1. Presentation on
Cognitive Items, Items Types and
Computer Based Test Items
By :Irshad Narejo
M.ed 2nd semester

2. THIS PRESENTATION COVERS
THESE TOPICS
What are cognitive
items
Types of test items
Computer-based test
items

3. COGNITIVE ITEMS
The cognitive domain involves the learning and
application of knowledge. Emphasis upon knowledge,
using the mind, and intellectual abilities.

4. KNOWLEDGE
Students can remember previously learned
material, recall specific facts, know methods
and procedures, list principles and know
basic concepts
VERBS
Define, repeat, record, list, recall, name,
underline, identify, recognize

5. COMPREHENSION
Students can interpret verbal material, translate
verbal messages into mathematical terms (words
to numbers), interpret charts and graphs, predict
consequences or effects, justify methods and
procedures.
VERBS
Translate, restate, discuss, describe, explain,
express, identify, locate, report, review, tell,
conclude, detect, differentiate, select, interpret,
estimate, cite examples of, demonstrate use of

6. APPLICATION
Students can use learned material in new and
concrete ways. They can apply rules, methods,
concepts, laws, and theories.
They are able to solve mathematical problems,
construct charts and graphs, and correctly
demonstrate a process or procedure.
VERBS
Interpret, apply, employ, use, demonstrate,
dramatize, practice, illustrate, operate, schedule,
shop, sketch, develop, predict, generalize, relate

7. ANALYSIS
Student can break down material into its
component parts to understand its organizational
structure. They can identify parts, analyze the
relationship between parts, analyze the
organizational structure of a work of art, music or
writing.
VERBS
Distinguish, analyze, differentiate, calculate,
experiment, test, compare, contrast, solve, diagram,
inspect, debate, inventory, question, examine,
categorize, criticize

8. SYNTHESIS
Student can put parts together to form a new
whole. They can produce unique communication
(speech), a plan of operations (research proposal),
or a set of abstract relations(classification scheme).
VERBS
Compose, plan, propose, design, formulate,
arrange, assemble, collect, construct, create, set
up, organize, prepare, classify, organize,

9. EVALUATION
Students have the ability to judge the value of
material (statement, novel, poem, research,
report) for a given purpose.
VERBS
Judge, evaluate, rate, compare, value, revise,
score, select, choose, assess, estimate, measure,
appraise critique, validate

10. TYPES OF TEST ITEMS
DIRECT ITEMS
DIRECT TEST ITEMS TYPES
Create a
'level playing
field'
Replicate
real-life
interaction
:
Speaking
Writing
Reading
listening

11. DIRECT TEST ITEMS TYPES
Create a 'level playing field‘: It means that in the
case of a written test or a testing receptive skills,
it is needed to avoid making excessive demands
on the students general or specialist knowledge.
That is the topic should not be too general or
specific.
Replicate real-life interaction: It means that
tests of listening or speaking should reflect real
life, i-e ,the text should be as realistic as
possible.

12. TYPES OF TEST ITEMS
INDIRECT ITEMS
Indirect test items try to measure student
knowledge & ability by getting at what
lies beneath their receptive & productive
skills.
Indirect items try to find out about a
student's language knowledge through
more controlled items, such as multiple
choice questions or grammar
transformation items.

13. INDIRECT TEST ITEM TYPES
Sentence fill-ins
Finding errors in
sentences
Choosing the
correct form of a
word
Sentence re-ordering
Transform
ation and
paraphrase
Cloze
procedures
Multiple
choice
questions
(MCQs)
Other
types

14. INDIRECT TEST ITEM TYPES
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQS)
Students select the correct answer from alternative
responses. Each item has:
Item stem
Correct or keyed option
Several distractor options
• The journalist was ___ by enemy fire as he tried to send a story by
radio.
A wronged
B wounded
C injured
D damaged

15. CLOZE PROCEDURES:
Cloze procedures seem to offer us the ideal
indirect but integrative testing item.
Cloze, in its purest form, is the deletion of every
nth word in a text (somewhere between every
fifth or tenth word).
• They sat on a bench attached 1 _____ a picnic table. Below them
they 2_____ see the river gurgling between overgrown 3______ .
The sky was diamond blue, with 4_____ white clouds
• dancing in the freshening 5______ . They could hear the call of
6_____ and the buzzing of countless insects. 7_____ were
completely alone.

16. TRANSFORMATION AND
PARAPHRASE
A common test item asks candidates to rewrite
sentences in a slightly different form, retaining
the exact meaning of the original. For
example, the following item tests the
candidates' knowledge of verb and clause
patterns that are triggered by the use of I wish:
I'm sorry that I didn't get her an anniversary present
I wish ______________________________________

17. SENTENCE RE-ORDERING
Getting students to put words in the right
order to make appropriate sentences tells us
quite a lot about their underlying knowledge of
syntax and lexico grammatical elements. The
following example is typical:
Put the words in order to make correct
sentences.
called/ I/ I'm/ in/ sorry/ I wasn't / when / you

18. OTHER TYPES OF INDIRECT
ITEMS
SENTENCE FILL-INS
(Jan __ to the gym every Tuesday morning),
CHOOSING THE CORRECT TENSE OF VERBS
IN SENTENCES AND PASSAGES
(l have arrived/arrived yesterday),
FINDING ERRORS IN SENTENCES
(She noticed about his new jacket),
CHOOSING THE CORRECT FORM OF A WORD
(He didn't enjoy being on the (lose) __ side).

19. COMPUTER BASED TEST
Computer based testing (CBT) allows test takers
to take the tests using a computer.

20. COMPUTER BASED TEST
ITEMS
Audio Independent audio recordings or an audio
track accompanying a video or animation
Tables and
Graphs
Tables used to organize information, convey
structure and relationships. Graphs used to
represent data visually
Mathematic
al and
Scientific
Notation
Mathematical expressions, scientific
expressions, scientific notation, scientific
elements, numbers and
symbols

21. COMPUTER BASED TEST
ITEMS
Response
Options
Actions ranging from typing numbers or characters,
clicking a box, clicking on a graphic or text,
dragging icons or text while responding to item
formats including selected response (multiple choice,
multiple response, figural response [select part of a
figure or graphic], ordered response [order or
sequence a list of items in accordance with some
rule]), sorting or categorizing problems or ranking
items by correctness; constructed responses include
typing a numerical answer to a quantitative question
and figural responses where the student marks on,
assembles, or interacts with a figure (build a circuit,
plot points on a grid, correct errors in a passage)

22. COMPUTER BASED TEST
ITEMS
Text Construct relevant terms or concepts in the
instructions, stem, or stimulus materials
Images Photos, static images (artwork, maps, cartoons, etc.),
icons (images on interface elements used to represent
functionality), symbols (images that are commonly
understood to represent a particular concept)
Active
Objects/
Links
Words or icons that result in an action or take the
user to a different location, or pictures with multiple
active regions each which take the user to a different
location

23. COMPUTER BASED TEST
ITEMS Video and
Animation
Visual representations that contain action
Constructed
Response: Text
Language-based composition ranging from fill-in-the
blank to essays
Constructed
Response:
Math
Input a response ranging from a single number to
complex proofs or displays of work
Multi
stage/Multipart
Items
Multiple actions or responses required within one
item. Screen elements or environment changes at
each stage of multi-stage items. Multi-part items
have a different page for each part.

24. Thank You !!