Cognitivism studies mental processes like thinking, learning, and memory. It focuses on how people obtain knowledge through sensory input, memory, and internal mental states. Key influences include Ulric Neisser, who first used the term "cognitive psychology" to describe how sensory data is transformed and stored in the mind. In education, cognitivism is relevant for teaching students who learn in different ways, and teachers should use deeper thinking activities and lesson plans tailored to different cognitive styles.