The document discusses different levels of participation in projects and initiatives. It identifies the following types of participation: 1. Manipulative participation involves token inclusion with no real power. Women may be included to fill quotas. 2. Passive participation involves being told decisions after the fact with experts controlling information. 3. Consultation involves being asked questions but experts define problems and control information gathering. Professionals are not obliged to act on views collected. 4. Participation for material assets involves contributing resources in exchange for cash or materials but no stake in long-term sustainability.

1. Manipulative Participation • Participation is simply a pretense • Participation occurs through representation on an advisory board, but these representatives but have no power • Women may be included in token ways, in order to ‘fill a quota’