The document discusses paraphrasing and summarizing texts. It defines paraphrasing as rephrasing the ideas from another source using similar number of words while retaining the original meaning. Summarizing is expressing another writer's key ideas in fewer words. The document provides tips for paraphrasing, including using synonyms, changing verbs and grammar, combining sentences, and moving phrases to change the structure. It emphasizes paraphrasing involves acknowledging the original source.

1. HUSNAWADI, MA.TESOL
Paraphrasing and Summarizing

2. Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means expressing information or
ideas from other sources in your own words in a
similar number of words as the source text.
Paraphrasing is NOT simply replacing words with
synonyms or rearranging the structure of
sentences. It involves rephrasing a text
substantially while retaining the original meaning.
Paraphrasing involves acknowledging the original
source with proper referencing.

3. Examples
For examples of paraphrasing, consider these possible re-wordings
of the same statement:
 “She angered me with her inappropriate comments, rumor-
spreading, and disrespectfulness at the formal dinner
table.”
 “She made me angry when she was rude at dinner”
This paraphrase is an example of a rewording which shortens and
simplifies while maintaining the same meaning.
Example 2
 Her impoliteness, gossiping, and general lack of respect at
dinner infuriated me.
 This rephrasing maintains the same meaning but is rearranged
in a creative way.
 I was mad when she started spreading rumors, making
inappropriate comments, and disrespecting other guests at
our dinner.

4. TIPS TO PARAPHRASING
One way to paraphrase is to use changes in grammar,
word order and vocabulary to create a new statement
with the same meaning as the original. We call this the
“grammar toolbox” method. This method follows four
steps:
1. Read the original carefully for a general idea of its
meaning.
2. Circle the key words or phrases—ideas that you
cannot leave out.
3. Using a combination of the six paraphrasing tools
described below, change the grammar,
vocabulary and sentence structure of the original.
4. Compare your paraphrase with the original to see if it
fits the c riteria of a good paraphrase.

5. Paraphrasing Tools
1. Find synonyms for some of the words.
Original: “The tiger quickly disappeared into the trees.”
Paraphrased: The big cat vanished into the forest.
Now You Try
Original: Adolescent employees sometimes argue with their
bosses.
Paraphrased: Teenage workers occasionally quarrel with
their employers

6. 2. Change the verb to negative
Original: The nervous student was awake all night.
Paraphrased: The nervous student didn't sleep all night.
Now You Try
Original: In times of crisis, politicians may ignore public
opinion.
Paraphrased: In times of crisis, politicians may not take
public opinion into account. / may not consider / may not
listen to .. / may not pay attention to … / may not properly
acknowledge

7. 3. Change voice: Make active sentences passive and
passive ones, active
Original: The voucher was sent by the testing service on
August 3rd
Paraphrased: The testing service sent the voucher on
August 3rd
Now You Try
Original: Dieting can cause poor nutrition.
Paraphrased: Poor nutrition can be caused by dieting.

8. 4. Change parts of speech: Change nouns into verbs,
verbs into nouns, etc.
Original: The teacher helped the student finish her class
registration form.
Paraphrased: The teacher helped the student register for
classes.
Now You Try
Original: The students celebrated their graduation for hours.
Paraphrased: The graduates had a celebration for hours. __
The students had hours of celebration for their graduation.
When the students graduated, they had hours of
celebration.

9. 5. Combine sentences: Use new connecting words to
combine shorter phrases and sentences. (The opposite
technique can also be used to divide longer sentences
into shorter ones.)
Original: Paraphrasing is a skill students need to learn. It is
an important part of academic writing.
Paraphrased: Paraphrasing, which is a skill students need to
learn, is an important part of academic writing.
Now You Try
Original: The movie was shot in New York City. Many actors
choose to live there.
Paraphrased: Many actors choose to live in New York City,
where the movie was shot.
The movie was shot in New York City, where many actors
choose to live.

10. 6. Move phrases: Move parts of a sentence to change
the sentence structure.
Original: Yesterday, I stayed in the library until midnight
and finished my homework.
Paraphrased: I finished my homework at midnight in the
library yesterday.
Now You Try
Original: In order to fight a damaging disease, the farmers
began to grow genetically modified crops.
Paraphrased: The farmers began to grow genetically
modified crops in order to fight damaging disease.

12. One of the strategies for avoiding or
minimizing the plagiarism is using the
Literature Review Matrix and
Synthesis grid, tables comprising a
summary of relevant studies and
relevant information for your scientific
papers respectively. Beneath is the
example of my synthesis grid (Let’s
see how it looks like)

13. Summarizing
 When you summarize a source, you express
another writer’s ideas in your own words,
condensing the author’s key points and using
fewer words than the author.
 The length of the summary depends on the
assignment.
 A summary can range in length from a sentence
to a long paragraph.

14. A formal summary should
 ✓ Include an APA citation in the first sentence –
OWL at Purdue
 ✓ Include a present-tense reporting verb in the
first sentence
 ✓ Include the main idea of the whole article in the
first sentence
 ✓ Organize information logically
 ✓ Ensure all information is correct, according to
the original article
 ✓ Exclude your own opinion
 ✓ Not plagiarize or use quotations