The document provides information about advanced grammar concepts including articles, reference, and possession. It discusses the different pronunciations of the definite article "the" and the history of the indefinite articles "a" and "an". It also covers the meaning and uses of definite and indefinite articles, types of reference including personal pronouns and demonstratives, and forms of possession including possessive determiners and pronouns.
We were students in Year II in 2017 at Western University. We prepared this for our assignment, but it also a source for English learners who research about Collocation. And it is summarized and separated to eryone easy to learn.
We were students in Year II in 2017 at Western University. We prepared this for our assignment, but it also a source for English learners who research about Collocation. And it is summarized and separated to eryone easy to learn.
1. Personal Pronoun – Meaning & Definition
a. 1st , 2nd & 3rd person
b. Forms of pronoun
2. Cases
a. Nominative
b. Possessive
c. Accusative
d. Funda Set-1
e. Practice Set-1
3. Reflexive
4. Demonstrative
a. Funda Set-2
5. Indefinite
a. Funda set -3
6. Distributive
a. Funda Set-4
b. Practice Set-2
1. Personal Pronoun – Meaning & Definition
a. 1st , 2nd & 3rd person
b. Forms of pronoun
2. Cases
a. Nominative
b. Possessive
c. Accusative
d. Funda Set-1
e. Practice Set-1
3. Reflexive
4. Demonstrative
a. Funda Set-2
5. Indefinite
a. Funda set -3
6. Distributive
a. Funda Set-4
b. Practice Set-2
A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun, often to avoid the need to repeat the same noun over and over. Like nouns, pronouns can refer to people, things, concepts, and places. Most sentences contain at least one noun or pronoun.
You have now explored in a practical way a number of different aspects of language and learning, including the difference between implicit and explicit knowledge of rules, rule discovery, the grammar of spoken and written English, phonology, and linguistic and communicative competence. I now want to turn to the significance of grammatical and communicative contexts for understanding words and grammatical structures. For example, in this unit you will study not only the grammar of the passive, but also the contexts in which it is used.
The unit begins with a look at what we can find out about a word in a dictionary and includes an activity to test your knowledge of grammar terminology. It finishes with a look at some of the reasons why words and patterns change over time and the question of what we consider to be 'correct' modern English.
Dictionaries can give teachers and learners an overall view of a word, with information about its many different aspects. So it's a good idea to get to enjoy using dictionaries. I'm therefore starting this unit with an activity to test your knowledge of what a dictionary can tell you about a word.
1. What information might a dictionary give about a word you look up (for example, its pronunciation)? Make a note of your ideas.
2. Now look up the word kneel in a dictionary and see what information is given. Summarize what you found.
Comment
1. Dictionaries can tell you about a word's:
pronunciation (including where the stress lies)
meaning(s)
word class(es)
different forms (for example past tense, plural)
usage
origin.
2. You could have found the following information about kneel:
how it is pronounced
that it is a verb
that it is intransitive (see below)
that it has alternative past tense forms: knelt or kneeled
that kneeled is used particularly in the United States
that kneel down is a phrasal verb
that it means fall or rest on the knees or a knee
that it comes from an old English word, cneowlian.
In a dictionary like Cobuild or The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, you will also find examples showing you how the word can be used: for example, He kneels beside the girl or Lottie knelt down to pray. We are also given the -ing form of the verb and an example: The kneeling figure was Mary Darling.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
A dictionary always tells you whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, that is, whether it can be followed by an object or not.
The verb 'lost' is transitive because we can put a noun after it. The verb yawned is intransitive because we can't put a noun after it.
Active and passive sentences
Sentences in English are either active or passive. Teachers of English need to understand the grammar of each of them and to be clear under what circumstances it is appropriate to use either the passive or the active. Let's start with the grammar.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/words-and-their-context/
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4. Although the definite (pasti) articles has an
invariant spelling, the, it has four different
pronunciation. The two pronunciations that are
most frequent and occur in normal speech in
unstressed form are:
/ᶞᵊ/ before consonant sounds /ᶞiy/ before vowel sounds
example: example:
The book the apple
The unit the orange
The song the elephant
PRONUNCIATION OF THE ARTICLE
5. The third and fourth pronunciation-stressed ᶞiy
/and stressed /ᶞiy/-are the stressed versions of the
above forms, which alternate as possible citation
forms. Emphatic use of the definite article is
pronounced as stressed / /ᶞiy/:
Citation : the word the has four pronunciations (
stressed) ᶞiv /or/ᶞiy/
Emphatic : I met THE Elizabeth Tailor. (the actress,
not someone else with the same name)
(stressed /ᶞiy/).
6. The history of the indefinite article a/an
helps explain why , before a word with an
initial vowel sound , its forms is an, and
before a word with an initial consonant
sound is form is a-that is, the ŋ sound in one
and an are historically related:
/a/ before a consonant sound /an / before a vowel sound
a book an apple
a unit an idea
a student an ear
7.
8. Noun are classified :
A. Common noun
1. Non count : water
some water
2. Count : a suitcase ( singular)
a beverage
suitcases (plural)
some suitcases
B. Proper noun
count : Mr. Jatmika
America
The Americas ( North and South)
9. The meaning of the indefinite articles
1) Let’s rent a movie or listen to some / Ø music
(the identity of the movie or music is not clear)
2) I need some / Ø stamps So I took some
( non specific )
So I took them
( specific )
10. THE MEANING OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
1. The lion is the king of beasts
( Article the can also signal a generic function like
the singular indefinite forms )
2. The Germans now realize that reunification has
come with problem
( plural )
11. Contrasting Zero Article with a/an and the
- The zero article is more general and the indefinite article
more individuated :
1. Zero signals noncount, and a/an signals count:
The boys ate (a) chicken.
- The null article seems to alternate with the definite article
three context with slightly different meaning being
expressed (Master,1997)
1. Null article names, and the describes:
Mr Phillps was appointed (the) treasurer.
2. Null article is vague, while the is focused:
It usually snows here in (the) winter.
3. Null article is familiar, while the is less familiar:
(The) lanch was quite uneventful.
12. Use of generic nouns in discourse
Research by Stern (1977)there are four generic patterns
for countable nouns have very different distribution in
discourse and one noncount nouns.
1. The German is a good musician
2. a German is a good musician
3. The Germans are good musicians
4. The Germans are good musicians
5. water is essential for life
The ................ (sg)
(noun)
a/an ................ (sg)
(noun)
The ................ (pl)
(noun)
₵ ................ (pl)
(noun)
₵ ........... (nouncount)
(noun)
13. TOPIC-SPECIFIC USES OF ARTICLES
- BODY PARTS
Pattern 1 (the+noun) pattern 3 (the+noun+pl)
(for singular body parts) (for plural body parts)
the heart the ears
the liver the eyes
the stomach the teeth
the bladder the lungs
- DISEASES & GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
14. RESIDUAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING
ARTICLE USAGE
- Mechanical inventions and devices
1. we listened to the news on the radio
2. l talked to Burhan on the phone
3. l took the train to Manggarai
- Locations Associated with Activities
1. l am going to the campus
2. l am going to the park
3. l am going to the bank
16. Reference
A point to people or objects in the real world pr to other forms
called antecedents and include the various types of personal
pronouns, demonstrative,and comparative.
21. 2. Demonstrative Reference
Singular Plural
Near this these
Far that those
Example :
Please fill this/these form/s out (determiner)
Please fill this/these out (pronominal)
22. 3. Comparative Reference
• Identity
The young vagrant loitered on the corner.
The (same/self-same) young man had been
there the day before
• General Similarity
A: did you like Professor grogans lecture ?
B1 : No, such argumentation tends to bore me.
B2: No, such lectures bore me.
B3: No, such a lecture tends to bore me.
23. • Difference
- Have you had a cookie ? Yes? Have another!
• Particular Comparison
I Finished my coffee. Amy offered me more
A : How are you feeling ?
B : Better
24. Possessive Forms
Inflecting regular singular nouns and irregular
plural nouns not ending in s with ’s.
- the baby’s crib, the women’s room
- the boys’ trip, kansas’ farmland
When the nouns involved are relatively short,
double possessive inflections are possible:
- Bob’s brother’s car
25.
26. The Scope of Referential Forms
• This basic difference betwen the reflexive and
reciprocal pronouns and all the personal pronouns is
that the antecedent for reflexive and reciprocal
pronouns must be in the same sentence or clause.
Example:
John can take care of himself
Bob and Dick can’t stand each other
27. Subject and object personal pronouns, however,
typically refer to an antecedent in a preceding
clause.
Example:
Do you know Sara? She is just moved to Atlanta.
28. The Meaning, acquisition, and use of
subject and object pronouns
• Indefinite pronouns
The indefinite pronouns occur as compound forms.
some any no every
- body somebody anybody Nobody everybody
- one someone anyone No one everyone
- thing something anything nothing everything
Example
- anyone could have gotten in free
- any one of us could have gotten in free, the other two would
have had to pay
29. • The use of plural pronouns to refer to singular nouns.
Everyone
Everybody
has
his
their
own way of doing thing
- Somebody is driving without their lights.
- Has anybody brought a watch with them?
- Nobody had a good time, did they?
30. • The use of possessive forms.
A problem in using possessive forms may arise for
learners whose first language has grammatical gender.
Example: Paul lost his book/Paula lost her book
One using the possessive determiner, the other using
the possessive pronoun.
Example: Philip is one of our friends/Philip is a
friend of ours.
