4. Joint Pain
īŽ most common symptom
īŽ Pain (arthralgia) vs. Inflammation (arthritis)
īŽ Inflammation:
īŽ heat, redness, pain, swelling, loss of function
īŽ inflammatory arthritis (RA, SLE) vs. pain syndrome
(fibromyalgia)
6. Inflammatory vs. Non-Inflammatory
īŽ Inflammatory: i.e. RA
īŽ Generalized AM
stiffness
īŽ > 30 min
īŽ Resolves with
movement
īŽ Classic signs of
inflammation
īŽ Non-Inflammatory:
i.e. Osteoarthritis
īŽ Localized AM stiffness
īŽ < 30 min
9. RA
īŽ Systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorder
īŽ ~1% of population
īŽ Onset: 52 years
īŽ 40-70 years of age
īŽ <60 - 3-5:1 female predominance
14. Disease Trigger
īŽ Subclinical vs. Viral trigger
īŽ Lab manifestations up to 10 yrs before clinical
īŽ RF & anti-CCP (antiâcyclic citrullinated peptide) Ab
īŽ Increased CRP subclinical inflammatory disease
īŽ Activities of Daily Livings(ADLs):
īŽ > 50% of pts stop working w/i 5-10 years of disease onset
īŽ ~ 80% disabled to some degree > 20 years
īŽ Life expectancy: decreased by 3-18 years
16. Stiffness & Swelling
īŽ Pain with pressure to joint
īŽ Pain with movement of joint
īŽ Swelling due to hypertrophy
īŽ Effusion
īŽ Heat
īŽ Redness
20. Diagnostic Criteria
īŽ Symmetric peripheral polyarthritis
īŽ AM Stiffness >1 hour
īŽ Rheumatoid nodules
īŽ Laboratory features
īŽ Radiographic bone erosions
21. Symmetric Peripheral Polyarthritis
īŽ 3 or more Joints for >6 weeks
īŽ Small Joints
īŽ Hands & Feet
īŽ Peripheral to Proximal
īŽ MCP and PIP Joints
īŽ SPARES DIP
īŽ MTP & Plantar subluxation
īŽ Leads to Deformity & Destruction of Joints
īŽ Erosion of cartilage and bone
22. Stiffness
īŽ AM or after Prolonged Inactivity
īŽ Bilateral
īŽ In/Around Joints
īŽ > 1 hours
īŽ Reflects severe joint inflammation
īŽ Better with movement
īŽ Present >6 weeks
29. Radiological Studies
īŽ Plain Films
īŽ Bilateral hands & feet
īŽ Only 25% of lesions
īŽ Less expensive
īŽ Through bone cortex around joint margins
īŽ Color Doppler U/S & MRI
īŽ Early signs of damage i.e. Erosions
īŽ Bone Edema - even with normal findings on radiography
30.
31.
32. īŽ Arthralgias
īŽ >3 inflamed joints
īŽ Mild functional limitation
īŽ Minimally elevated ESR & CRP
īŽ No erosions/cartilage loss
īŽ No extraarticular disease i.e. anemia
Mild Disease
34. Severe Disease
īŽ >20 persistently inflamed joints
īŽ Rapid decline in functional capacity
īŽ Radiographic evidence of rapid
progression of bony erosions & loss of
cartilage
īŽ Extraarticular disease:
īŽ AOCD, Hypoalbuminemia
35. Prognostic Features
īŽ RF & Anti-CCP antibodies
īŽ Early development of multiple inflamed joints
and joint erosions
īŽ Severe functional limitation
īŽ Female
īŽ HLA epitope presence
īŽ Lower socioeconomic status & Less education
īŽ Persistent joint inflammation for >12 weeks
36. CV Disease
īŽ Leading cause of death ~50%
īŽ 2x more likely to develop MI
īŽ chronic, inflammatory vascular burden ī premature atherosclerosis
īŽ MTX: elevated homocysteine levels
īŽ Control inflammatory process = Decreased
atherosclerosis/morbidity
īŽ Lipid screening & treatment
īŽ Control of obesity, Hyperhomocystinemia, DM, HTN
īŽ ASA
37. Other diseases
īŽ 70% more likely to have a stroke
īŽ 70% higher risk for developing infection
īŽ Likely 2/2 treatment
īŽ 44x more likely to develop NHL
39. Management
īŽ Early and aggressive disease control
īŽ Rheumatologist Referral
īŽ Early/Undiagnosed: NSAIDs, short course Corticosteroids
īŽ Late/Uncontrolled: DMARD therapy
īŽ depends on the presence or absence of joint damage, functional
limitation, presence of predictive factors for poorer prognosis
īŽ Goals
īŽ achieve NED & inflammation
īŽ no treatment to resolve erosions once they occur
40. Therapy
īŽ Non-Pharmacologic:
īŽ Referral to PT/OT
īŽ Evaluate ADLs
īŽ Assistive
devices/splints
īŽ Weight loss
īŽ Smoking cessation
īŽ Pharmacologic:
īŽ Anti-inflammatory
īŽ Interrupt progression
īŽ Development of erosions
īŽ Joint space narrowing
58. Radiographic Findings
īŽ Ankylosis of sacroiliac joints
īŽ Syndesmophytes in the lumbar spine
īŽ Fusion of the interspinous ligament
īŽ Arthropathy of both hips
īŽ Enthesopathy of ischial tuberosity
59. Imaging Modalities
īŽ Radiographs are the most important for
detection, diagnosis, and follow-up
īŽ limited in early sacroiliac changes
īŽ CT useful in equivocal sacroiliac
involvement
īŽ MRI able to assess early cartilage
abnormalities and bone marrow edema
69. Ankylosing Spondylitis
Features
īŽ Chronic & progressive form of
seronegative arthritis with axial skeleton
predominance
īŽ Affects 0.1-0.2% of the population
īŽ 90-95% of patients are HLA-B27 positive
īŽ 7% of general population is positive, only 1%
of positives will develop ankylosing
spondylitis
īŽ Male:female 4-10:1
70. Features cont.
īŽ Age of onset 15-35 years old
īŽ juvenile onset associated with more frequent
& severe hip & peripheral joint involvement
īŽ Life expectancy unaffected, although
20% morbidity
īŽ most patients able to maintain a normal
lifestyle
71. Features cont.
īŽ Starts with sacroiliac joints
īŽ begins with sclerosis, eventually get
ankylosis
īŽ Progresses to include facet joints, spine,
iliac crest, ischial tuberosity, greater
trochanter, hips, patella, calcaneus,
glenohumeral joints
īŽ peripheral joint involvement in 30%
72. Features cont.
īŽ Enthesopathy - calcification & ossification
of ligaments, tendons, joint capsules at
insertion into bone
īŽ Erosion of subligamentous bone due to
inflammatory response
īŽ Fusion of interspinous ligament
īŽ Dagger sign
73.
74. Features cont.
īŽ Syndesmophytes - bony bridges between
vertebrae & ossification of joint capsule
īŽ Bamboo spine
īŽ Resorption of vertebral endplates
īŽ Soft tissue findings are new bone
formation in outer layers of annulus
fibrosis as well as chronic synovitis and
capsular fibrosis
75.
76. Physical Findings
īŽ Patients usually present with low back
pain and stiffness, which improves with
activity
īŽ Decreased range of motion in lumbar
spine
īŽ Thoraco-cervical kyphosis (late)
īŽ One-third of patients will have acute,
unilateral uveitis
78. Treatment
īŽ Posture training & range of motion
exercises to prevent kyphosis
īŽ Sleep prone or supine in firm bed, no
pillow
īŽ Breathing exercises
īŽ NSAIDs for symptomatic relief
80. Gout
īŽ Gout is defined as a peripheral arthritis
resulting from the deposition of sodium
urate crystals in one or more joints.
81. Gout
Gout encompasses a group of disorders
that occur alone or in combination and
include (1) hyperuricemia, (2) attacks of
acute, typically monarticular,
inflammatory arthritis, (3) tophaceous
deposition of urate crystals in and around
joints, (4) interstitial deposition of urate
crystals in renal parenchyma, and (5)
urolithiasis
82. Gout
īŽ Affects less than 0.5% of the population
īŽ Due to familial disposition, incidence may be as
high as 80% in families affected by disorder.
Stoffey et al, Emed 2002
84. PathophysiologyīŽ Urate saturates in plasma at 7 mg/dL
īŽ Assuming pH, temp, Na are WNL
īŽ MSU deposits in less vascular tissue
īŽ Cartilage
īŽ Tendons/ligaments
īŽ There is a predilection for peripheral joint/tissue
86. Signs and Symptoms
īŽ Acute attack:
īŽ Over hours frequently nocturnal
īŽ Excruciating pain
īŽ Swelling, redness and tenderness
īŽ Podagra: 1st
MTP classic presentation
īŽ May effect knees, wrist, elbow, and rarely SI and hips.
īŽ Chronic:
īŽ Destructive tophacous
īŽ Much greater chance if untreated
īŽ Rarely presents as a chronic
88. Diagnosis
īŽ Based on history and physical
īŽ Confirmed by arthrocentesis
īŽ Urate crystals: needle-shaped negatively
birefringent either free floating or within neutrophils
& macrophages.
īŽ Uric acid level non specific.
īŽ 30% may show normal level
īŽ Urine collection:
īŽ <800 mg underexcertor(<600 purine-free
diet)
Microscopic Diagnosis
89. īŽ X-ray
īŽ Acute
īŽ Soft tissue swelling
īŽ Chronic
īŽ chronic tophaceous gouty
arthritis, extensive bony
erosions are noted throughout
the carpal bones
īŽ Sclerosis and joint-space
narrowing are seen in the first
metatarsophalangeal joint, as
well as in the fourth
interphalangeal joint .
91. Treatment
īŽ Acute:
īŽ NSAIDâs anti-inflammatory doses
īŽ Colchicine 0.5 mg po q2 hours, may require 6 mg.
īŽ Stop with response or side effect
īŽ Can be used for chronic disease, increased risk for BM
suppression
īŽ Aspirate followed by administration of corticosteroids
īŽ Prednisone
īŽ ACTH 40-80 IM/IV or Solumedrol
īŽ Opiates and Tylenol
92. Treatment
īŽ Chronic:
īŽ Diet will decrease uric acid 1 mg/dL at best
īŽ Weight loss
īŽ Limit ETOH
īŽ Modification of medications
īŽ Avoid low dose ASA, diuretics, etc.
93. TreatmentīŽ Chronic
īŽ Uricosuric: for under-excretors
īŽ Probenicid:
īŽ Sulfinpyrazone: toxic side effects
īŽ Avoid with renal disease
īŽ Consider NSAIDs to avoid exacerbation of gout
94. Treatment
īŽ Chronic
īŽ Indications for Allopurinol
īŽ Tophaceous deposites
īŽ Uric acid consistently >9
īŽ Persistent Sx with moderate UA levels
īŽ Impaired renal function
īŽ Prophylaxis for tumor-lysis syndrome
īŽ Consider NSAIDâs to avoid exacerbation
95. Prognosis
īŽ Generally good
īŽ More severe course when Sx present <
30 y/o
īŽ Up to 50% progress to chronic disease if
untreated.
īŽ Surgical intervention may be required for
tophi.