Lesson in English 9 that talks about techniques in shortening the text for better understanding

3. I CAN…
● point up the differences of the material
presented;
● comprehend paraphrasing strategies;
● evaluate the ideas in the material viewed;
and
● recognize the importance of paraphrasing

4. What do summaries, paraphrases, and
quotes allow writers to do?
They are 3 ways of incorporating
other writers' ideas into your own
writing.

5. How do summaries, paraphrases, and quotes
differ from one another?
They differ according to the similarity of your
writing to the source writing.
They differ according to the level of specificity in
communicating the ideas of the source writing.

6. A Paraphrase:
Is a precise restatement of a short
passage—usually no more than a
sentence or two.
Is more specific than summary, but
more general than a quotation
Requires that you clearly understand
the original passage, so you do not
distort its meaning.

7. Uses your own original wording and
sentence structure—otherwise, it’s
plagiarism.
Is usually very close to the same
length as the original passage.
Requires a parenthetical citation—
otherwise, it’s plagiarism.

8. A Paraphrase:
P – PUT THE TEXT IN YOUR
OWN WORD
A – AVOID COPYING THE TEXT
R- REARRANGE SIMILAR TEXT
A- ASK YOURSELF IF YOU
INCLUDE ALL THE IMPORTANT
POINTS.

9. A Paraphrase:
Reword – Replace words and phrases with synonyms
whenever you can.
Rearrange – Rearrange words within sentences to make
new sentences. You can even rearrange the ideas
presented within the paragraph.
Realize that some words and phrases cannot be changed
– names, dates, titles, etc. cannot be replaced, but you can
present them differently in your paraphrase.
Recheck – Make sure that your paraphrase conveys the
same meaning as the original text.

10. Women have traditionally been seen
as mothers and home makers and it
is only in recent years that they have
been making significant inroads into
the job market. There is still a long
way to go before they achieve
complete equality with men, but the
situation has improved.

11. As women have moved into the job market,
they have left behind their traditional roles
as housewives and mothers, and seen their
situation generally improve, though
equality with men is still some way off.
Though not yet equal to men in the job
market, women are generally in a stronger
position now than in the past when they
were more restricted to traditional roles in
the home.

12. Original Passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a
result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably
only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly
quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of
exact transcribing of source material while taking notes.
Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 4647.
A Legitimate Paraphrase:
In research papers students often
quote excessively, failing to keep
quoted material down to a
desirable level. Since the
problem usually originates
during note taking, it is
essential to minimize the
material recorded verbatim
(Lester 4647).
A Plagiarized Version:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes,
resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact,
probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly
quoted material. So, it is important to limit the amount of source
material copied while taking notes.
An Acceptable Summary:
Students should take just a few notes
in direct quotation from sources to
help minimize the amount of quoted
material in a research paper (Lester
4647).

13. QUESTION
S?

14. Two of your best friends had an argument
because of hearsay that she is cheating on
the exam, and you know that she is not
the one who cheats instead it was your
other classmates. How would you apply
the importance of paraphrasing to
reconcile them ?

15. MAKE A DIFFERENT WORD, USING THE PROMPT IN
BRACKETS.
E.G. DEVELOPMENT (CHANGE TO VERB) - TO DEVELOP
E.G. ECONOMIES (CHANGE TO NOUN) - ECONOMY
1. To analyze (change to noun)
2. To analyze (change to adjective)
3. Evaluation (change to verb)
4. Theoretical (change to verb)
5. Problem (change to adjective)

16. 6. To expect (change to noun)
7. To agree (change to opposite verb)
8. Organized (change to opposite
adjective)
9. To prove (change to noun)
10.To prove (change to opposite verb)

17. e.g. We studied the statistics then applied for funding.
- After _________ the statistics, we made an _________ for funding.
- After studying the statistics, we made an application for funding.
1. We were concerned about her health.
We had some _________ about her health.
2. The council cut funding so we could not provide free parking.
Because of council funding _________, there was no_________ for free parking.
3. His proposal was a failure as it was too theoretical.
His proposal_________ because it relied too much on _________.
4. As the emphasis was only on the UK, there were weaknesses in the evidence.
By _________ the UK only, the evidence was _________.
5. As the emphasis was only on the UK, there were weaknesses in the evidence.
As the emphasis was only on the UK, the evidence was not_________.

18. 1. The student requested that the professor excuses her absence, but the professor refused.
2. International Center is hosting English Conversation classes. They help non-native
speakers of English practice their English-speaking skills.
3. The car that was pulled over by the police officer yesterday just had an accident. That
driver is not careful.
4. Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head
injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike
helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs
the shock and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer
Reports (May 1990): 348.
5. "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our
heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera.
"The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the
tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the
fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain

19. MAKE A DIFFERENT WORD, USING THE PROMPT IN
BRACKETS.
E.G. DEVELOPMENT (CHANGE TO VERB) - TO DEVELOP
E.G. ECONOMIES (CHANGE TO NOUN) - ECONOMY
1. To analyze (change to noun)
- analysis
2. To analyze (change to adjective)
- analytical
3. Evaluation (change to verb)
- to evaluate
 4. Theoretical (change to verb)
- to theorize
 5. Problem (change to adjective)
- problematic

20. 6. To expect (change to noun)
- expectation
 7. To agree (change to opposite verb)
- to disagree
 8. Organized (change to opposite adjective)
- disorganized
 9. To prove (change to noun)
- proof
10.To prove (change to opposite verb)
- to disprove

21. 1. We had some concerns about her health.
2. Because of council funding cuts, there was no
provision for free parking.
3. His proposal failed because it relied too much on
theory.
4. By emphasizing the UK only, the evidence was
weak.
5. As the emphasis was only on the UK, the
evidence was not strong.

22. 1. The professor denied the student’s request for an excused absence.
2.Non-native speakers of English can improve their English-speaking skills by taking
classes hosted by the International Center.
3. The careless driver who was pulled over yesterday just got into an accident.
4. The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities, which are due to head
injuries 75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact, a helmet can reduce
accidental injury by as much as 85%, saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually, half
of whom are school children ("Bike Helmets" 348).
5. According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a
delicate natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity
could interfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat, and the
important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the oceans and
atmosphere ("Captain Cousteau" 17).

23. During your math class, you have noticed
one of your classmates is having a hard
time grasping the mathematical
formula. How could you help your
classmate using the paraphrasing strategy?

24. A Summary:
Is a general restatement of the main idea of a passage.
Is the most general of the three techniques.
Requires that you clearly understand the original
passage, so you do not distort its meaning.
Uses your own original wording and sentence
structure—otherwise, it’s plagiarism.
Is much shorter in length than the original.
Requires a parenthetical citation—otherwise, it’s
plagiarism.
A parenthetical citation consists of the author’s last name and
the page number(s) of the borrowed material in parentheses.
For example: (Smith 12).

25. A Quotation:
Is identical to the original—word for word.
Is the most specific of the three techniques, but
should be used the least.
Should never stand by itself as a complete
sentence (known as a “floating quote”). Instead,
integrate every quote into a sentence of your
own.
Requires a parenthetical citation—otherwise,
it’s plagiarism.

26. “To the glistening eastern sea, I give you
Queen Lucy the Valiant. To the great
western woods, King Edmund the Just. To
the radiant southern sun, Queen Susan the
Gentle. And to the clear northern skies, I
give you King Peter the Magnificent. Once a
king or queen of Narnia, always a king or
queen of Narnia. May your wisdom grace us
until the stars rain down from the heavens.”

27. Journalistic
Informative
Literary

28. Journalistic text is a style of writing, and its goal is
to report different news stories but in a variety of
media formats. It involves finding, creating,
editing and publishing of news to be shared.
Examples of journalistic texts are News article that
you can find on the web.
EX: Since there is no law in Pakistan related to
cannibalism, the police arrested the duo under anti-
terrorism act declaring that their action feared and
threatened the people.

29. Informative text is a category within nonfiction
writing. This form of communication transfers
information from one person to another about the
nature of the world and human beings. It has
various features that help set it apart from other
types of text.
EX: Cyber bullying is also the latest disadvantage of
social media. It includes mean text messages or
emails, rumors from social media, embarrassing
videos, pictures, and fake profiles.

30. A literary text is a piece of writing, such as a book
or poem, that has the purpose of telling a story or
entertaining, as in a fictional novel. Its primary
function as a text is usually aesthetic, but it may
also contain political messages or beliefs.
EX: It was a dark and stormy night. In her attic
bedroom Margaret Murry, wrapped in an old
patchwork quilt, sat on the foot of her bed, and
watched the trees tossing in the frenzied lashing of the
wind.