The document outlines key aspects of writing research objectives and variables in research methodology. It describes the characteristics of effective research objectives (SMART criteria), differentiates between primary and secondary objectives, and provides examples to illustrate these concepts. Additionally, the document discusses various types of research variables, including dependent, independent, and confounding variables, highlighting their significance and application in research studies.

1. Presented by
Prof.Virendra Jain
Principal, Dinsha Patel College of
Nursing 5/24/2024
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2. Writing Research Objectives &
Variable in research

2. Flow of presentations
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 Writing objectives
 Variable in research

3. Research Objectives
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 A research objective is a clear, concise,
declarative statement, which provides
direction to investigate the variables.
 Generally research objectives focus on the
ways to measure the variables, such as to
identify or describe them.
 Sometimes objectives are directed towards
identifying the relationship or difference
between two variables.

4. Why We Need Research Objectives??
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 Research objectives will help the researcher to:
1. Focus
2. Avoid
3. Organize
4. Directions

5. Characteristics of Research Objectives
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 SMART:
 Specific
 Measurable
 Attainable
 Realistic
 Time-bound

6. Characteristics of Research Objectives
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 Research objective should be:
Relevant
Feasible
Logical
Observable
Unequivocal

7. Types of Research Objectives
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1. Primary Objective: The main objective to be achieved.
2. Secondary Objectives: The subsidiary objectives may
considered to extend the scope of study.

8. Primary & Secondary Objectives
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 Example: Challenges of Home Based Palliative Care Faced By Family
Caregivers ofTerminally Ill Cancer Patients:An Exploratory Study
1. Primary Objective: To assess the issues and challenges of home based
palliative care faced by family care givers of terminally ill cancer
patients.
2. Secondary Objectives:
1) To find the accessibility and affordability of public and private health care support to
home-based palliative care.
2) To recommend strategies to overcome the issues and challenges of home based
palliative care.

9. Stating the objectives
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 The objectives should be presented briefly and concisely.
 Objectives must be in concurrence with research
problem and must be stated in coherent way and in
a logical sequence.
 The objectives are clearly phrased in operational
terms, specifying exactly what researcher is going
to do, where, and for what purpose.
 Use action verbs those are specific enough to be
evaluated.

10. Commonly used action verbs
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1. Descriptive/ Cross-sectional Research
1. Identify
2. Assess
3. Find out
4. Describe
5. Compare
6. Contrast

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2. Case-control/ Cohort research
 Determine
 Examine
 Identify
 Discriminate
3. Experimental research
 Determine
 Examine
 Investigate
 Measure
 Detect

12. VARIABLES
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 Anything which vary!!
 E.g.
1. weight,
2. height,
3. Hb,
4. BP,
5. pulse etc.

13. Types of Variables
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 Dependent variable: Outcome/ criterion variable:
observational study
 Independent variable:
 Manipulated variable/Treatment variable
 Predictor variable: in observational study

14. Dependent variable & Independent
variable
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 For example,
 a researcher is observing effect of ginger intake (independent
variable) on morning sickness symptoms (dependent
variable) among pregnant women.

15. Types of Variables
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 Confounding variable/Extraneous variables
 Intervening/ Mediating/Moderating variable/ Control variable.

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17. Types of Variables
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 Research variable: (Descriptive,exploratory,comparative,and
qualitative research studies)
 Demographic variable: Age,gender,educational status,
religion,social class,marital status,habitat

18. Research variable
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 Example:
 ‘An exploratory study on factors contributing to sleep
disturbance among patients admitted in selected
intensive care units of AIIMS, New Delhi’.

19. Miscellaneous variables
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 Latent variable: An abstract variable which cannot be
directly observed/ measured without converting them into
manifest variable (concrete concepts)
 Univariate study
 Bivariate study
 Multivariate study

20. Miscellaneous variables
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 Manifest variable/ Indicator variable:
 A concrete variable, which can be observed/ measured
assuming it indicate presence of latent variable.
 Intelligence is a latent variable, whereas IQ test
score, writing or reading ability are manifest
variable.

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