Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder globally, affecting 30% of the population. It is caused by inadequate iron intake or absorption, blood loss, or increased physiological demands. Common symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and impaired cognitive function. Laboratory findings show microcytic hypochromic anemia, low serum ferritin and iron, and elevated TIBC. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation, while ensuring compliance and watching for malabsorption or ongoing blood loss. Prevention through breastfeeding, iron-fortified formula, and supplements can reduce iron deficiency in at-risk groups like infants and women.
Iron deficiency anemia develops when iron stores are too low to support normal red blood cell production. It can be caused by inadequate dietary iron, impaired iron absorption, bleeding, or loss of body iron. Diagnosis involves a complete blood count showing microcytic, hypochromic anemia and low serum iron and ferritin levels. Treatment primarily involves oral iron supplementation, while parenteral iron or blood transfusions are reserved for more severe cases. The underlying cause also needs to be addressed to prevent recurrence.
Iron Deficiency Anemia occurs when iron levels are too low to support normal red blood cell production. It has various causes like bleeding, low dietary iron intake, or loss of iron in the urine. Symptoms include fatigue and pale skin. Investigations show low hemoglobin, ferritin and iron levels with microcytic red blood cells. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation depending on severity. Complications can include impaired development in children or increased risk of falls in the elderly. Prevention focuses on consuming iron-rich foods and supplements. Differential diagnoses include thalassemia and anemia of chronic disease.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common micronutrient deficiency globally, affecting 1.3 billion people. It ranges from subclinical to severe anemia. Risk groups include infants, children under 5, women of childbearing age. Causes include low intake, absorption issues, losses. Symptoms vary by severity but include pallor, fatigue. Treatment involves addressing the cause, iron supplementation orally or parenterally, and transfusion in severe cases.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Iron deficiency anemia is a common nutritional disorder worldwide. It results from low iron stores due to dietary lack, impaired absorption, increased requirements, or chronic blood loss. Clinically it presents as a hypochromic, microcytic anemia. It is diagnosed based on low iron levels, high total iron binding capacity, and low transferrin saturation in the blood. Treatment involves oral or injectable iron supplementation to replenish stores as well as treating any underlying cause. Prognosis is generally good if treated, but depends on any comorbidities present.
Babitha's Notes on anemia's & bleeding disordersBabitha Devu
This note will help you in knowing about childhood anemia's like iron deficiency, SCD etc.. also some of the bleeding disorders are also explained in this.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder globally, affecting 30% of the population. It is caused by inadequate iron intake or absorption, blood loss, or increased physiological demands. Common symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and impaired cognitive function. Laboratory findings show microcytic hypochromic anemia, low serum ferritin and iron, and elevated TIBC. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation, while ensuring compliance and watching for malabsorption or ongoing blood loss. Prevention through breastfeeding, iron-fortified formula, and supplements can reduce iron deficiency in at-risk groups like infants and women.
Iron deficiency anemia develops when iron stores are too low to support normal red blood cell production. It can be caused by inadequate dietary iron, impaired iron absorption, bleeding, or loss of body iron. Diagnosis involves a complete blood count showing microcytic, hypochromic anemia and low serum iron and ferritin levels. Treatment primarily involves oral iron supplementation, while parenteral iron or blood transfusions are reserved for more severe cases. The underlying cause also needs to be addressed to prevent recurrence.
Iron Deficiency Anemia occurs when iron levels are too low to support normal red blood cell production. It has various causes like bleeding, low dietary iron intake, or loss of iron in the urine. Symptoms include fatigue and pale skin. Investigations show low hemoglobin, ferritin and iron levels with microcytic red blood cells. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation depending on severity. Complications can include impaired development in children or increased risk of falls in the elderly. Prevention focuses on consuming iron-rich foods and supplements. Differential diagnoses include thalassemia and anemia of chronic disease.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common micronutrient deficiency globally, affecting 1.3 billion people. It ranges from subclinical to severe anemia. Risk groups include infants, children under 5, women of childbearing age. Causes include low intake, absorption issues, losses. Symptoms vary by severity but include pallor, fatigue. Treatment involves addressing the cause, iron supplementation orally or parenterally, and transfusion in severe cases.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Iron deficiency anemia is a common nutritional disorder worldwide. It results from low iron stores due to dietary lack, impaired absorption, increased requirements, or chronic blood loss. Clinically it presents as a hypochromic, microcytic anemia. It is diagnosed based on low iron levels, high total iron binding capacity, and low transferrin saturation in the blood. Treatment involves oral or injectable iron supplementation to replenish stores as well as treating any underlying cause. Prognosis is generally good if treated, but depends on any comorbidities present.
Babitha's Notes on anemia's & bleeding disordersBabitha Devu
This note will help you in knowing about childhood anemia's like iron deficiency, SCD etc.. also some of the bleeding disorders are also explained in this.
This document discusses anaemia, specifically in women. It provides statistics on the global prevalence of anaemia, affecting around 800 million children and women. It also shares data from India's National Family Health Survey 4 which found that while anaemia among women and children has declined in most states from the previous survey, it still remains high. The most common type of nutritional deficiency anaemia is iron deficiency anaemia, affecting around 50% of the Indian population, with vulnerable groups having even higher percentages affected. Prevention strategies discussed include dietary modifications, iron supplementation, treating hookworm infections, and food fortification.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide caused by inadequate iron intake or excessive iron loss. It develops in stages from depletion of iron stores to microcytic hypochromic anemia. Laboratory findings include low hemoglobin, serum ferritin and iron levels, as well as high TIBC. Peripheral smear shows microcytic hypochromic red blood cells. Bone marrow is hypercellular with iron deficiency and microcytic normoblastic erythropoiesis. Treatment involves oral or parenteral iron supplementation.
Approach to a case of iron defciency anaemiaSachin Adukia
- Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin, red blood cell count or haematocrit below normal levels. Iron-deficiency anaemia affects around 2 billion people worldwide including 20-40% of people in India.
- Iron-deficiency anaemia is classified based on the underlying cause such as reduced red blood cell production, increased red blood cell destruction, or loss of red blood cells.
- Diagnosis involves examination of symptoms, signs, and laboratory tests including a blood smear, iron studies, and bone marrow examination. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation depending on the severity of the deficiency.
This document discusses β-thalassemia, a genetic blood disorder caused by mutations in the β-globin gene resulting in reduced or absent β-chain production and hemoglobin synthesis. It is characterized by microcytic hypochromic anemia and is most common around the Mediterranean sea. The degree of β-chain deficiency determines the severity from β° (no β-chains) to β++ (more β-chains). Clinical manifestations include anemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal abnormalities, and heart failure. Management involves blood transfusions, chelation therapy, and folic acid supplementation.
Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin, red blood cells or haematocrit below normal levels. Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) affects around 2 billion people worldwide. IDA is prevalent in India, affecting 20% of adult males, 40% of non-pregnant females and children, and 80% of pregnant females. IDA is classified based on its underlying cause such as reduced red blood cell production or increased destruction. Oral iron therapy is usually the first line treatment, while blood transfusions or intravenous iron may be used for more severe cases or those who cannot tolerate oral iron. The diagnosis of IDA relies on a low MCV, MCH and iron studies showing low ferritin and transferrin saturation
Service providers who receive high nutrition risk referrals, particularly Registered Dietitians, need to be knowledgeable about general and clinical pediatric nutrition as well as counselling skills for working with families and children.
This is the fourth of five self-directed training modules available in PowerPoint presentations that have been developed and evaluated to respond to this need
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia and develops over time due to insufficient iron intake or absorption to produce new red blood cells. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves oral iron supplements like ferrous sulfate taken on an empty stomach, which can take 3-6 months to replenish iron stores. Parenteral iron is used for patients who cannot tolerate oral supplements or have malabsorption issues. Dietary sources of iron like meat, fish, and leafy greens can also help non-pharmacologically.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia and develops over time due to insufficient iron intake or absorption to produce new red blood cells. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves oral iron supplements like ferrous sulfate taken on an empty stomach, which can take 3-6 months to replenish iron stores. Parenteral iron is used for patients who cannot tolerate oral supplements or have malabsorption issues. Dietary sources of iron like meat, fish, and leafy greens can also help non-pharmacologically.
Hematological diseases primarily affect the blood and blood-forming organs. Examples include anemias like iron deficiency anemia, which occurs when the body does not have adequate iron. Iron is necessary for red blood cell formation to produce hemoglobin. Without enough iron, the body cannot produce sufficient hemoglobin in red blood cells to adequately deliver oxygen to tissues, which can cause anemia. Iron deficiency is commonly caused by blood loss, failure to meet increased iron requirements during growth or pregnancy, or inadequate iron absorption from the diet or gastrointestinal issues. Symptoms include pale skin, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Iron deficiency is treated with oral or intravenous iron supplements to restore iron levels.
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia. It begins by classifying anemias based on red blood cell morphology and etiology. Iron deficiency anemia is then explained in more detail. The symptoms, absorption of iron, and laboratory tests are summarized. The risks factors, treatment involving iron supplements, and prevention through an iron-rich diet are highlighted.
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia caused by low levels of iron. It develops in stages as iron stores are depleted, first impacting bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells and then resulting in microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Risk factors include women due to menstrual blood loss, infants/children not getting enough iron, vegetarians, and frequent blood donors. It is diagnosed through blood tests and treated with oral or intravenous iron supplementation.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia globally. It results from inadequate iron intake or absorption to meet physiological needs. Common symptoms include pallor, weakness, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing microcytic hypochromic anemia, low serum iron and ferritin levels, and high total iron binding capacity. Treatment consists of oral iron supplementation in the form of ferrous salts to replenish iron stores.
Anemia is a decreased level of hemoglobin in the blood. It can be classified based on cause or morphology. Common types include iron deficiency anemia, which is caused by inadequate iron intake and is characterized by microcytic hypochromic blood cells. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder of hemoglobin synthesis that results in microcytic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies and is marked by large, oddly shaped red blood cells. Other normocytic anemias can be due to chronic disease, blood loss, or disorders like aplastic anemia or hemolytic anemia. Investigation of the cause involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and assessing
Anemia is a decreased level of hemoglobin in the blood. It can be classified based on cause or morphology. Morphological types include microcytic (small RBCs), normocytic (normal sized), and macrocytic (large). Common causes of microcytic anemia include iron deficiency and thalassemia. Iron deficiency anemia results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder of hemoglobin synthesis. Macrocytic anemias include megaloblastic anemia from vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Normocytic anemias can be caused by chronic disease, blood loss, or disorders like aplastic anemia or hemolytic anemia.
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common form of anemia worldwide. It can be caused by blood loss or impaired iron absorption. The body needs iron to produce hemoglobin for red blood cell production. Treatment involves treating the underlying cause and replenishing iron stores, usually with oral iron supplements. Parenteral iron may be used for patients unable to tolerate or absorb oral iron. Complications of iron overload include organ damage, so excess iron intake must be avoided.
UAEU - CMHS - Hematology-Oncology Course - MMH 302 - HONC 320. Education material for medical students - It cover basic principles of hematology and oncology, including CAR-T and gene editing. It can be used for study and review. It illustrates main principles of hematology and oncology.
Iron deficiency anaemia (for v year mbbs)mona aziz
Iron Deficiency Anaemia is a widespread problem globally. It affects toddlers, women of childbearing age, and school-aged children. Iron is essential for oxygen transport, cell metabolism, and immune function. Causes of iron deficiency include low dietary iron intake, blood loss, pregnancy/lactation, and malabsorption. Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and behavioral changes. Laboratory findings show low iron stores, serum iron and transferrin saturation. Treatment involves iron supplementation orally or parenterally, and treating the underlying cause. Uncorrected iron deficiency can lead to developmental delays in children.
Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It is made up of globin chains and heme. Anemia occurs when hemoglobin levels drop below normal, reducing oxygen delivery to tissues. Anemia can be classified based on red blood cell size and color. Common causes include iron deficiency, blood loss, and decreased red blood cell production. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type and results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. Symptoms vary based on severity but can include fatigue, palpitations, and pallor. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure iron levels and red blood cell indices. Treatment focuses on iron replacement therapy and treating the underlying cause.
This document discusses anaemia, specifically in women. It provides statistics on the global prevalence of anaemia, affecting around 800 million children and women. It also shares data from India's National Family Health Survey 4 which found that while anaemia among women and children has declined in most states from the previous survey, it still remains high. The most common type of nutritional deficiency anaemia is iron deficiency anaemia, affecting around 50% of the Indian population, with vulnerable groups having even higher percentages affected. Prevention strategies discussed include dietary modifications, iron supplementation, treating hookworm infections, and food fortification.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide caused by inadequate iron intake or excessive iron loss. It develops in stages from depletion of iron stores to microcytic hypochromic anemia. Laboratory findings include low hemoglobin, serum ferritin and iron levels, as well as high TIBC. Peripheral smear shows microcytic hypochromic red blood cells. Bone marrow is hypercellular with iron deficiency and microcytic normoblastic erythropoiesis. Treatment involves oral or parenteral iron supplementation.
Approach to a case of iron defciency anaemiaSachin Adukia
- Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin, red blood cell count or haematocrit below normal levels. Iron-deficiency anaemia affects around 2 billion people worldwide including 20-40% of people in India.
- Iron-deficiency anaemia is classified based on the underlying cause such as reduced red blood cell production, increased red blood cell destruction, or loss of red blood cells.
- Diagnosis involves examination of symptoms, signs, and laboratory tests including a blood smear, iron studies, and bone marrow examination. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation depending on the severity of the deficiency.
This document discusses β-thalassemia, a genetic blood disorder caused by mutations in the β-globin gene resulting in reduced or absent β-chain production and hemoglobin synthesis. It is characterized by microcytic hypochromic anemia and is most common around the Mediterranean sea. The degree of β-chain deficiency determines the severity from β° (no β-chains) to β++ (more β-chains). Clinical manifestations include anemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal abnormalities, and heart failure. Management involves blood transfusions, chelation therapy, and folic acid supplementation.
Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin, red blood cells or haematocrit below normal levels. Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) affects around 2 billion people worldwide. IDA is prevalent in India, affecting 20% of adult males, 40% of non-pregnant females and children, and 80% of pregnant females. IDA is classified based on its underlying cause such as reduced red blood cell production or increased destruction. Oral iron therapy is usually the first line treatment, while blood transfusions or intravenous iron may be used for more severe cases or those who cannot tolerate oral iron. The diagnosis of IDA relies on a low MCV, MCH and iron studies showing low ferritin and transferrin saturation
Service providers who receive high nutrition risk referrals, particularly Registered Dietitians, need to be knowledgeable about general and clinical pediatric nutrition as well as counselling skills for working with families and children.
This is the fourth of five self-directed training modules available in PowerPoint presentations that have been developed and evaluated to respond to this need
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia and develops over time due to insufficient iron intake or absorption to produce new red blood cells. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves oral iron supplements like ferrous sulfate taken on an empty stomach, which can take 3-6 months to replenish iron stores. Parenteral iron is used for patients who cannot tolerate oral supplements or have malabsorption issues. Dietary sources of iron like meat, fish, and leafy greens can also help non-pharmacologically.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia and develops over time due to insufficient iron intake or absorption to produce new red blood cells. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves oral iron supplements like ferrous sulfate taken on an empty stomach, which can take 3-6 months to replenish iron stores. Parenteral iron is used for patients who cannot tolerate oral supplements or have malabsorption issues. Dietary sources of iron like meat, fish, and leafy greens can also help non-pharmacologically.
Hematological diseases primarily affect the blood and blood-forming organs. Examples include anemias like iron deficiency anemia, which occurs when the body does not have adequate iron. Iron is necessary for red blood cell formation to produce hemoglobin. Without enough iron, the body cannot produce sufficient hemoglobin in red blood cells to adequately deliver oxygen to tissues, which can cause anemia. Iron deficiency is commonly caused by blood loss, failure to meet increased iron requirements during growth or pregnancy, or inadequate iron absorption from the diet or gastrointestinal issues. Symptoms include pale skin, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Iron deficiency is treated with oral or intravenous iron supplements to restore iron levels.
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia. It begins by classifying anemias based on red blood cell morphology and etiology. Iron deficiency anemia is then explained in more detail. The symptoms, absorption of iron, and laboratory tests are summarized. The risks factors, treatment involving iron supplements, and prevention through an iron-rich diet are highlighted.
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia caused by low levels of iron. It develops in stages as iron stores are depleted, first impacting bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells and then resulting in microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Risk factors include women due to menstrual blood loss, infants/children not getting enough iron, vegetarians, and frequent blood donors. It is diagnosed through blood tests and treated with oral or intravenous iron supplementation.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia globally. It results from inadequate iron intake or absorption to meet physiological needs. Common symptoms include pallor, weakness, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing microcytic hypochromic anemia, low serum iron and ferritin levels, and high total iron binding capacity. Treatment consists of oral iron supplementation in the form of ferrous salts to replenish iron stores.
Anemia is a decreased level of hemoglobin in the blood. It can be classified based on cause or morphology. Common types include iron deficiency anemia, which is caused by inadequate iron intake and is characterized by microcytic hypochromic blood cells. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder of hemoglobin synthesis that results in microcytic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies and is marked by large, oddly shaped red blood cells. Other normocytic anemias can be due to chronic disease, blood loss, or disorders like aplastic anemia or hemolytic anemia. Investigation of the cause involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and assessing
Anemia is a decreased level of hemoglobin in the blood. It can be classified based on cause or morphology. Morphological types include microcytic (small RBCs), normocytic (normal sized), and macrocytic (large). Common causes of microcytic anemia include iron deficiency and thalassemia. Iron deficiency anemia results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder of hemoglobin synthesis. Macrocytic anemias include megaloblastic anemia from vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Normocytic anemias can be caused by chronic disease, blood loss, or disorders like aplastic anemia or hemolytic anemia.
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common form of anemia worldwide. It can be caused by blood loss or impaired iron absorption. The body needs iron to produce hemoglobin for red blood cell production. Treatment involves treating the underlying cause and replenishing iron stores, usually with oral iron supplements. Parenteral iron may be used for patients unable to tolerate or absorb oral iron. Complications of iron overload include organ damage, so excess iron intake must be avoided.
UAEU - CMHS - Hematology-Oncology Course - MMH 302 - HONC 320. Education material for medical students - It cover basic principles of hematology and oncology, including CAR-T and gene editing. It can be used for study and review. It illustrates main principles of hematology and oncology.
Iron deficiency anaemia (for v year mbbs)mona aziz
Iron Deficiency Anaemia is a widespread problem globally. It affects toddlers, women of childbearing age, and school-aged children. Iron is essential for oxygen transport, cell metabolism, and immune function. Causes of iron deficiency include low dietary iron intake, blood loss, pregnancy/lactation, and malabsorption. Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and behavioral changes. Laboratory findings show low iron stores, serum iron and transferrin saturation. Treatment involves iron supplementation orally or parenterally, and treating the underlying cause. Uncorrected iron deficiency can lead to developmental delays in children.
Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It is made up of globin chains and heme. Anemia occurs when hemoglobin levels drop below normal, reducing oxygen delivery to tissues. Anemia can be classified based on red blood cell size and color. Common causes include iron deficiency, blood loss, and decreased red blood cell production. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type and results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. Symptoms vary based on severity but can include fatigue, palpitations, and pallor. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure iron levels and red blood cell indices. Treatment focuses on iron replacement therapy and treating the underlying cause.
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2 Anaemia blood diseases for medical laboratory.pptssuser9976be
This document summarizes key aspects of hematology and anaemia. It discusses branches of hematology including morphology, coagulation studies, and blood transfusion. It defines common terms like EDTA and describes blood indices. The document classifies anaemia by blood film, cause, and clinical features. It discusses investigations for anaemia including blood counts, iron staining, and bone marrow examination. Specific types of anaemia like iron deficiency, megaloblastic, pregnancy-related, and haemolytic disease of the newborn are explained.
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Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia globally. It occurs when iron levels in the body are insufficient to support normal red blood cell production. Key signs include pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, koilonychia, and angular cheilitis. It is diagnosed based on a low MCV and MCH on a CBC, low serum iron and ferritin levels, and absence of iron in bone marrow staining. Common causes are insufficient dietary iron intake, blood loss, hookworm infection, and increased iron needs during growth and pregnancy.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
7. Iron deficiency is defined as a
decreased total iron body content.
Iron is vital for all living organisms
because it is essential for multiple
metabolic processes, including
oxygen transport and DNA
synthesis. Assistant prof .Radfan Saleh
8. Iron balance is achieved largely by
regulation of iron absorption in the
proximal small intestine.
Factors that enhance iron absorption
. Facilitators: ascorbate, citrate, amino
acids, iron deficiency
Assistant prof .Radfan Saleh
9. Factors that prevent iron absorption.
Inhibitors: , tannins, iron overload,
antacids
Assistant prof .Radfan Saleh
10. Causes of iron deficiency :-
chronic blood loss
increased iron requirement
iron malabsorption
inadequate dietary intake
1- chronic blood loss:- the most common
causes of iron deficiency in adult are :-
- Occult bleeding from the gastrointestinal
tract.
- Blood loss caused by menstruation or
pregnancy and including birth.
11. A) gastrointestinal bleeding: occult blood loss from the
gastrointestinal tract can be chronic without displaying
any symptoms and may go undetected until the
patient presents with symptoms of anemia this is may
be due to :- peptic ulcer, hook worm infection,
malignancies of stomach or colon.
B) uterine bleeding:- menstrual bleeding is the most
common cause of iron deficiency in woman . The
average amount of blood lost during each menstrual
cycle is about 45 ml which represents about 25mg
of iron lost each month.
C) other sources of bleeding:- this is may present
with chronic blood loss that result from hematuria or
hemoglobinuria.
12. 2- increases in the physiologic
requirement for iron :-
This is due to increases in the requirements for
iron that exceed the amounts of iron normally
available in the diet .
infancy:- in the infant iron deficiency usually result
from an unsupplemented diet of milk that is not
capably of providing enough iron for erythropoiesis.
Adolescence:- iron deficiency is result from the
increased demands during period of increased
growth.
Pregnancy and lactation:- although menstruation ceases
during pregnancy, there is an increased demand for iron
because of fetal growth and an increased maternal red cell
mass during pregnancy
13. 3- iron malabsorption :-
Iron deficiency may be result from two absorption
deficiency :-
A) malabsorption syndromes this due to damage in
the iron-absorbing mucosal cells of the duodenum.
B) subtotal gastrectomy:-gastric acid may not be
available for converting insoluble dietary ferric iron to
the soluble ferrous form that can be absorbed and
transport rapidly through the duodenum.
4- inadequate iron intake .
Source of iron:-
rich source (liver, heart, kidney)
Good source (leafy vegetable, fish, fruit )
17. Distinct microcytosis (compare with size of the
lymphocyte). Some of erythrocytes are hypochromic. A
few pencil shaped cells are seen
Assistant prof .Radfan Saleh
18. The arrow shows elongated pencil - like cell
Assistant prof .Radfan Saleh
19. The arrow shows elongated pencil - like cell
Assistant prof .Radfan Saleh
26. Diagnosis
History and clinical examination of the patient,
specially dietary history
Peripheral blood picture, hypochromic microcytic
anemia
Measurement of
Serum iron
Serum ferritin
Normal blood levels are 30-300 ng/mL for males and 15-
200 ng/mL for females
Stainable iron in bone marrow
Assistant prof .Radfan Saleh
27. Serum Iron (SI)
•
Men: 65 to 176 µg/ dL
•
Women: 50 to 170 µg/ dL
•
Newborns: 100 to 250 µg/ dL
•
Children: 50 to 120 µg/ dL
•
:
µg/ dL
TIBC:240-450
•
Transferrin saturation: 20-50%
Assistant prof .Radfan Saleh
28. CBC, iron deficiency anemia. Microcytosis is indicated by the low MCV.
Hypochromia correlates here with the low MCH.
Assistant prof .Radfan Saleh
35. Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia:-
1- peripheral blood findings:-
hemoglobin :- 5 – 10 g/dl.
haematocrit :- low MCV
low MCH
2- peripheral blood smears:-
microcytic, hypochromic red cells.
poikilocytosis, which are abnormal shaped
RBCs
Pencil shape are feature in iron deficiency
anemia
36.
37.
38. Causes of Anemia of Chronic
Disease
Any disease condition that is associated with
inflammation, and that lasts more than 1 or 2
months, can cause anemia of chronic disease.
In some cases, the inflammation is obvious (chronic
infections or rheumatic disorders, for example); in
other cases, the inflammation is less obvious
(malignancies).
Chronic illnesses that are not associated with
inflammation (for example, hypertension or
diabetes mellitus) are not usually associated with
the anemia of chronic disease.
39. Laboratory Diagnosis
1- The anemia due to chronic disease is usually mild or moderate:
blood hemoglobin levels ≥8 to 10 g/dL.
However, the anemia may be more severe
in chronic illnesses with marked inflammation. The anemia is
usually normocytic and normochromic but can be microcytic in
severe cases.
2- MCV is usually only mildly decreased (≥70 fL).
3- The reticulocyte count is low.
4- erythrocyte sedimentation rate are usually increased.
