIT JOURNAL
With the exponential proliferation of mobile devices, smart phones and apps in the consumer market, mobile payment is emerging as a key area to revolutionise the everyday financial life of both consumers and merchants. The past few years have witnessed an increase in the adoption of digital payments and
online billing methods that leverage on wireless technologies and the Internet. However, the success or failure of mobile payments in businesses is a hot topic today due to the multi-faceted factors such as, type of wireless technologies used, security and privacy, the players involved and their influencing business models, including consumer factors relating to interoperability, flexibility, ease-of-use and social
marketing. This paper examines mobile payments in all perspectives: technical, social as well as business
viewpoints and provides a strategic framework for a successful mobile payment adoption.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ANALYSIS OF MOBILE PAYMENT INFLUENCING FACTORScscpconf
With the exponential proliferation of mobile devices in the consumer market, wireless e-business
is emerging as a key area to revolutionise industries. In the past few years, industry has
witnessed an increase in the adoption of mobile payment and billing methods that leverage on
wireless technologies. Yet, the success of mobile payments in businesses much depends on
many factors such as, type of wireless technologies used, security options available, the players
involved and their influencing m-business models. This paper examines mobile payments in
both technical as well as business perspectives. It identifies and analyses the influencing factors
from multi-dimensions that would be useful for adopting mobile payments.
Ericsson ConsumerLab: Mobile Commerce in Emerging AsiaEricsson
A report from Ericsson ConsumerLab has explored the possibilities of widespread m-commerce adoption in emerging Asia. The countries included in the study were Bangladesh, Indonesia and Vietnam.
There has been tremendous growth in mobile banking penetration in many countries in the developed and
developing economies and most interestingly in a number of developing countries such as Nigeria. Yet there are numbers of opportunities and threats in the mobile banking systems. However the major threat of mobile banking is its non-adoption by the banking customers. This research focuses on the perceived barriers to mobile banking adoption in Nigeria as a developing economy. The study adopted an exploratory qualitative method and this was conducted among banking customers spread across three regions of North, West and East of Nigeria. The basis of participants’ selection was being active customers of the Nigerian banks. Findings indicate that there is intention to adopt the mobile banking services; unfortunately, the
intentions cannot be translated into action due mainly to lack of trust on issues such as the delivery
channels/technology, communication infrastructures, government policies, etc. Findings further revealed
that majority of respondents do not use internet and mobile banking services, due to several identified
barriers. There is however a preference for the traditional banking approaches as opposed to the mobile
banking services. The study recommends that banks and other financial institutions embark on massive
awareness campaign.
CASHLESS SOCIETY: DRIVE’S AND CHALLENGES IN NIGERIAijistjournal
The purpose of this paper is to examine how we can achieve a cashless society in Nigeria especially given her infrastructure deficits. This study examines the cashless economic system so as to assess its feasibility in Nigeria with regards to timeless, preparedness and adequacy against the backdrop of our level of development both technologically and educationally. Nigeria has continued to evolve in different realms. The economy is being reformed, the institutions are being reshaped and laws are being re-examined so as to reposition the nation to take its rightful position in the international community. As a way of fasttracking the Nigerian economy so as to be among the first 20 world economies come 2020, Nigeria proposed 2012 for the adoption of the cashless economy system starting with Lagos State but could not realized its objective. The study used structured questionnaire as a means of data collection and the collected data were analyzed using simple percentage procedure. The results indicate that: majority of Nigerians are already aware of the policy and majority agree that the policy will help fight against corruption/money laundering and reduce the risk of carrying cash and can also foster economic growth. Major problems envisaged that can hinder the implementation of the policy are: cyber fraud, limited point of sales and numeracy illiteracy. Based on the findings some recommendations made are: the government should adopt a different strategy to educate the non-literate Nigerians about the cashless economy; and the Federal Government of Nigerian should establish a Cybercrime law.
Mobile Money Adoption In a Fragile Economy: The Case of a Seven Year Failed E...inventionjournals
A seven year flounder and failed experience of mobile money ignition in Nigeria is worrisome. Ipso-facto, this paper explores the factors that influence mobile money adoption in the Nigerian fragile economy. A survey data generated from 344 experience mobile phone users formed final data base used in this study. Exploratory factor analysis anchored on principle component method and correlation analysis were employed in the methodology. Results reveal that trailability, compatibility, perceived trust, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, level of awearness, and relative advantage strongly drives the adoption of mobile money in Nigeria as they exhibit significant positive relationship. No significant relationship was found between perceived financial cost and mobile money adoption in Nigeria. To attract greater adoption and growth of mobile money in achieving cashless economy in Nigeria, these factors should be integrated in the Nigerian mobile money/payment regulatory framework and be made more flexible from its apparent stiff regulation and control
DOI : 10.5121/ijist.2013.3201 1 CASHLESS SOCIETY: DRIVE’S AND CHALLENGES IN N...ijistjournal
The purpose of this paper is to examine how we can achieve a cashless society in Nigeria especially given her infrastructure deficits. This study examines the cashless economic system so as to assess its feasibility in Nigeria with regards to timeless, preparedness and adequacy against the backdrop of our level of development both technologically and educationally. Nigeria has continued to evolve in different realms. The economy is being reformed, the institutions are being reshaped and laws are being re-examined so as to reposition the nation to take its rightful position in the international community. As a way of fast-tracking the Nigerian economy so as to be among the first 20 world economies come 2020, Nigeria proposed 2012 for the adoption of the cashless economy system starting with Lagos State but could not realized its objective. The study used structured questionnaire as a means of data collection and the collected data were analyzed using simple percentage procedure. The results indicate that: majority of Nigerians are already aware of the policy and majority agree that the policy will help fight against corruption/money laundering and reduce the risk of carrying cash and can also foster economic growth. Major problems envisaged that can hinder the implementation of the policy are: cyber fraud, limited point of sales and numeracy illiteracy. Based on the findings some recommendations made are: the government should adopt a different strategy to educate the non-literate Nigerians about the cashless economy; and the Federal Government of Nigerian should establish a Cybercrime law.
Impact of M-Commerce Technologies on Developing Countriesijtsrd
M commerce is defined as any transaction with monetary value that is conducted via a mobile telecommunication network. M commerce like E commerce can be B2B business to business , P2P person to person or B2C business to customer oriented. The framework divides into couple sub areas based on user's distribution criterion. Mobile E commerce addresses electronic commerce via mobile devices, where the consumer is not in physical or eye contact with the goods that are being purchased. On the contrary in M trade the consumer has eye contact with offered products and services. In both case the payment procedure is executed via the mobile network. Prof. Rekha D. M | Divya. L "Impact of M-Commerce Technologies on Developing Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29410.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/29410/impact-of-m-commerce-technologies-on-developing-countries/prof-rekha-d-m
This project x-rays the contribution of the mobile sector to employment creation in Nigeria. The introduction of GSM in Nigeria created an entirely new industry and avenue for employment. Today the telecommunication sector is one of the highest employer of labour in Nigeria in both the formal and informal sector. The intended audience for this project/presentation is anyone interest in knowing the impact of GSM/Mobile in the youth employment in Nigeria.
It is evident that financial services industry has been undergoing a profound transformation in Nigeria. Rapid changes in the banking environment, increased competition by new players from non-banking sector, product innovations, globalization and technological advancement-all these have led to a market situation in which the battle for consumers is intense. We look at the prospect and challenges of mobile banking services in Nigeria using four selected’ banks as case study, reviewed prior literatures on mobile banking, analyze the different factors that impact the market, and give direction for future research on this emerging field. A framework of four contingency and five competitive factors were proposed to facilitate the analysis. Factors affecting mobile services in Nigeria such interoperability, unstable power supply, network problems etc. were identified. Finally, we recommended that non–bank led model of mobile banking be adopted by Nigeria banks to make the services transformational instead of additives as is currently being practiced.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
Market Research: Consumer Behavior and Satisfaction Level on use of Digital W...Prinson Rodrigues
Digital Wallet Vs. traditional mode of payment
Consumer preference
Survey to know the consumer behavior and satisfaction level of digital wallet over other modes
Digital wallet companies Paytm, Phonepe, Jio, M-pesa, Tez, Freecharge, Mobikwik
Security concerns on digital wallet system
Hindrances and benefits of digital wallet
STATE OF MOBILE BANKING IN TANZANIA AND SECURITY ISSUESIJNSA Journal
Mobile technology offers an unprecedented growth opportunity for banking industry in Tanzania. As the economy continues to prosper, increasingly affluent consumers and underbanked segments create demand for new financial products and services. Many consumers in Tanzania have mobile phones, but not bank accounts. Therefore, the mobile channel presents an effective way to connect them to the national financial grid. For the local banks, going mobile may increase banks opportunities to unlock the inherent potential of underbanked segments. This paper addresses the current state, future prospects, and security challenges to the usage of mobile banking in Tanzania.
State of mobile banking in tanzania andIJNSA Journal
Mobile technology offers an unprecedented growth opportunity for banking industry in Tanzania. As the
economy continues to prosper, increasingly affluent consumers and underbanked segments create demand
for new financial products and services. Many consumers in Tanzania have mobile phones, but not bank
accounts. Therefore, the mobile channel presents an effective way to connect them to the national financial
grid. For the local banks, going mobile may increase banks opportunities to unlock the inherent potential
of underbanked segments. This paper addresses the current state, future prospects, and security challenges
to the usage of mobile banking in Tanzania.
Cosmetics are defined as “items with mild action on the human body for the purpose of cleaning, beautifying, adding to the attractiveness, altering the appearance, or keeping or promoting the skin or hair in good condition- while functional cosmetics, even if falling under the cosmetic definition, are designated as “items fulfilling specific actions like skin whitening, minimizing the appearance of lines in the face and body, protecting from the sun and sun tanning-. Ahiya Noor | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Cosmetic Science: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45135.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45135/cosmetic-science-an-overview/ahiya-noor
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ParalysisYogeshIJTSRD
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha
Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods A...YogeshIJTSRD
Cooling towers make use of evaporation whereby some of the water is evaporated into a moving air stream and subsequently discharged into the atmosphere which results in cooling of the remainder water. The current research reviews various studies conducted on cooling tower using experimental and numerical techniques. Different design configuration and operating conditions on cooling towers are evaluated by various researchers. Significant findings from researches have shown new and improved design of cooling tower with much better performance as compared to conventional design. Neetish Kumar Sao | Dr. Surendra K. Dwivedi "Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/45100/comparative-analysis-of-forced-draft-cooling-tower-using-two-design-methods-a-review/neetish-kumar-sao
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
A Review Herbal Drugs Used in Skin DisorderYogeshIJTSRD
The human bodys skin is an organ that allows it to interact with the environment while also shielding it from harmful external influences. People of all ages suffer from skin diseases all over the world. Its vital to keep your skin in good form for a healthy physique. Plants have been employed in some form or another since the beginning of time. This research has highlighted some prevalent skin disease issues, as well as the herbals utilized in disease therapy and the various formulations accessible in the pharmaceutical industry. Some medicinal plants have been shown to be quite effective in removing or reducing skin infection disorders. Chandramita Borah | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "A Review: Herbal Drugs Used in Skin Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45118.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45118/a-review-herbal-drugs-used-in-skin-disorder/chandramita-borah
Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectiv...YogeshIJTSRD
The aim of information retrieval systems is to retrieve relevant information according to the query provided. The queries are often vague and uncertain. Thus, to improve the system, we propose an Automatic Query Expansion technique, to expand the query by adding new terms to the user s initial query so as to minimize query mismatch and thereby improving retrieval performance. Most of the existing techniques for expanding queries do not take into account the degree of semantic relationship among words. In this paper, the query is expanded by exploring terms which are semantically similar to the initial query terms as well as considering the degree of relationship, that is, “fuzzy membership- between them. The terms which seemed most relevant are used in expanded query and improve the information retrieval process. The experiments conducted on the queries set show that the proposed Automatic query expansion approach gave a higher precision, recall, and F measure then non fuzzy edge weights. Tarun Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectivity Measures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45074.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/45074/automatic-query-expansion-using-word-embedding-based-on-fuzzy-graph-connectivity-measures/tarun-goyal
A New Proposal for Smartphone Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System f...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper proposes a Smartphone based system for the detection of drowsiness in automotive drivers. The proposed system uses three stage drowsiness detection technique. The first stage uses the percentage of eyelid closure PERCLOS which is obtained by capturing images with the front camera of the Smartphone with a modified eye state classification method. The system uses near infrared lighting for illuminating the face of the driver during night driving. The second step uses the voiced to the unvoiced ratio VUR obtained from the speech data from the microphone, in the event PERCLOS crosses the threshold. The VUR is also compared with a threshold and if it is a value greater than that of the threshold, it moves on to the next verification stage. In the final verification stage, touch response is required within the stipulated time to declare whether the driver is drowsy or not and subsequently sound an alarm. To awake the driver, a vibrating mechanism is done and also the live GPS location is also sent to an emergency contact. We have studied eight other reference papers for the literature review. The system has three advantages over existing drowsiness detection systems. First, the three stage verification process makes the system more reliable. The second advantage is its implementation on an Android smart phone, which is readily available to most drivers or cab owners as compared to other general purpose embedded platforms. The third advantage is the use of SMS service to inform the control room as well as the passenger regarding the loss of attention of the driver. Abishek K Biju | Godwin Jolly | Asif Mohammed C A | Dr. Paul P Mathai | Derek Joseph "A New Proposal for Smartphone-Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System for Automotive Drivers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45083.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/45083/a-new-proposal-for-smartphonebased-drowsiness-detection-and-warning-system-for-automotive-drivers/abishek-k-biju
Data Security by AES Advanced Encryption StandardYogeshIJTSRD
Now a days with the rapid development of multimedia technologies, research on safety and security are becoming more important. Multimedia data are generated and transmitted through the communication channels and the wireless media. The efficiencies of encryption based on different existing algorithms are not up to the satisfactory limit. Hence researchers are trying to modify the existing algorithm or even develop new algorithms that help to increase security with a little encryption time. Here in this paper, we have furnished a new technology to modify the AES algorithm which gives more security with a little encryption time and which can be used to encrypt using 128 bit key. Theoretical analysis on the proposed algorithm with the existing reveals the novelty of our work. Here we have proposed a technique to randomize the key and hidden the key data into an encrypted digital image using the basics concept of cryptography and also using the concept of digital watermarking, the concept of key hide has also been encrypted. We have also proposed a new technique to reposition the pixels to break the correlation between them. So, the proposed scheme offers a more secure and cost effective mechanism for encryption. Next on the AES criteria list good performance. Widespread market adoption will require reasonably good performance on a variety of platforms, ranging from easy tocrack smart cards to the largest servers. Good algorithm performance includes speed for the encryption and decryption process as well as the key schedule. Prateek Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Data Security by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45073.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/45073/data-security-by-aes-advanced-encryption-standard/prateek-goyal
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
There is a need for temperature drop in a buried pipeline based on the media and process. Need of some methodology and design requirement for a set of conditions by reducing pipeline surface temperature and the temperature drops to atmospheric temperature at a particular distance of pipeline. Based on the conduction principle, desire reduction up to atmospheric temperature can be possible. Let us understand by below methods and design of Heat sink for buried pipe line. Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Heat Sink for Underground Pipe Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45117/heat-sink-for-underground-pipe-line/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -˜s core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and PoliceYogeshIJTSRD
The need to understand and at the same time give prescriptions for the direction of security reform in Third world countries after the end of World War II has prompted the emergence of a big project called the study of security reform SSR . Within this framework emerge various theories and strategies for security reform, with various variations, including ideological variations that underlie these theories. The reform of the structural aspect is a reform of the institutional and structure of an institution, the instrumental reform includes the reform of the system, laws and regulations, while the reform of the cultural aspect is a reform of the habits or organizational culture in institutions in general and in particular the Timor Leste’s security institutions, both military and police. Arquimino Ramos "Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/45061/security-sector-reform-toward-professionalism-of-military-and-police/arquimino-ramos
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
With the growth of technology their grows threat to our data which is just secured by passwords so to make it more secure biometrics came into existence. As biometric systems are adopted and accepted for security purpose for various information and security systems. Hence it is immune to attacks. This paper deals with the security of biometric details of individuals. In this paper we will be discussing about biometrics and its types and the threats and security issues which is not talked about usually. The different technologies evolved and had contributed to biometrics in long run and their effects. Sushmita Raulo | Saurabh Gawade "Security Issues Related to Biometrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/44951/security-issues-related-to-biometrics/sushmita-raulo
Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initi...YogeshIJTSRD
A mathematical equation which involves a function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. We consider a real life situation, from this form a mathematical model, solve that model using some mathematical concepts and take interpretation of solution. It is a well known and popular concept in mathematics because of its massive application in real world problems. Differential equations are one of the most important mathematical tools used in modeling problems in Physics, Biology, Economics, Chemistry, Engineering and medical Sciences. Differential equation can describe many situations viz exponential growth and de cay, the population growth of species, the change in investment return over time. We can solve differential equations using classical as well as numerical methods, In this paper we compare numerical methods of solving initial valued first order ordinary differential equations namely Euler method, Improved Euler method, Runge Kutta method and their accuracy level. We use here Scilab Software to obtain direct solution for these methods. Vibahvari Tukaram Dhokrat "Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initial Value Problems in First Order Ordinary Differential Equations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45066.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/45066/comparative-analysis-of-different-numerical-methods-for-the-solution-of-initial-value-problems-in-first-order-ordinary-differential-equations/vibahvari-tukaram-dhokrat
Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing ContentYogeshIJTSRD
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over the world in flexible pavement construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen used as a binder and mineral aggregate which are mixed together, laid down in layers and then compacted. Under normal circumstances, conventional bituminous pavements if designed and executed properly perform quite satisfactorily but the performance of bituminous mixes is very poor under various situations. Today’s asphaltic concrete pavements are expected to perform better as they are experiencing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been experienced in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous pavements is found to be very poor in moisture induced situations. Considering this a lot of work has been done on use of additives in bituminous mixtures and as well as on modification of bitumen. Research has indicated that the addition of polymers to asphalt binders helps to increase the interfacial cohesiveness of the bond between the aggregate and the binder which can enhance many properties of the asphalt pavements to help meet these increased demands. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength requirements as well as economical aspects. Naveen Kumar | Ms. Shivani "Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing Content" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45089/evaluation-of-different-paving-mixes-using-optimum-stabilizing-content/naveen-kumar
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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services at any time and place. M-payment compared to
traditional payment methods, has its benefit in terms of
ubiquity coverage, convenience, flexibility and greater
accessibility (Fumiko, 2012). Gartner (2015) has stated that
m-payment system make payments by phone much safer,
easier and less complicated than credit cards, primarily
because the private information of customers is not stored
directly in the mobile phones but instead in an encrypted
‘cloud data’ server database that blocks unauthorizedaccess
to personal account information.
The Informal Sector refers to economic activities or sources
of income that are not fully regulated bythegovernment and
other public authorities; this includes enterprises that are
not officially registered and workers who hold jobs lacking
basic social or legal protection and employment benefits.
The informal sector denotes economic activities that obtain
outside the formal standard of economic transaction
established by the state and formal business practices,
although it may not be illegal (Ismail &Adegbemi, 2012).
Examples of informal sector players include: street traders,
subsistencefarmers,unregisteredsmall-scaleproducers (e.g.
pastry cooks etc.) and service providers (e.g. mechanics,
hairdressers, plumbers, private taxi drivers, electricians,
tailors, bricklayers, upholsterers, cobblers, printers and
carpenters among others.
A fast growing view is that informal economy offers
significant job creation and income generation potential, as
well as the capacity to meet the needs of poor consumers by
providing cheaper and more accessible goods and services.
In support with this statement, Okeke and Eze (2018) assert
that it was estimated that between July 2012 and June 2014,
2.48 million jobs were created, with the informal economy
contributing the most at 1.41 million (57%), the formal
economy contributing 40%, and the public sector
contributing 3%. According to the Bank of Industry (BOI),
the Nigerian informal sector accounted for ~65% of
Nigeria’s 2017 GDP. With the significant contribution of
informal sector to the Nigerian economy, an undeniable
truth is that any notion of economic development in the
country is one that hugely depends on the state of affairs of
the informal sector.
Despite all the benefits of M-payment system and given that
Informal Sector plays crucial role in national development,
there is little or no evidence in literature on the adoption of
M-payment systems by the Informal Sector in Nigeria (Ayo
and Ukpere, 2010). As a result, it is difficult to determine
whether or not Informal Sector in Nigeria with particular
reference to South-East Nigeria are adopting M-payment
systems. It is believed that conducting this study will
enhance the knowledge capacity and accessibility of
Informal Sector to M-payment system. It is againsttheabove
background that this study is geared towards ascertaining
the Predictors of mobile payment system adoption among
the informal sector in South-east Nigeria.
Statement of the Problem
The modes of payment for goods and services are
traditionally; cash, cheques, cardsaswell aselectronicbased
payments. With the growing penetration of the mobile
phone, the mobile payment is expected to be a strong
competing mode of payment forgoodsandservices.Butcash
and to some extent card payment, have been ingrained in
people of Nigeria’s habits and lifestyles as they are
considered to be convenient to use. With an increase in the
use of mobile phones in Nigeria with reference to the
informal sector, mobile payments activities are expected to
increase. However, Nigerians have not widely adopted m-
payment as expected (Cobanoglu, Yang, Shatskikh, &
Agarwal, 2015). Supporting the above statement,
Phonthanukitithaworn, Sellitto,&Fong(2016a)assertthatit
is unclear why m-payment services have lagged behind in
relation to the high degree of mobile phone usage in
Thailand, given the significant advantages associated with
m-payment system in terms of convenience and flexibility.
Iddris (2012) also noted that the widespread adoption and
large usage of mobile telephones did not reflect on the
adoption and usageofmobilepayment.Furthermore,studies
such as Phonthanukitithaworn,Sellitto,&Fong(2015);Yang,
Gupta, Cao and Zhang (2012); Okifo and Igbunu (2015);
Gokhan&Sebnem, (2016); Edda& Noel, (2017); have shown
that there have been bottlenecks in the rate of adoption of
mobile payment services in various parts of the world.
Hence, it becomes necessary toascertainthereasonswhy m-
payment services have lagged behind the relatively high
degree of mobile phone use in Nigeria, given the significant
advantages associated with m-payment services in terms of
convenience and flexibility (Phonthanukitithaworn, Sellitto,
& Fong, 2016).
For a long time, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
have proved to be a useful theoretical model that helped to
understand and explain usage behavior in information
systems adoption (Palmer, & Moll, 2010; Schierzetal.,2010;
Shin, 2010; Legris, Ingham, &Collerette, 2003; Nguyen et al.,
2016). However, most studies have found that TAM model
works but it has to be modified to fit in the particular
environment of study and the nature of the service adopted
(Aulelius, 2017). Based on the recommendations of past
studies and the inherent superiority of the TAM, this study
modified the TAM by maintaining its major constructswhile
extending the model with other relevant constructs.
Furthermore, there is little empirical evidence and research
on mobile payment system adoption by the informal sector
in Nigeria. It becomes crucial to further assess the informal
sectors’ view on the relevance of the factors identified in the
literature in the context of Mobile Payment adoption in
South-East Nigeria.
Objective of the Study
The broad objective of the study is to ascertain the
Predictors of Mobile Payment adoption among informal
sector in South-East Nigeria. From this broad objective, the
following specific objectives are derived as thus;
1. To examine if perceived ease of use has influence on the
behavioral intention to adopt M-payment system by the
informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
2. To find out if perceived usefulness has influence on the
behavioral intention to adopt M-payment system by the
informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
3. To examine whether mobility has influence on the
behavioral intention to adopt M-payment system by the
informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
4. To assess whether mobile payment knowledge has
influence on the behavioral intention to adopt M-
payment system by the informal sector in South-East
Nigeria.
5. To examine whether perceived cost has influence on
behavioral intention to adopt M-payment system by the
informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
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6. To evaluate whether Perceived Trust has influence on
behavioral intention to adopt M-payment system by the
informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
7. To ascertain whether perceivedrisk hasinfluenceonthe
behavioral intention to adopt M-payment system by the
informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
8. To ascertain whether behavioural intention to adoptM-
payment system will influence actual M-payment
adoption by the informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
Theoretical and Conceptual Review
To understand what influences user adoption of mobile
payment systems, it seems logical to consider the use of
some already established and tested acceptance models.
Some of these originating theories included the theory of
reasoned action (TRA) (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980), the
theory of planned behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991), the
diffusion of innovation (DOI) (Rogers, 2003), then the
Davis’s (1989) technology acceptance model (TAM) and its
extension. Each of the models mentioned above has
strengths and weaknesses. However, comparisons between
innovation adoption theories show that the TAM appears to
have advantages over the TPB and the DOI because it is a
simpler model that is easier to apply and alsobenefitedfrom
the inclusion of various other constructs to explain user
adoption intention in a wide range of technology products
(Mathieson, Peacock, and Chin, 2001; Hong, Thong, & Tam,
2006). Another reason is its parsimony due to the vast
amounts of data and empirical studies conducted that
reaffirmed the validity of this theory. (Goeke&Pousttchi,
2010; Keramati et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2010; Koenig-Lewis,
Palmer, & Moll, 2010; Nguyen et al., 2016; Schierz et al.,
2010; Shin, 2010).
Therefore, based on the recommendations of past studies
and the inherent superiority of the TAM, this study modified
the TAM by maintaining the major constructs of PU, PEOU,
and behavioral intentions while extending the model with
other relevant constructs viz; perceived cost (PC),Perceived
Trust (PT)and perceived risks (PR).
Perceived ease of use (PEOU)
Davis (1989) defined perceived ease of use as the degree to
which a person believes thatusinga particularsystemwould
be free of effort. Many studies have shown that the impactof
perceived ease of use on a user’s adopt an innovation is
either directly or indirectly through perceived usefulness.
Chitungo and Munongo(2013)intheirstudyontheadoption
of mobile financial services in Zimbabwe found that
perceived ease of use has a positivelysignificantinfluenceon
the adoption of mobile financial service. In another research
by (Cheah, Teo, Sim, Oon and Tan, 2011), perceived ease of
use was found positively related with the intention to adopt
mobile banking services in Malaysia. For this reason, ease of
use is considered to be one of the important factorsaffecting
the acceptance and use of the new technologies by users.
Based on this empirical evidence, the following null
hypothesis was proposed;
H1: Perceived ease of use (PEOU) does not significantly
influence the behavioral intentiontoadoptM-paymentsystem
by the informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
Perceived usefulness (PU)
According to Davis (1989), perceived usefulness is the
degree to which a person believes that using a particular
system would enhance his or her job performance. ‘Job’ can
be replaced with ‘everyday life’ in regards to m-payments
(Zmijewska, et al, 2004). Several studies have found that
perceived usefulness had a significant influence on mobile
payment adoption (Pousttchi&Wiedemann, 2007; Liébana-
Cabanillas, et al 2014; Yang, et al 2012).
Phonthanukitithaworn, et al. (2015) points out that PU
captures how m-payment can he users to achieve task-
related goals, such as being more effective and efficient in
activities. For instance, a consumermayfeel thatm-payment
services will allow him/her to pay via their mobile phone at
anytime from anywhere. Consequently,PU will havepositive
influence on the adoption of mobile payment system by the
informal sector in Anambra State. Basedonthesestudiesthe
following null hypothesis was proposed:
H2: Perceived usefulness (PU) does not significantly influence
the behavioral intention to adopt M-payment system by the
informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
Mobility (MOBI)
The term ‘mobility’ is generally understood to mean the
ability to access mobile phone services and conduct
transactions from anywhere within a mobile network area
from a variety of mobile devices, including personal digital
assistant (PDA) and mobile phones (Kim et al., 2010).
Mobility is determinant used tomeasurethedegreetowhich
an individual perceives received benefits in the context of
time, space, and services access. One of the important
elements of mobile technologyisportability. The newmobile
payment method is flexible to use regardless of time and
space and has a great fit in today mobile and active lifestyle.
It allows customers to access into the services through a
wireless network and a range of mobile devices including
smart phones (Au & Kauffman, 2008). A Korean studies
found positive relationship between mobility and perceived
usefulness of m-payment services (Kim et al., 2010). This
study contends that mobility can have positive influence on
adoption of m-payment through perceived ease of use and
perceived usefulness. Thus, the following null hypothesis
was proposed:
H3: Mobility does not significantly influence the behavioral
intention to adopt M-payment systemby the informalsectorin
South-East Nigeria.
Mobile payment knowledge (MPK)
Customers’ knowledge can help them identify what mobile
payment can do for them, andwhytheproducts/services are
important to them. Schreier and Prügl (2008) found that
users with high level of knowledge in an innovation tend to
be ahead of its market trend and expect high benefits from
the innovation, and those users would adopt new
commercial products faster and more intensively than
ordinary ones. Similarly, Kim et al. (2010) found that m-
payment knowledge had positive impacts on perceived ease
of use of m-payment services. Customers will use mobile
payments easily and efficiently ifcustomershavea highlevel
of knowledge about the tool they are conducting for mobile
payments. Accordingly, this study hypothesizes the
following:
H4: M-payment knowledge does notsignificantly influence the
behavioral intention to adopt M-payment system by the
informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
Perceived Cost (PC)
Perceived cost (PC) is defined as the extent to which a
person believes that using m-payment would cost money
(Luarn and Lin 2005). Thecostmayincludethetransactional
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cost in the form of service charges, mobile network charges
for sending communication traffic (including SMS or data)
and mobile device cost (Ernest & Simon, 2016). Perceived
cost was also proposed into the TAM by Amberg, et al. cited
in Ernest & Simon (2016). Masinge (2010) asserts that low
income people have a low purchasing power and are price
sensitive. Compared with traditional payment, users’
intention to adopt M-payment would be negatively
influenced by cost (Peng et al. 2011). In the study by Mallat
(2007) assessing M-payment in Finland, it was also stated
that cost might have a significant influence on M-payment.
People preferred to use cash payment because of the extra
transaction costs charged by M-payment when purchasing
on vending machines. Furthermore,costconsiderationsmay
prevent people from adopting mobile financial services if it
is high, but if it is affordable it can be a motivation to faster
adoption (Tobbin and Kuwornu 2011; Dass and Pal, 2011).
Thus, the following null hypothesis was proposed:
H5: Perceived cost (PC) does not significantly influence the
behavioral intention to adopt M-payment system by the
informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
Perceived Trust (PT)
Trust is an important element that affects consumer
intention to adopt new technologies. According to Dahlberg,
Mallat, Ondrus&Zmijewska (2008) TAM’s capability to
predict behavioral intention can be strengthened by adding
trust element to the model. Dass and Pal (2011) define trust
as a psychological expectation that a trusted part will not
behave opportunistically. For the purpose of this study, the
construct of Perceived Trust was used to reflect the level of
trust that the consumer believes he/she can invest in the
parties involved in the M-payment process (such as banks,
mobile operators, merchants, and third parties) to perform
expected activities without taking advantage of the
consumers. It is required that consumers must first of all
register with mobile payment entities to set up an account,
before they can use M-payment services. Arguably, if
consumers sense a lack of trust in M-payment entities, they
may refuse to provide them with their personal information,
such as telephone number, date of birth, address,creditcard
number, and so on. Therefore, higher levels of trust in a
service provider will lead to a greater intention on the part
of the user to adopt mobile payment system. Zarmpou,
Saprikis, Markos and Vlachopoulou (2012) found that
customers’ trust had positive impacts on the perceived
usefulness and perceived ease ofuse.Therefore,oncetrustis
established with service provider, users are more likely to
have greater in the adoption of m-payment. Hence, this
paper hypothesizes that:
H6: Perceived trust (PT) in m-payment services does not
significantly influence the behavioral intention to adopt M-
payment systemby the informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
Perceived Risk (PR)
Innovations usually are believed to come with risks.
Perceived risk is defined as the consumer's subjective
expectation of suffering a loss in pursuit of a desired
outcome (Suki, 2010). PR is a construct that reflects feelings
of uncertainty among consumers regarding the possible
negative consequence of using new technology that may
dissuade adoption (Phonthanukitithaworn, et al., 2015).
Perceived risk may be in the form of financial risk, security
or privacy risk, social risk, time risk and performance risk
(Lee 2009). In this scenario, it could be argued that the
adoption of mobile financial services creates concern that
there may be financial losses, password insecurity, network
errors, hacking and loss of personal information. A recent
empirical study by Tan and Lau (2016) confirmed the
negative impact of PR on behavioral intentions to adopt
mobile banking services among generation Y consumers in
Malaysia. It is therefore stated that perceived risk has a
negative influence on mobile banking adoption. The
hypothesis is stated in null as:
H7: Perceived Risk (PR) in m-payment services does not
significantly influence the behavioral intention to adopt M-
payment system by the informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
Behavioral Intention to Adopt (BIA)
Behavioural intention refers to an individual's intention to
behave in a certain way, which in turn determines the actual
usage of a system. The behavioral intention to adopt M-
payment system (BIA) is a dependent variable used to
determine whether users will actually use or adopt m-
payment system. For example, past studies have found a
direct and significantinfluencebetweenbehavioral intention
and actual usage of the system (Shroff, et al, 2011; Bong-
Keun& Tom, 2013; Aydın &Burnaz, 2016;
Phonthanukitithaworn, et al. 2015). Thehypothesisisstated
in null as:
H8: Behavioural intention to adopt M-payment system does
not significantly influence actual M-payment adoption by the
informal sector in South-East Nigeria.
Methodology
This study is a descriptive surveyresearchbecausethestudy
sorts to assess the informal sectors’ view on the factors that
influence Mobile Payment adoption in South-East
Nigeria.The target population comprises of businesspeople,
who are mobile phone users, operating under the informal
sector of the capital cities of the five states (Abia=Umuahia;
Anambra=Awka; Ebonyi=Abakiliki; Enugu=Enugu;
Imo=Owerri) that make up South-East Nigeria.This includes
street traders, subsistence farmers,unregisteredsmall-scale
producers (e.g. pastry cooks e.t.c.)andserviceproviders(e.g.
hairdressers, private taxi drivers, electricians, tailors,
bricklayers, pastry cooks, upholsterers, cobblers, printers
and carpenters among others. This implies that the
population of the study is infinite.
Since the population is unknown, an infinite population
formula was used to determine the sample size. Thus; Z=
99% confidence level which corresponds to Z-value of 1.96
or 1.645, P=0.5 is assumed, 1-0.5 (0.20), Error margin=
0.05(5%). The 665 participants were shared equally among
the capital cities of the five states that make up South-East
Nigeria; Awka (133 participants), Umuahia (133
participants), Abakiliki (133 participants), Enugu (133
participants) and Owerri (133 participants). Out of the 665
questionnaires distributed, 484 questionnaires were
returned and used for analysis. With the aid of SPSS-Version
22, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and confirmatory
factor analysis was used to assess the validity and reliability
of the measurement model, while Multiple Regression
analysis was used to assess the hypothesized relationship
between the variables.The model equation is stated thus:
Behavioural intention to adopt Mobile payment = α + b1
Perceived usefulness + b2 Perceived ease of use + b3 Perceived
trust + b4 Perceived cost + b5 Perceived risk. The b1- b5 are
the regression coefficients, which indicate the amount of
change in dependent variables (behavioural intention
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38707 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2021 Page 195
towards Mobile payment adoption) given a unit change in
any of the independent variables (Predictors).
Data Analysis and Results
Since we have evaluated the regression model and certified
that the model is fit we now proceed to use the coefficients
to validate the hypotheses earlier formulated for the study.
Two regression analysis was conducted to test the eight
hypotheses formulated for this study. The first analysis,
Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was used to validate
hypotheses 1 to 7, while the second which is a Bivariate
Regression was used to validate hypothesis 8.
Table 1: Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
95.0%
Confidence
Interval for B
Correlations
Collinearity
Statistics
B Std. Error Beta
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Zero-
order
Partial Part Tolerance VIF
1
(Constant) .740 .282 2.625 .009 .186 1.294
PEOU .183 .062 .127 2.927 .004 .060 .305 .211 .133 .117 .851 1.174
PU -.134 .060 -.096
-
2.230
.026 -.252 -.016 .042 -.102
-
.089
.869 1.150
Mobi .115 .058 .087 1.963 .050 .000 .229 .220 .090 .078 .806 1.240
MPK .069 .054 .056 1.286 .199 -.036 .174 .153 .059 .051 .853 1.173
PC -.071 .045 -.065
-
1.584
.114 -.158 .017 -.013 -.072
-
.063
.932 1.072
PT .232 .055 .187 4.242 .000 .124 .339 .269 .191 .169 .820 1.220
PR .352 .046 .334 7.693 .000 .262 .442 .418 .333 .307 .844 1.184
a. Dependent Variable: BIA
Table 2: Model Summaryb
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Durbin-Watson
1 .458a .210 .208 .57633 1.992
a. Predictors: (Constant), BIA
b. Dependent Variable: MPA
Table 3: ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 42.496 1 42.496 127.936 .000b
Residual 160.102 482 .332
Total 202.597 483
a. Dependent Variable: MPA
b. Predictors: (Constant), BIA
Table 4: Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients T Sig.
95.0% Confidence Interval for B
B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound Upper Bound
1
(Constant) 1.835 .102 17.997 .000 1.635 2.036
BIA .377 .033 .458 11.311 .000 .312 .443
a. Dependent Variable: MPA
Discussion of the Findings
This study found that Perceived ease of use (PEOU)
significantly influence the behavioral intention to adopt M-
payment system by the informal sector in South-East
Nigeria. This shows that, the informal sector in South-East
Nigeria perceive mobile payment to be simple and easy to
use, this perception will lead to increase personal or
business adopt of the mobile payment. The result consistent
with the theoretical perspective of TAM which identifies
usefulness and ease of use as instrumental factors that
influence the adoption of a new technology. Similarly, the
result is in line with Chitungo and Munongo (2013) in their
study on the adoption of mobile financial services in
Zimbabwe which found that perceived ease of use has a
positively significant influence on the adoption of mobile
financial service. It is also in line with another research by
Okeke and Eze (2018) that PEOU have significant impact on
m-Money adoption by the informal sector in Anambra
State.For this reason, PEOU is considered to be one of the
important factors affecting the acceptance and use of the
new technologies by users as shown in the standardized
coefficients of our regression analysis.However,the result is
inconsistent with the empirical findings ofotherstudiesthat
indicated that Perceived ease of use were found to have an
insignificant influence on the adoption of mobile payment.
Phonthanikitithaworn, Sellitto and Fong, 2015; Aulelius,
2017; Sayid, Echchabi and Aziz, 2012)
This study also found that Perceived usefulness (PU)
significantly influences the behavioral intention to adopt M-
payment system by the informal sector in South-East
Nigeria. This is in line with several studies cited in literature
that perceived usefulness had a significant influence on
mobile payment adoption (Aulelius 2017; Ernest & Simon,
2016;Pousttchi&Wiedemann,2007;Liébana-Cabanillas,etal
2014; Yang, et al 2012). Phonthanukitithaworn, etal.(2015)
points out that PU captures how m-payment can help users
to achieve task-related goals, such as being more effective
and efficient in activities. Similarly,Wai&Wing(2019)found
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perceived usefulness to be significant and thus affects
consumers’ intention to use mobile payment. Consequently,
the informal sector, which is the target respondents for this
research perceive mobile payment as useful and will help in
their day to day activities, their perception will lead to
increase personal or business adoption of the mobile
payment.
This study equally found that that mobility (MOBI)
significantly influence the behavioral intention to adopt M-
payment system by the informal sector in South-East
Nigeria. This is in line with Korean studies earliercitedin the
literature which found that there is a positive relationship
between mobility and perceived usefulness of m-payment
services (Kim et al., 2010). This study contendsthatmobility
can have positive influence on adoption of m-payment
through perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness.
Thus informal sector operators are in most cases
mobile/always moving hence appreciate the usefulness of
mobile payment in the day-to-day operation of their
businesses and impact their behavioural intentions toadopt
M-payment innovation. Also, this study compliments the
study of Gia-Shie and Pham (2016) that Convenience of
mobility have impact on ease to use and usefulness which in
turn intension to use mobile payment services in Vietnam.
More so, the study found that M-Payment Knowledge(MPK)
does not significantly influence the behavioral intention to
adopt M-payment system by the informal sector in South-
East Nigeria. This contradicts the findings of Schreier and
Prügl (2008) and Gia-Shie and Pham (2016) that users with
high level of knowledge in an innovation tend to be ahead of
its market trend and expect high benefits from the
innovation, and those users would adopt new commercial
products faster and more intensively than ordinary ones.
This study also contradicts Kim et al. (2010) who found that
m-payment knowledge had positive impacts on perceived
ease of use of m-payment services. Customers will use
mobile payments easily and efficiently if customers have a
high level of knowledge about the tool they are conducting
for mobile payments. However this finding canbeattributed
to variables collinearity. Tolerance values for the IVs are
much closer to one indicating presence of some level of
collinearity.
This study found that Perceived Costs (PC) does not
significantly influence the behavioral intention to adopt M-
payment system by the informal sector in South-East
Nigeria. This is not surprising since informal sector
operators are low income earners and as well are price
sensitive. Thus compared with traditional payment, users’
intention to adopt M-payment would be negatively
influenced by cost (Peng et al. 2011). This finding is also in
line with Masinge (2010) who asserts that low income
people have a low purchasing power and are price sensitive.
Thus this agrees with the study by Mallat (2007) in Finland,
who found that that cost might have a significant influence
on M-payment. In Nigeria cash transactions still remain the
preferred mode of payment; as people preferred to use cash
payment because of the extra transaction costs charged by
M-payment when purchasing on vending machines.
Furthermore, cost considerations may prevent people from
adopting mobile financial services if it is high, but if it is
affordable it can be a motivation to faster adoption. Thisisin
line with the works of (Tobbin and Kuwornu 2011;Dassand
Pal, 2011).
This study equally revealed that Perceived Trust (PT)
significantly influence the behavioral intention to adopt M-
payment system by the informal sector in South-East
Nigeria. This result shows that the adoption of mobile
payment by the informal sector in South-East Nigeria will
increase once they believe that the M-payment parties are
trust worthy. This is in line with the works of Zarmpou,
Saprikis, Markos and Vlachopoulou (2012) found that
customers’ trust had positive impacts on the perceived
usefulness and perceived ease of use, hence the behavioural
intention to adopt M-payment system. Therefore, once trust
is established with service provider, users are more likely to
have greater in the adoption of m-payment. Trust is notonly
with the service provider but to all stakeholders in
innovation adoptionlikethe government,lawsgoverning the
transaction and the regulatory agencies. A customer need to
have trust on these components of the payments system.
This study also found that Perceived Risks (PR) significantly
influence the behavioral intention to adopt M-payment
system by the informal sector in South-East Nigeria. That is
to say that Perceived risk have a negative influence on
behavioral intention to adopt m-payment among informal
sector in South-East Nigeria. Consequently, Perceived risk
discourages informal sectors’ intentions to use m-payment
system, particularly among those who have no
understanding of m-payment services. This finding
collaborates the a recent empirical study by Tan and Lau
(2016) where it was confirmed that there is a negative
impact of PR on behavioral intentions to adopt mobile
banking servicesamonggenerationYconsumersinMalaysia.
The result is also consistent with the findings of a vast
majority of previous studies (for example, Wai&Wing,2019;
Alamgir, 2019; Jamie, Sushma, Karen & Frederick, 2016;
Ernest & Simon, 2016; Abrahãoa, Moriguchib&Andradeb,
2016; Phonthanukitithaworn, Sellitto& Fong, 2016b)
Finally, the study found that behavioural intention to adopt
significantly influence mobile payment adoption by the
informal sector in South-East Nigeria. The behavioral
intention to adopt M-payment system (BIA) is a dependent
variable used to determine whether users will actually use
or adopt m-payment system. This finding agrees with past
studies which found that a direct and significant influence
between behavioral intention and actual usageofthesystem
(Shroff, et al, 2011; Bong-Keun& Tom,2013;Aydın&Burnaz,
2016; Phonthanukitithaworn, et al. 2015).
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this study and the empirical
evidences available, the researcher came to the following
conclusions Perceived ease of use, Perceived usefulness,
mobility, Perceived Trust and Perceived Risk are predictors
of Mobile Payment adoption amonginformal sectorinSouth-
East Nigeria. In addition, M-Payment knowledge and
Perceived cost have no significant influence on the adoption
of mobile payment by the informal sector. This is to say that
the informal sector’s behavioural intention to adopt and use
mobile payment system is negatively affected by the cost of
Mobile Payment
Recommendations
Based on the forgoing findings and conclusion, the
researcher makes the following recommendations:
1. Mobile payment parties should designed anddeveloped
M-payment to provide added values and increasedlevel
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38707 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2021 Page 197
of security. This is because the informal sector need to
have a convincing reason to switch to MP method.
2. Since, the informal sector do not perceive M-paymentto
be useful to their business, service providers should
carefully plan marketing campaign that can evangelize
the usefulness of M-payment.
3. Mobile payment parties should ensure that they offer
mobile payment service at cheap cost so that informal
sector will feel convenient to use it as they are mostly
price conscious.
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