3. Introduction..
Is it Arthritis or Arthralgia?
Is it Monoarthritis or Polyarthritis ?
Is it Musculoskeletal emergencies ?
4. RED FLAG CONDITIONS
FRACTURE
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
GOUT/PSEUDOGOUT
NERVE OR VESSEL PROBLEMS
Fever or unexplained weight loss
History of carcinoma
Immuno-supression
Ill health or presence of other medical illness
Night pain
Progressive pain
6. What are the Symptoms?
Unusual
Unusual
Possibly
Weight Loss
Never
Never
Possibly
Fever
Rapid
Slow
Rapid
Loss of Function
Severe
Mild
New and Severe
Fatigue
> 1 hour
15-20 minutes
> 1 hour
Morning Stiffness
No
No
Yes
Joint Redness
No
Yes
Yes
Joint Swelling
No
Yes
Yes
Joint Pain
Chronic Pain
Degenerative
Inflammatory
21. Rheumatoid Arthritis..
Incidence
1-3% of general population
Genetic predisposition
Female to male ratio 3:1
Average age of onset of 40 years
35. Head & Neck Manifestations
Rheumatoid Arthritis may involve the TMJ.
55% Affected
70% with radiographic evidence of TMJ involvement
Juvenile form may lead to Retrognathia
36. Head and Neck Manifestations
Cricoarytenoid joint
Most common cause of cricoarytenoid arthritis
30% patients hoarse
Exertional dyspnea, ear pain, globus
Hoarseness
Rheumatoid nodules, recurrent nerve involvement
Stridor
local/systemic steroids
Conductive Hearing Loss
Ossicular chain involvement
Sensory Neural Hearing Loss
Unexplained
Assoc. with rheumatoid nodules
Cervical spine
Subluxation
38. Laboratory
Rheumatoid Factor
Ig M Antibody against the Fc fragment of Ig G
Not sensitive
80% of RA patients
RF+ patients more likely to have
More severe disease
Extraarticular manifestations
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (Anti-CCP )
Specificity = 90%
Sensitivity = 50-80%
39. RF is not specific for RA.
Other autoimmune disease
Sjogren’s syndrome , Systemic Lupus
Chronic infection
Hep B/C, SBE, Viral, Parasites, TB
Pulmonary inflammation
Sarcoid, IPF, Silicosis, Asbestosis
Malignancy
Healthy – 4% young; 5-25% > age 60
40. Radiography
Periarticular osteopenia
Symmetric joint space loss
Marginal erosions
Absence of productive changes
Best films for diagnosis:
Bilateral Hand Arthritis Series
Bilateral Foot Series
Larger joints may not show erosions early due to thicke
r cartilage.
41. Treatment
Aggressive Treatment Early!
Physical therapy, daily exercise, splinting, joint protection
Salicylates, NSAIDS, DMARDs , hydroxychloroquine, immunosu
ppressive agents , Steroids
Cyclosporin-A
Prognosis
10-15 yrs of disease
50% fully employed
10% incapacitated
10-20% remission
Persistent active cases more than 1 year likely to lead to joint deformi
ties.
Periods of activity cases have better prognosis.
Mortality rate 2.5 times than generalpopulation
42. Dental Management
Short dental appointments
Assess if Aspirin or NSAIDs are affecting platelet f
unction
43. Osteoarthritis?
Most common form of arthritis
Middle-aged to elderly
Gradual pain, worse with use
F= M up to age 55; after 55 F>M
Obesity, history of trauma
Cartilage irregularity
10-20% of these symptomatic
Only small percentage present for help
Joints affected
Hands – DIP, PIP, CMC thumb
Hips, knees, ankles, great toes
Cervical and lumbar spine
48. Gout?
Disease of Monosodium urate crystal deposition in
tissues of and around joints
Adult men, peaks in ages 40’s to 50’s
Urate Overproduction (<10%) vs
Under Excretion (90%)
Three stages:
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia
Acute intermittent gout
Chronic tophaceous gout
Definitive dx by aspiration of fluid
49. Gout?
Onset before 25 should raise the question of unusual form
of gout , specific enzyme defect
A single joint involve in 85-90% of first attack
90% acute attacks in great toe, next in order of frequency
are the ankles, heels, knees, wrists, fingers and elbows
Acute gouty bursitis-- prepatella, olecranon
Chronic
Tophi
50. Septic Arthritis
Septic arthritis is inflammation of a synovial mem
brane with purulent effusion into the joint capsule,
usually due to bacterial infection.
It is an emergency- it can destroy a joint extremely
quickly and (v.rarely) lead to sepsis and death
Frequency:
2-10 cases per 100,000 in the general population.
30-70 cases per 100,000 in immunosuppressed/ joint prosth
esis
Editor's Notes
cricoarytenoid
MRI and U/S increasingly being used
DEFINITION: Septic arthritis is inflammation of a synovial membrane with purulent effusion into the joint capsule, usually due to bacterial infection.
The frequency of septic arthritis is approximately 2-10 cases per 100,000 in the general population.
30-70 cases per 100,000 in immunosuppressed/ joint prosthesis
How does infection get into the joint space?! Bacteria may enter the joint directly as with trauma. Infection may enter hematogenously (eg, intravenous [IV] drug injection). Infection may enter from osteomyelitis that is adjacent to the capsule. Infection also may enter from soft tissue infections (eg, cellulitis, abscess, bursitis, tenosynovitis).