Commercializing a next generation source of safe nuclear energy: low energy nuclear reactions or LENRs. Widom-Larsen theory, weak interactions, transmutations, nanoscale evidence for nuclear effects, and Lattice's road to commercialization
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs on Hydrogenated Fullerenes and Graphene-July 6 2012Lewis Larsen
Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) on Hydrogenated Fullerenes and Graphene: the rich, rapidly advancing chemistry of fullerenes and Graphene/Graphane might be fruitfully applied to the design and fabrication of better devices having LENR-active surfaces
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs in catalytic converters-June 25 2010Lewis Larsen
We provide citations, quotations from published papers, and discussion of experimental data from technical publications reporting identification of various elements/isotopic products found in exhaust emissions emanating from catalytic converters commonly installed in cars and trucks powered by gasoline or diesel internal combustion engines. We believe this evidence indicates that ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) may be occurring in catalytic converters.
Lattice Energy LLC-Are LENRs Occurring in Compact Fluorescent Lights-March 7 ...Lewis Larsen
Peer-reviewed paper by Mead et al. just published in February (Environmental Science & Technology) contains amazing new experimental data on anomalous shifts in abundances of Mercury isotopes found in compact fluorescent lights (CFL) used in homes and businesses. When viewed through the conceptual lens of the Widom-Larsen theory, their carefully collected Hg isotope data suggests that low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) transmutations may actually be occurring at extremely low rates in CFLs during normal operation. We discuss their paper and its implications in a new 102-slide Lattice PowerPoint presentation dated March 7, 2013. Therein, we conclude that if the intriguing possibility about LENRs in CFLs unveiled in this data is substantiated by further experimentation, it provides yet more proof that LENRs are likely to be a truly ‘green’ nuclear technology that has great promise for use in CO2-free power generation, providing LENR device heat outputs and operational longevity can be scaled dramatically upwards by applying and adapting recently acquired technical knowledge found in nanotech, plasmonics, and advanced materials science.
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs on Hydrogenated Fullerenes and Graphene-July 6 2012Lewis Larsen
Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) on Hydrogenated Fullerenes and Graphene: the rich, rapidly advancing chemistry of fullerenes and Graphene/Graphane might be fruitfully applied to the design and fabrication of better devices having LENR-active surfaces
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs in catalytic converters-June 25 2010Lewis Larsen
We provide citations, quotations from published papers, and discussion of experimental data from technical publications reporting identification of various elements/isotopic products found in exhaust emissions emanating from catalytic converters commonly installed in cars and trucks powered by gasoline or diesel internal combustion engines. We believe this evidence indicates that ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) may be occurring in catalytic converters.
Lattice Energy LLC-Are LENRs Occurring in Compact Fluorescent Lights-March 7 ...Lewis Larsen
Peer-reviewed paper by Mead et al. just published in February (Environmental Science & Technology) contains amazing new experimental data on anomalous shifts in abundances of Mercury isotopes found in compact fluorescent lights (CFL) used in homes and businesses. When viewed through the conceptual lens of the Widom-Larsen theory, their carefully collected Hg isotope data suggests that low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) transmutations may actually be occurring at extremely low rates in CFLs during normal operation. We discuss their paper and its implications in a new 102-slide Lattice PowerPoint presentation dated March 7, 2013. Therein, we conclude that if the intriguing possibility about LENRs in CFLs unveiled in this data is substantiated by further experimentation, it provides yet more proof that LENRs are likely to be a truly ‘green’ nuclear technology that has great promise for use in CO2-free power generation, providing LENR device heat outputs and operational longevity can be scaled dramatically upwards by applying and adapting recently acquired technical knowledge found in nanotech, plasmonics, and advanced materials science.
Lattice Energy LLC - Mystery of Nagaokas 1920s Gold Experiments - Why Did Wor...Lewis Larsen
In a recorded interview with fellow physicist Prof. John Wheeler in 1962, Nobel prize-winning Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa said that his colleague Hantaro Nagaoka in the 1930s was (quoting directly), “…“I think Professor Nagaoka was all powerful then among scientists … he had some very deep insight, although he did not work himself [at that point in his career] … Nagaoka was [the] President of Osaka University when I moved from Kyoto to Osaka. But he was at the same time President of the Academy; he was the greatest boss among all the scientists in Japan.”
Between September 1924 and June 1925, Nagaoka and his co-workers at RIKEN in Japan conducted some 200 experiments with high-current electric arc discharges between Tungsten electrodes immersed in liquid hydrocarbon transformer oil in which they detected successful transmutation of Tungsten into macroscopic, visible flecks of Gold and Platinum. In June 1925, Nagaoka went a world tour in which he spoke to scientific and lay audiences about their transmutation experiments in Japan and handed-out samples comprising small pieces of porcelain reactor vessels with tiny bits of adhering Gold that had been created therein. In July 1925, “Nature” published his Letter to the Editors in which he reported on their results and encouraged other scientists to try to repeat their provocative experiments.
Amazingly, as far as we can tell no one ever tried to repeat Nagaoka et al.’s landmark experiments. Even more incredibly, the entire area of inquiry involving electric discharge-triggered transmutations of elements essentially died-out worldwide by 1930 (Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and transmutation via neutron-capture was first elucidated by Taylor in 1935). In this document, we explore some of the possible underlying reasons that may have caused this totally unexpected historical twist.
In 2004, Cirillo & Iorio (Italy) transmuted Tungsten into Rhenium, Osmium, and Gold in a modern, roughly equivalent version of Nagaoka’s electric arc discharge experiments. In 2012 at an American Nuclear Society meeting, using a very different type of gaseous D2 thin-film permeation experimental method it had pioneered in back 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported transmutation of implanted Tungsten targets into Osmium and Platinum.
Widom & Larsen theory of neutron-catalyzed low energy nuclear reactions (as published in the “European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields” - 2006 and in “Pramana – Journal of Physics” – 2010) both predicts and explains all of this earlier experimental transmutation data with Tungsten targets.
If a modern repetition of Nagaoka et al.’s 1920s experiments produced encouraging results, commercial transmutation of Gold might not be very far in the future. That said, as in many cases--- time will tell --- and as they say in Russia, “We shall live and we shall see.”
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Lattice Energy LLC - Liu et al increase effective electron masses in ZrTe5 by...Lewis Larsen
In Nature Communications Liu et al. reported detectible increases in the effective mass of electrons in ZrTe5 with application of an extremely high magnetic field. Their ZrTe5 experimental system operates similarly to the Widom-Larsen theory of ultra-low momentum neutron reactions (LENRs) in condensed matter wherein many-body collective effects create surface plasmon electrons with substantially larger effective masses. Quoting from press release about Liu et al.’s paper, “An international team of researchers has for the first time discovered that in a very high magnetic field an electron with no mass can acquire a mass. Understanding why elementary particles -- e.g. electrons, photons, neutrinos -- have a mass is a fundamental question in physics and an area of intense debate.”
Powering the World to a Green LENR Future- Lattice Energy LLC-April 11 2013Lewis Larsen
Powering the world to a green LENR future – a not unduly technical Lattice overview for everybody - truly green hard-radiation-free nuclear energy exists: no gammas, no energetic neutrons, nor any radioactive wastes. During their brief existence, peak power densities in LENR-active sites on condensed matter surfaces vastly exceed the power density that prevails in the innermost core of the Sun.
Lattice Energy LLC-Addendum Part1 to UFOs in LHC-March 13 2012Lewis Larsen
This is Part 1 of a two document Addendum to an earlier Lattice Energy LLC document dated December 7, 2011, titled “Are Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) producing troublesome Unidentified Falling Objects (UFOs - micron-scale ‘dust’ particles) observed in Large Hadron Collider (LHC)? Should somebody look?” http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llccould-lenrs-be-producing-ufos-in-large-hadron-colliderdec-7-2011
Guide to Concepts-Experimental Evidence for W-L Theory of LENRs-Feb 17 2012Lewis Larsen
Herein, we will discuss the non-fusion, weak interaction-driven Widom-Larsen theory and its application to LENRs occurring in abiological condensed matter systems, abiological magnetically organized classical and dusty plasmas, and terrestrial biological systems. At the highest level of abstraction, WLT integrates many-body collective electromagnetic and condensed matter Q-M effects with modern electroweak theory under the ‘umbrella’ of the Standard Model; no “new physics” are invoked anywhere in this work.
Overview-Lattice Energy LLC Gamma Shielding Patent US 7893414 b2 Issued Feb 2...Lewis Larsen
More details will now be provided about the Widom-Larsen theory’s concept of a built-in gamma ‘shielding’ mechanism that we believe occurs at LENR-active sites in condensed matter systems. What is referred to as ‘shielding’ in this context is really a dynamic process of absorption and direct conversion of locally emitted gammas into many more less energetic infrared photons (has tiny, highly variable soft X-ray ‘tail’) at high efficiency while, of course, obeying the law of conservation of energy.
Lattice Energy LL-Larsen Webradio Interview with Sandy Andrew-July 11 2012Lewis Larsen
Lively, in-depth audio interview suitable for a general audience; Mr. Sandy Andrew had carefully researched the topics of LENRs and "cold fusion" prior to the show --- asked a number of probing questions that explored the scientific, economic, geopolitical, and social implications of the W-L theory of LENRs. [one-hour online recording]
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis are...Lewis Larsen
Chemical catalysis and electroweak nuclear catalysis share certain key features
Heretofore, chemical and nuclear processes were thought to be vastly distant realms; we now believe that they can happily coexist in close proximity to each other and may interoperate on nm to μ length-scales.
Herein we will argue that there are some very surprising similarities between the operation of active sites in LENR electroweak, enzymatic, and inorganic chemical catalysis: all three can utilize high local electric fields as well as many-body collective quantum effects to achieve dramatic increases in reaction rates and overall catalytic proficiency.
With respect to LENR active sites vs. those of enzymes and other types of chemical catalysts, what separates chemical from nuclear catalysis could be presence of many-body entangled protons and electrons in close proximity, coupled with input energy that triggers attosecond-scale pulses in local electric fields up to values that are > 2 x 1011 V/m.
It has become clear to Lattice that key knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis may well provide very useful insights into chemical catalysis and vice-versa. We look forward to working with others to exploit this and thus advance technical progress in both areas.
Lattice Energy LLC- New Russian Experiments Further Confirm Widom-Larsen Theo...Lewis Larsen
In series of different experiments with laser irradiation (sometimes combined with electrolysis) of hydride-forming metallic targets immersed in D2O, Barmina et al. claim to have observed both production and so-called “accelerated decay” of Tritium. If correct, their claimed detection of significant amounts of radioactive Tritium production is an extremely interesting experimental result because over the past 24 years, out of the hundreds of thousands of LENR experiments conducted, literally only a handful have ever claimed to observe Tritium as a measurable nuclear product. In separate very recent publications (2012, 2013), Barmina et al. claim to have developed a theory which can explain all their experimental data; their theoretical approach includes ‘new nuclear physics’ and exotic concepts such as a so-called “in-shake-up” nuclear state that enables production of new bound di-/tri-neutron particles.
Presuming that their experimental data are shown to have been correctly measured and results are successfully repeated by other independent researchers, their reported data provides further confirmation of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in a type of laser-based LENR experimental system pioneered by Letts & Cravens (USA) ca. 2002 – 2003.
During the past decade or so, there have also been increasing numbers of experimental reports published in various peer-reviewed journals in which authors claimed to have observed changes in intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants of certain isotopes/elements.
Importantly, there is probably a subset of such anomalous reported data in which experimentalists were blithely unaware of any possibility that LENR transmutations could be occurring inside their experimental systems. In such cases, the measured parameter(s) indicating a given nuclear decay rate, say intensities of a series of gamma emission lines, changes because the isotope(s) producing the gammas being measured has/have simply captured W-L ULM neutrons and been transmuted to other different --- perhaps even stable --- isotope(s); ergo, measured isotopes’ intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants did not really change during such types of experiments. Thus, the long-mysterious “Reifenschweiler effect” could in reality be just conversion of Tritium into neutrons that are captured by, among other things, substrate atoms..
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak neutron production explains anomalous CNO el...Lewis Larsen
Many-body collective electroweak neutron production on dust grain surfaces and inside plasma-filled stellar magnetic flux tubes explains anomalous presence of CNO elements detected spectroscopically in atmospheres of some white dwarf stars. Closer to home, LENR CNO analogue could potentially be commercialized for green power generation here on Earth.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in condensed matter mimic results of Big Bang nucl...Lewis Larsen
LENRs in condensed matter are able to create four primordial Big Bang elements: Deuterium, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium. No superhot nuclear fusion processes are involved: a combination of many-body collective electroweak neutron production under surprisingly moderate macrophysical conditions, subsequent neutron captures and various following nuclear decays can produce the same reaction products as the Big Bang event at the birth of our Universe.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRS p-Holes Crustal Nucleosynthesis Seismicity and Dee...Lewis Larsen
Freund p-holes provide a new electronic mechanism for transferring and dissipating energy in Earth’s upper crust besides known mechano-acoustic seismic P- and S-wave processes - this is a paradigm shift in geophysical thinking. p-holes can power electric bacteria and LENR neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthesis (transmutation of elements) in Earth’s crust; these create measurable products at low rates over geological time – a paradigm shift in geochemistry. There is published experimental evidence that supports these conjectures and further suggests that p-holes and LENRs facilitate earthquakes and other seismic processes. Geophysical processes on Earth may be modulated by neutrino fluxes coming from the Sun via e + p neutrino interactions; explains otherwise inexplicable Russian data.
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in Li-ion batteries? - July 16 2010Lewis Larsen
Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) in advanced batteries and other condensed matter environments; could LENRs be involved in some Li-ion battery fires? Local electric fields greater than 10*11 V/m on nanometer to micron length-scales near fractal structures, sharp tips, and nanoparticles: if heavy-mass e* electrons and ultra low momentum neutrons are produced in such spots, what are the potential implications for advanced batteries?
Lattice Energy LLC - Mystery of Nagaokas 1920s Gold Experiments - Why Did Wor...Lewis Larsen
In a recorded interview with fellow physicist Prof. John Wheeler in 1962, Nobel prize-winning Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa said that his colleague Hantaro Nagaoka in the 1930s was (quoting directly), “…“I think Professor Nagaoka was all powerful then among scientists … he had some very deep insight, although he did not work himself [at that point in his career] … Nagaoka was [the] President of Osaka University when I moved from Kyoto to Osaka. But he was at the same time President of the Academy; he was the greatest boss among all the scientists in Japan.”
Between September 1924 and June 1925, Nagaoka and his co-workers at RIKEN in Japan conducted some 200 experiments with high-current electric arc discharges between Tungsten electrodes immersed in liquid hydrocarbon transformer oil in which they detected successful transmutation of Tungsten into macroscopic, visible flecks of Gold and Platinum. In June 1925, Nagaoka went a world tour in which he spoke to scientific and lay audiences about their transmutation experiments in Japan and handed-out samples comprising small pieces of porcelain reactor vessels with tiny bits of adhering Gold that had been created therein. In July 1925, “Nature” published his Letter to the Editors in which he reported on their results and encouraged other scientists to try to repeat their provocative experiments.
Amazingly, as far as we can tell no one ever tried to repeat Nagaoka et al.’s landmark experiments. Even more incredibly, the entire area of inquiry involving electric discharge-triggered transmutations of elements essentially died-out worldwide by 1930 (Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and transmutation via neutron-capture was first elucidated by Taylor in 1935). In this document, we explore some of the possible underlying reasons that may have caused this totally unexpected historical twist.
In 2004, Cirillo & Iorio (Italy) transmuted Tungsten into Rhenium, Osmium, and Gold in a modern, roughly equivalent version of Nagaoka’s electric arc discharge experiments. In 2012 at an American Nuclear Society meeting, using a very different type of gaseous D2 thin-film permeation experimental method it had pioneered in back 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported transmutation of implanted Tungsten targets into Osmium and Platinum.
Widom & Larsen theory of neutron-catalyzed low energy nuclear reactions (as published in the “European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields” - 2006 and in “Pramana – Journal of Physics” – 2010) both predicts and explains all of this earlier experimental transmutation data with Tungsten targets.
If a modern repetition of Nagaoka et al.’s 1920s experiments produced encouraging results, commercial transmutation of Gold might not be very far in the future. That said, as in many cases--- time will tell --- and as they say in Russia, “We shall live and we shall see.”
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Lattice Energy LLC - Liu et al increase effective electron masses in ZrTe5 by...Lewis Larsen
In Nature Communications Liu et al. reported detectible increases in the effective mass of electrons in ZrTe5 with application of an extremely high magnetic field. Their ZrTe5 experimental system operates similarly to the Widom-Larsen theory of ultra-low momentum neutron reactions (LENRs) in condensed matter wherein many-body collective effects create surface plasmon electrons with substantially larger effective masses. Quoting from press release about Liu et al.’s paper, “An international team of researchers has for the first time discovered that in a very high magnetic field an electron with no mass can acquire a mass. Understanding why elementary particles -- e.g. electrons, photons, neutrinos -- have a mass is a fundamental question in physics and an area of intense debate.”
Powering the World to a Green LENR Future- Lattice Energy LLC-April 11 2013Lewis Larsen
Powering the world to a green LENR future – a not unduly technical Lattice overview for everybody - truly green hard-radiation-free nuclear energy exists: no gammas, no energetic neutrons, nor any radioactive wastes. During their brief existence, peak power densities in LENR-active sites on condensed matter surfaces vastly exceed the power density that prevails in the innermost core of the Sun.
Lattice Energy LLC-Addendum Part1 to UFOs in LHC-March 13 2012Lewis Larsen
This is Part 1 of a two document Addendum to an earlier Lattice Energy LLC document dated December 7, 2011, titled “Are Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) producing troublesome Unidentified Falling Objects (UFOs - micron-scale ‘dust’ particles) observed in Large Hadron Collider (LHC)? Should somebody look?” http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llccould-lenrs-be-producing-ufos-in-large-hadron-colliderdec-7-2011
Guide to Concepts-Experimental Evidence for W-L Theory of LENRs-Feb 17 2012Lewis Larsen
Herein, we will discuss the non-fusion, weak interaction-driven Widom-Larsen theory and its application to LENRs occurring in abiological condensed matter systems, abiological magnetically organized classical and dusty plasmas, and terrestrial biological systems. At the highest level of abstraction, WLT integrates many-body collective electromagnetic and condensed matter Q-M effects with modern electroweak theory under the ‘umbrella’ of the Standard Model; no “new physics” are invoked anywhere in this work.
Overview-Lattice Energy LLC Gamma Shielding Patent US 7893414 b2 Issued Feb 2...Lewis Larsen
More details will now be provided about the Widom-Larsen theory’s concept of a built-in gamma ‘shielding’ mechanism that we believe occurs at LENR-active sites in condensed matter systems. What is referred to as ‘shielding’ in this context is really a dynamic process of absorption and direct conversion of locally emitted gammas into many more less energetic infrared photons (has tiny, highly variable soft X-ray ‘tail’) at high efficiency while, of course, obeying the law of conservation of energy.
Lattice Energy LL-Larsen Webradio Interview with Sandy Andrew-July 11 2012Lewis Larsen
Lively, in-depth audio interview suitable for a general audience; Mr. Sandy Andrew had carefully researched the topics of LENRs and "cold fusion" prior to the show --- asked a number of probing questions that explored the scientific, economic, geopolitical, and social implications of the W-L theory of LENRs. [one-hour online recording]
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis are...Lewis Larsen
Chemical catalysis and electroweak nuclear catalysis share certain key features
Heretofore, chemical and nuclear processes were thought to be vastly distant realms; we now believe that they can happily coexist in close proximity to each other and may interoperate on nm to μ length-scales.
Herein we will argue that there are some very surprising similarities between the operation of active sites in LENR electroweak, enzymatic, and inorganic chemical catalysis: all three can utilize high local electric fields as well as many-body collective quantum effects to achieve dramatic increases in reaction rates and overall catalytic proficiency.
With respect to LENR active sites vs. those of enzymes and other types of chemical catalysts, what separates chemical from nuclear catalysis could be presence of many-body entangled protons and electrons in close proximity, coupled with input energy that triggers attosecond-scale pulses in local electric fields up to values that are > 2 x 1011 V/m.
It has become clear to Lattice that key knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis may well provide very useful insights into chemical catalysis and vice-versa. We look forward to working with others to exploit this and thus advance technical progress in both areas.
Lattice Energy LLC- New Russian Experiments Further Confirm Widom-Larsen Theo...Lewis Larsen
In series of different experiments with laser irradiation (sometimes combined with electrolysis) of hydride-forming metallic targets immersed in D2O, Barmina et al. claim to have observed both production and so-called “accelerated decay” of Tritium. If correct, their claimed detection of significant amounts of radioactive Tritium production is an extremely interesting experimental result because over the past 24 years, out of the hundreds of thousands of LENR experiments conducted, literally only a handful have ever claimed to observe Tritium as a measurable nuclear product. In separate very recent publications (2012, 2013), Barmina et al. claim to have developed a theory which can explain all their experimental data; their theoretical approach includes ‘new nuclear physics’ and exotic concepts such as a so-called “in-shake-up” nuclear state that enables production of new bound di-/tri-neutron particles.
Presuming that their experimental data are shown to have been correctly measured and results are successfully repeated by other independent researchers, their reported data provides further confirmation of Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in a type of laser-based LENR experimental system pioneered by Letts & Cravens (USA) ca. 2002 – 2003.
During the past decade or so, there have also been increasing numbers of experimental reports published in various peer-reviewed journals in which authors claimed to have observed changes in intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants of certain isotopes/elements.
Importantly, there is probably a subset of such anomalous reported data in which experimentalists were blithely unaware of any possibility that LENR transmutations could be occurring inside their experimental systems. In such cases, the measured parameter(s) indicating a given nuclear decay rate, say intensities of a series of gamma emission lines, changes because the isotope(s) producing the gammas being measured has/have simply captured W-L ULM neutrons and been transmuted to other different --- perhaps even stable --- isotope(s); ergo, measured isotopes’ intrinsic nuclear decay rate constants did not really change during such types of experiments. Thus, the long-mysterious “Reifenschweiler effect” could in reality be just conversion of Tritium into neutrons that are captured by, among other things, substrate atoms..
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak neutron production explains anomalous CNO el...Lewis Larsen
Many-body collective electroweak neutron production on dust grain surfaces and inside plasma-filled stellar magnetic flux tubes explains anomalous presence of CNO elements detected spectroscopically in atmospheres of some white dwarf stars. Closer to home, LENR CNO analogue could potentially be commercialized for green power generation here on Earth.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in condensed matter mimic results of Big Bang nucl...Lewis Larsen
LENRs in condensed matter are able to create four primordial Big Bang elements: Deuterium, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium. No superhot nuclear fusion processes are involved: a combination of many-body collective electroweak neutron production under surprisingly moderate macrophysical conditions, subsequent neutron captures and various following nuclear decays can produce the same reaction products as the Big Bang event at the birth of our Universe.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRS p-Holes Crustal Nucleosynthesis Seismicity and Dee...Lewis Larsen
Freund p-holes provide a new electronic mechanism for transferring and dissipating energy in Earth’s upper crust besides known mechano-acoustic seismic P- and S-wave processes - this is a paradigm shift in geophysical thinking. p-holes can power electric bacteria and LENR neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthesis (transmutation of elements) in Earth’s crust; these create measurable products at low rates over geological time – a paradigm shift in geochemistry. There is published experimental evidence that supports these conjectures and further suggests that p-holes and LENRs facilitate earthquakes and other seismic processes. Geophysical processes on Earth may be modulated by neutrino fluxes coming from the Sun via e + p neutrino interactions; explains otherwise inexplicable Russian data.
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs in Li-ion batteries? - July 16 2010Lewis Larsen
Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) in advanced batteries and other condensed matter environments; could LENRs be involved in some Li-ion battery fires? Local electric fields greater than 10*11 V/m on nanometer to micron length-scales near fractal structures, sharp tips, and nanoparticles: if heavy-mass e* electrons and ultra low momentum neutrons are produced in such spots, what are the potential implications for advanced batteries?
Lattice Energy LLC-Game changing LENRs - What are they and amazing things the...Lewis Larsen
Lacking production of deadly radiation or hazardous long-lived radioactive wastes, LENR power systems would not require any expensive and massive shielding, containment, or waste clean-up. Coupled with intrinsic multiway scalability, these unique attributes could enable development of highly competitive commercial products with outputs ranging from milliwatts to megawatts suitable for portable, stationary, vehicular, and aerospace power markets. End-user price per BTU or kWh for LENR-based power systems could be substantially lower than prices for competing batteries or fuel cells, combustion, and present fission and fusion technologies.
Lattice Energy LLC-Widom-Larsen Theory Explains Data Presented in New Mitsubi...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
Readers are encouraged to download copies and compare various details of Lattice’s fundamental patent US # 7,893,414 (issued by the USPTO on February 22, 2011) with Mitsubishi’s above-noted, recently published US application.
Mitsubishi uses their EINR model published in 1998 to explain their experimental data; however, it is strictly a conceptual phenomenological model and does not explain physics of exactly how LENR catalytic neutrons are formed and why copious energetic neutron radiation is not observed; neither does it explain why prompt and delayed MeV gamma radiation is not emitted during neutron captures on various isotopes.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, as published in 2006 and 2010, fully explains the physics of ultra-low momentum neutron production, as well as the absence of deadly fluxes of energetic neutrons and ‘hard’ MeV-energy gamma radiation; Widom-Larsen theory’s deep insights in detailed device physics enables meaningful engineering of useful LENR devices for controlled production of thermal energy and/or purposeful transmutation of elements to accomplish a variety of objectives.
Conclusions: the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
As a parting thought, please note that a number of large Japanese companies now have ongoing LENR R&D programs --- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motors, among others. That being the case, it is highly likely that one or more companies, somewhere, sometime in the not-too-distant future, will eventually succeed in commercializing LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice Energy LLC- High-temperature Superconductivity in Patches-Aug 23 2012Lewis Larsen
Certain published experimental data suggests that some form of high temperature superconductivity (HTSC) may be occurring in Widom-Larsen many-body patches of protons and SP electrons found in LENR systems. While not widely known or accepted, controversial experimental data collected and published by Tripodi et al., if correct, suggests that even room temperature superconductivity (RTSC) might be possible, at least in PdHx superconducting systems. If HTSC or RTSC truly does occur in W-L heavy-electron patches, although it shares some common characteristics with Type-2 superconductors, it differs in many key ways. For example, ‘normal’ lattice electron-phonon interactions seem unlikely to be involved in facilitating formation of Cooper pairing in a W-L patch’s SP electron subsystem. Instead, it seems like, during brief attoseconds of collective proton coherence, the many-body collective proton subsystem somehow functions as a local ‘lattice’ (a la a dynamic Coulomb crystal???). Viewed in that manner, a many-body proton subsystem’s electromagnetic and Q-M interactions with a patch’s many-body SP electron subsystem might then be able to provide a local environment conducive to electron pairing therein. Perhaps a patch’s two subsystems form dynamic, mutually reinforcing ‘mirror quantum condensates’ as conceptualized on Slide #81 herein. Hopefully, subject matter experts will study these new theoretical ideas to see whether they might lead to additional fruitful insights.
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Lattice Energy LLC-Further Technical Details re Gamma Shielding Mechanism in ...Lewis Larsen
More details will now be provided about the Widom-Larsen theory’s concept of a built-in gamma ‘shielding’ mechanism that we believe occurs at LENR-active sites in condensed matter systems. What is referred to as ‘shielding’ in this context is really a process of absorption and direct conversion of locally emitted gammas into many more less energetic infrared photons (with a tiny, highly variable ‘tail’ in soft X-rays) at high efficiency while, of course, obeying the law of conservation of energy.
Lattice Energy LLC-'Facts' about W-L Theory and LENRS-Oct 20 2011Lewis Larsen
Short synopsis of key 'facts' about W-L theory and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) - the technological challenge is to amplify and control what Nature has already been doing for billions of years.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC- Increased Energy Densities Drive Convergence of Batteries...Lewis Larsen
Large increases in battery energy densities drive convergence between energetic materials, LENRs and batteries. Today LENRs create problems in high-energy-density advanced batteries; battery manufacturers can potentially turn today’s LENR issues into tomorrow’s opportunities. Importantly,
Japanese companies understand the convergence: Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota Central Research, Toyota Motor Corp., and other unnamed large Japanese companies all now have LENR R&D programs; Lattice believes their ultimate goal is to eventually be able to replace the internal combustion engine using CO2-free LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC Company Vision-September 11 2011Lewis Larsen
Lattice Energy LLC's company vision of commercializing Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs): what key milestones remain and why are we doing this? It's not just about money.
Lattice Energy LLC- Response to Sept 2012 Univ of Rome arXiv Preprint-Oct 30 ...Lewis Larsen
Ciuchi et al. (Sept. 2012) questioned the accuracy of our estimates of electroweak neutron production rates in condensed matter. In our response (Oct. 2012), we have shown how their assertion that our calculated reaction rates were too high was incorrect and that their rate calculations were erroneous because Ciuchi et al. had assumed, incorrectly, that the e + p reaction in a condensed matter metallic hydride cell is a simple two-body process; it is not.
Lattice Energy LLC-300 Nanoseconds in Life of an LENR-active Patch-Feb 29 2012Lewis Larsen
The following information may be helpful insofar as providing insight into the 100-year ‘checkered’ history of LENRs as well as a much more detailed working knowledge of how LENR-active ‘patches’ operate on condensed matter surfaces where Born-Oppenheimer breaks down and the otherwise distant chemical and nuclear energy realms can, under exactly the right conditions, occasionally come together.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
2013 Briefing Update
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES By James E. Cox
It is proposed that the various types of antigravity devices be categorized into the following seven groups:
I. MECHANICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These are purely mechanical devices generally involving high speed rotation and forced precessional features using different materials in some cases. Example members are from Laithwaite, Wallace, Kidd, McCabe, Stratchen, Delroy, Foster, Dean, Forward, dePalma, Hayasaka and Cowlishaw.
II. ACCOUSTICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have no moving parts but employ vibration to alter nuclear interactions with gravity such as the work of Keely, Tibetan's stone levitation, Leedskelstein, and some inventors of acoustical levitation devices.
III. CHARGED STATIC/ROTATING DISC/CONES ANTIGRAVITY:
These are electrostatic/magnetic devices using stationary electrodes at high voltage such as T.T. Brown/Bielfeld and Bahnson, Naudin, Hartman, Nipher, Pages, Kelly, Rieken as well as rotating components such as Searl, Hammel, Davidson, Saxl, Halik, Schauberger, Carr, Hooper, Huaro, Smith and Vril/Schumann.
IV. AC/RF OR MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
In this group are devices with no moving parts having high frequency electromagnetic fields such as Alzofon, Tesla, Littlejohn, Sweet, Nielson, Seike, Hutchinson, Farrow, Bielek, Zinsser, Peshka, Schlecker, and Smith, etc.
V. SOLID STATE ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have their seat of antigravitic/shielding action within the atomic/lattice structure in both steady-state and transient modes such as the BaICuO superconductors used in the Podkletnov and Schnurer devices, (and those who have replicated their effects) as well as excitons in doped crystals.
VI. NUCLEAR ANTIGRAVITATION:
This entails the alteration of the interactions with the nucleus or its modification, to yield a change in weight or generation of gravity beams, or breakdown of Newton's third law such as in the work of Bearden, Wallace, Dan Fry, Gilber Jordan, extraterrestrial spacecraft (Lazar's element 115), Celtan, white powder (monoatomic elements), Dr. Charles Brush, and possibly cold fusion with ZPE interaction.
t
VII. BIOLOGICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These involve the human or animal element to obtain levitation, or weightless, psychokinetic action or inertia modification as in the Dr. William Crookes work on Home, Clark's party levitation, yogi masters, religious saints, Russian mirror chamber research, bumblebee flight as well as the Rhino Beetle.
Copyright Antigravity News and Space Drive Technology
Vol. 2, No. 1, January-February 1998, p. 4.
All Rights Reserved.
Permission is Granted to Copy, Forward, or Post with this Unaltered Notice kept intact.
The AGN Website is at: http://www.padrak.com/agn/
Similar to Lattice Energy LLC-Technical Overview-June 25 2009 (20)
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
If commercialized, LENRs could become one of the world’s preeminent energy technologies. At system electrical power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed power generation systems providing combined heat and electricity (CHP) could satisfy energy requirements of a majority of urban and rural households as well as smaller businesses worldwide. Much lower-output, revolutionary portable LENR power sources could displace chemical batteries in applications where ultrahigh performance and longevity are needed.
At electrical outputs of 60 - 200 kwh, LENR-based integrated power generation systems would be able to power vehicles, drones, as well as smaller aircraft and watercraft. This would break oil-based fuels’ 150-year stranglehold on internal combustion engines and decisively decarbonize the entire transportation sector. High-performance LENR thermal sources could also provide high-quality heat for many types of industrial processes.
Although they could very likely be designed and built, development of megawatt-output LENR systems is not mandatory to disrupt the world of energy for the better. If wide deployment of small-scale, low-cost LENR CHP distributed generation could be achieved, large numbers of fossil-fired and/or fission power plants would not have to be built to supply competitively priced, uninterruptible electricity to regional grids serving urbanized areas. Under that scenario, centralized grid power generation would be gradually displaced by vast numbers of smaller, price-competitive distributed LENR power systems inside homes and businesses.
Lewis Larsen - DJIA approaches previous all-time record high close of 26828 -...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is approaching previous all-time record high close of 26,828 - what happens next? If U.S. economy speeds-up by 3Q 2019 and/or good China-US trade deal is completed, DJIA could hit new all-time highs and increase by 3,000 to 6,000 points during next 6 - 18 months.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Lattice Energy LLC - Korean scientists use bacteria to reduce concentration o...Lewis Larsen
Korean scientists used experimental laboratory mixtures of bacteria to reduce concentration of radioactive Cesium-137 (as indicated by gamma emissions) present in aqueous growth solutions irradiated with light at 12-hour intervals, shaken, and incubated at 25o C.
During experiments, and compared to controls, measured gamma radiation for flasks containing bacteria decreased at vastly higher rates than would be expected for ‘normal’ rate of Cs-137 β-decay. Is radioactive Cesium actually being transmuted into heavier Cs isotopes and other elements by living bacteria?
Lattice energy LLC - Chinese chemists report photochemical triggering of LENR...Lewis Larsen
Experiments reported in 2017 by Prof. Gong-xuan Lu et al. at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, in Lanzhou, China showed photocatalytic triggering of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) at NTP with visible light. Experimental results reported in “Journal of Molecular Catalysis” (China) in 2017 claimed production of Deuterium and Helium as well as nuclear transmutation of Potassium to Calcium. Very significant discovery if experimental claims can be independently confirmed by other researchers using same methods. If Lu et al.’s claims are confirmed, their work has important implications. For chemical catalysis, it suggests that LENR transmutations can occur at very low rates in parallel with ordinary chemical reactions; LENRs can coexist and interoperate at NTP. Also implies total mass-balances for chemical elements comprising reactants and products might not necessarily be conserved. For astrophysics and cosmochemistry, it means that nucleosynthesis can occur on surfaces of Hydrogen- and metal-rich dust grains irradiated by starlight.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO-sponsored LENR device project released additional technical details at Technova seminar held in Tokyo on March 2, 2018. Japanese government is targeting commercialization of LENRs as a revolutionary, radiation-free nuclear technology for use in power generation and propulsion applications. NEDO project results to date have demonstrated Watt-level reproducibility of excess heat in small nanocomposite LENR devices. Assuming substantial scale-up of device heat output is possible, NEDO project’s technical achievement validates future potential for LENRs to someday become an important source of green CO2-free energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lewis Larsen - Dow-Jones Industrial Average reaches 26000 - what happens next...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has just gone above 26,000 for first time ever. What happens next? Boom or bust?
Short pithy answer: “We ain’t seen nothin’ yet”; quoted from Barron’s article published in February 1988
Slightly longer answer: We are presently in an era of low-inflation economic growth and explosion of new technologies. Therefore, a continued global financial and economic boom subject to episodic, healthy market price corrections is much more likely to occur than a fearsome bust like the near-collapse of U.S. financial markets in 2008 and subsequent Great Recession from which world financial markets and many national economies are just beginning to fully recover. Herein we present key reasons why this bullish scenario should transpire as events unfold.
Lattice Energy LLC - Polar vortex cold wave in USA has potential for lower te...Lewis Larsen
Today, the United States is gripped in jaws of a Polar Vortex extreme cold weather event in Midwest and Northeast. On December 27, 2017 the nighttime low temperature in Duluth, Minnesota hit bone-chilling 41 degrees below zero F. This severe cold snap is predicted to persist through January 5 – 7, 2018. How will wind & solar renewable energy sources and commercial natural gas pipelines perform during this latest Polar Vortex event in U.S.? It will be interesting to see what happens between today and mid-January 2018.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FER...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FERC re improving future grid resiliency are reasonable
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry has been heavily criticized for controversial DOE letter to FERC that proposed changes to compensation rules involving coal and nuclear power generation. Letter suggested that coal and nuclear operators should be compensated somehow for special value to grid resiliency provided by providing uninterruptible power during extreme weather events. Rick Perry-DOE further suggested that another requirement for receiving such compensation would be that eligible grid-connected dispatchable generation assets must be able to store enough fuel onsite to permit 90 days of uninterrupted electric power generation.
Ongoing climate change appears to be increasing the probability of extreme polar vortex cold snaps like what occurred in U.S. in winter of 2014; lowest temperatures during that episode only lasted for several days. Since then, there have been additional occurrences of weather extremes that drastically reduced renewable power output and lasted much longer than several days.
During 2015 there was a severe wind drought in Western United States lasting nearly six months. During December 2016 and January 2017 Germany and Western Europe experienced several protracted periods --- lasting up to one month --- during which there was little or no sun nor any wind. On January 24, power shortfall with renewables got so bad that Germany came within one dispatchable coal-fired power plant of experiencing a national power blackout. That was eerily similar to what nearly happened in Northeastern U.S. during worst of 2014 polar vortex and revealed limited resilience of Germany's Energiewende.
Given that extreme weather events can clearly cause substantial, protracted power shortfalls with renewables and natural gas plants, Rick Perry/DOE’s deep concerns about fuel security and suggestions to FERC are reasonable.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technology could help justify 2 trillion valuation ...Lewis Larsen
LENR technology could help justify Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s proposed US$ 2 trillion valuation for Saudi Aramco in planned 2018 company IPO.
Some outsiders and company insiders believe IPO valuation of US$ 400 billion up to maximum of 1.5 trillion are more realistic numbers. To the contrary, announcing major new R&D program in LENR technology by Aramco prior to IPO could boost valuation by increasing perceived future growth prospects and potentially enabling future production and sale of new types of revolutionary nanoparticulate CO2-free fuels derived from oil. These aromatic Carbon LENR fuels for transportation and power generation applications would have over 5,000x the energy density of gasoline.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese confirm Lattice hypotheses re importance of ads...Lewis Larsen
Survival of 40% of world’s population heavily depends on higher food production enabled by Ammonia fertilizer produced in large plants via Haber-Bosch process as commercialized in 1909.
Progress is being made with new catalyst technology that could potentially reduce capital and operating costs of future Ammonia plants which would be cost-effective in much smaller sizes that enable distributed production.
Recent Japanese papers confirm Lattice’s hypotheses about importance of adsorbed protons and high
local electric fields for boosting reaction rates on some types of metallic catalyst surfaces.
Manabe et al. achieved high yield Haber-Bosch-like synthesis of Ammonia by applying DC electric fields
along with N2, H2, Cs/Ru catalyst and SrZrO3 support at just room temperature and ~1 atmosphere pressure versus ~450o C and ~200 atm in commercial NH3 plant.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs predicts deep causal connection between many-body collective physics of electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis: very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m and mobile surface patches of Q-M entangled protons. In LENRs these enable: electron + proton --> neutron + neutrino.
Lattice Energy LLC - Unclassified 2010 US Defense Threat reduction Agency Pow...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) favorably evaluated Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in official contract report originally published back in March 2010. Unclassified document very recently became publicly available on the U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security’s digital library website. Quoting from DTRA report’s conclusions: “Could the W-L theory be the breakthrough needed to position LENR as a major source of carbon-free, environmentally clean source of source of low-cost nuclear energy??”
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technologys compelling value proposition for oil an...Lewis Larsen
LENRs offer a compelling future value proposition for oil & gas companies. Technology of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could enable conversion of aromatics derived from crude oil and natural gas into nanoparticulate LENR fuels with energy densities that are 5,000x greater than gasoline.
Achievement of this unprecedented capability could vastly increase performance of customers’ power generation systems as well as enable the rapid future development of many types of revolutionary products suitable for array of key consumer and military markets.
LENR technology could also stretch useful economic lifetimes of today’s remaining in-ground supplies of oil & gas from British Petroleum's 2016 estimate of < 53 years out to at least another 25,000 years further into far future.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Lattice Energy LLC-Technical Overview-June 25 2009
1. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs)
Widom-Larsen theory, weak interactions, transmutations,
nanoscale evidence for nuclear effects, and
the road to commercialization
Technical Overview
Lewis Larsen, President and CEO
“Energy, broadly defined, has
become the most important
geostrategic and geoeconomic
challenge of our time.”
Thomas Friedman
New York Times, April 28, 2006
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 1
2. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Summary - I
This presentation is a technically oriented overview of Low
Energy Nuclear Reactions or LENRs, an exciting new energy
technology with a controversial history dating back 20 years.
Herein we will cover some history, the Widom-Larsen theory of
LENRs, evaluate experimental evidence in the context of that
theory, and outline Lattice’s approach and roadmap to
commercialization.
Aside from continued controversy, an expanding body of varied
experimental data and major theoretical breakthroughs now
position LENRs to potentially be developed into a carbon-free,
environmentally ‘green’ source of low cost nuclear energy.
LENRs differ sharply from fission and fusion technologies in that
their unique distinguishing features are dominated by weak
interactions rather than the strong interaction.
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 2
3. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Summary - II
Dominance of weak interactions is a crucial difference that
enables LENRs to release large amounts of nuclear binding
energy over long periods under moderate conditions (no star-
like temperatures or pressures needed) without producing large
fluxes of deadly energetic neutron or gamma radiation or
environmentally significant quantities of long-lived radioactive
isotopic waste.
Lacking serious radiation and radioactivity problems, onerous
and expensive shielding, containment, and waste disposal
requirements that have endlessly plagued fission and fusion
power generation could be non-issues for commercial versions
of LENR technologies. Thus, LENRs have the potential to be
vastly less costly than competing nuclear energy technologies.
‘Weak interactions’ are not weak energetically. In fact, they have
the potential to produce just as much energy as fusion reactions.
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 3
4. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Summary - III
In a 2006 paper published in the respected, peer reviewed
European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields, we outlined
a practical LENR fuel cycle based on low-cost ordinary Lithium
that can produce a net ~27 MeV of energy. This is roughly
comparable to energy releases from D-D and D-T fusion
reactions. Herein, readers will see how even larger energy
releases from LENR nucleosynthetic paths may be possible.
If commercialized, LENR-based power generation systems could
potentially be much better than fusion. Such a development
would have a major impact on global energy markets.
Selected technical references and URLs to Internet resources
have been provided herein for readers who may wish to learn
more about LENRs, explore reported experimental data for
themselves, and draw their own independent conclusions about
the subject matter and ideas contained in this document.
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 4
5. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Contents
History ………………………………………………….. 6 - 8
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs …………………… 9 - 27
Experimental evidence in context of theory …….. 28 - 72
Lattice’s road to commercialization ………………. 73 – 78
Note: Slides # 60 – 67 were added on July 14, 2009
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 5
6. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
History
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 6
7. Lattice Energy LLC
Anomalies observed in many LENR experiments
Since 1989, LENR researchers have reported a In 1831, Michael Faraday was pilloried as
variety of anomalies in different types of heavy a charlatan by fellow scientists when he
and light hydrogen (e.g., D2O and H2O) claimed that he could generate an electric
experimental systems, all involving ‘heavily- current simply by moving a magnet in a
loaded’ metallic hydrides. Have observed coil of wire. Stung by these vicious
accusations, Faraday said, "Nothing is
electrical current-, laser-, RF-, and pressure-
too wonderful to be true if it be consistent
driven triggering of various types of anomalous,
with the laws of nature."
arguably nuclear effects as follows:
Experimental example of laser triggering
Calorimetrically measured excess heat effects – Sharp increase in excess power/temp after applying laser
wide range of values from just milliwatts to tens of
Watts in some cases
Production of helium isotopes (mostly He-4, rarely
He-3); rarely detect tritium, H-3 unstable H isotope
Production of modest fluxes of MeV-energy alpha
(α) particles and protons as well as minuscule
emissions of low energy X- and gamma ray photons
Temp of
Temp of
(no large fluxes of MeV-energy gammas/neutrons) Electrolyte
Electrolyte Apply
Apply Temp of
Temp of
Laser
Laser Bath
Bath
Production of arrays of different stable isotopic
Artist’s rendering – black hole magnetic fields
transmutation products (e.g., different elements)
Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
Source: Violante et al (ENEA – Italy), Asti Conference, 2004
Source:
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 7
8. Lattice Energy LLC
Some scientists remain skeptical about LENR anomalies
Status of reported LENR experimental anomalies by type:
Calorimetrically measured macroscopic excess heat effects – remain extremely
contentious: still very hard to reproduce --- nobody can “boil tea” yet; many
physicists still distrust calorimetry as chemists’ ‘black art’ measurements
Production of gaseous helium isotopes – difficult to detect reliably and be able to
unquestionably exclude external contamination as a possibility; still only
accurately measured in a handful of LENR experiments. Most researchers do not
look for gaseous He-4 due to expense/skill necessary for good measurements
Production of modest fluxes of MeV-energy alpha particles and protons – readily
reproduced and reported by number of LENR researchers; some such results
published in lesser mainstream journals. While supportive, not conclusive
Production of a broad array of different transmutation products – widely reported
in many experiments by LENR researchers located all over the world; unlike
excess heat, transmutations are much easier to reproduce. Difficult for skeptics
to argue with competent mass spectroscopy and like measurements; when
pressed, they still invoke the ‘external contamination’ red herring, which is
disingenuous considering large number and significant reliability of such results
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 8
9. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 9
10. Lattice Energy LLC
W-L theory successfully addresses longstanding issues
Widom-Larsen developed theory after careful evaluation of a large body
of experimental data on LENRs; it addresses longstanding issues
about LENRs that “cold fusion” theorists have been unable to answer
to satisfaction of mainstream physicists, e.g., Huizenga (1993):
Overcoming the Coulomb energy barrier: weak interaction-based W-L theory
posits that ultra low momentum neutrons and neutrinos are created from
protons and heavy-mass surface electrons in very high electromagnetic
fields found on surfaces of ‘loaded’ metallic hydrides. Unlike charged-
particle D-D fusion, no Coulomb barrier to ultra low momentum (ULM)
neutron absorption by nuclei; neutrons have no charge
Absence of large emissions of dangerous high-energy neutrons: ULM
neutrons of the W-L theory have extraordinarily low energies and huge
absorption cross sections --- are therefore very efficiently captured by
nearby nuclei. Consequently, ULMNs are very difficult to detect directly
Absence of large, dangerous emissions of gamma radiation: in condensed
matter LENR systems, heavy-mass surface plasmon polariton (SPP)
electrons have a unique ability to absorb gamma rays and convert them
directly to lower-energy infrared photons. In LENR systems, gammas
produced during neutron captures and beta decays are thus absorbed and
converted to heat internally rather than being emitted to the outside
Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 10
11. Lattice Energy LLC
Widom-Larsen theory is based on established physics
W-L theory is based on accepted physics; no First observed by Chadwick in 1932, a
“new physics” is postulated neutron is unstable as an isolated ‘free’
neutral particle; outside of a atomic
Built upon well-established ‘bedrock’ of nucleus it has a half-life of ~13 minutes,
half-
electroweak theory and many-body collective spontaneously decaying into a proton
effects; no ad hoc mechanisms and an electron. If free neutrons or new
capture-products are observed in an
capture-
Explains collective neutron production in experimental system, it means that they
condensed matter with e + p, e + d, e + t weak were either recently produced in some
sort of nuclear reaction(s), or released
interactions that occur in micron-scale H+ ion
from nuclei via decay processes
‘patches’ having very high local electric fields
that form on ‘loaded’ metal hydride surfaces Neutrons are extremely effective as
‘catalysts’ of nuclear reactions in that
Collectively produced neutrons have huge being uncharged, there is no Coulomb
DeBroglie wavelengths and ultra low barrier to their merging with another
momentum (energy); thus have gigantic nucleus, so they are readily absorbed or
capture cross sections and are virtually all ‘captured’ by atomic nuclei. Such
absorbed locally. Cannot be detected directly; captures are in fact transmutation
no external release of free neutrons reactions that can produce new
chemical elements or isotopes that may
Explains unexpected absence of ‘hard’ MeV- be stable or unstable (in which case they
energy gamma radiation in such systems undergo some form of decay)
Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 11
12. Lattice Energy LLC
W-L theory explains anomalies in LENRs
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can:
Explain absence of certain ‘normal’ nuclear products and abnormal
proportions compared to what is known about D-D fusion reactions (as
reported in original work of Pons & Fleischmann and thousands of other
experiments since 1989) - according to W-L, this is because LENRs simply
do not involve appreciable amounts of D-D or D-T fusion processes
Explain insignificant production of dangerous long-lived radioactive
isotopes (as reported in the original work of Pons & Fleischmann as well as
thousands of other LENR experiments since 1989)
Explain details of the mechanism for laser triggering of excess heat and
transmutations in H or D LENR systems (as reported by Letts, Cravens,
Violante, and McKubre)
Calculate reaction rates that are in agreement with the range of rates (109 to
1016 cm2/sec) that have been observed in different types of LENR
experimental systems (as reported by Miles, McKubre, Miley and others)
Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 12
13. Lattice Energy LLC
W-L theory also explains many other aspects of LENRs
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs also explains:
Source of excess heat seen in D and H (heavy and light water) systems
(e.g., Pons & Fleischmann, McKubre, Miley, Miles, Focardi et al.)
4He and 3He observed in D electrolytic systems (e.g., McKubre, Miles)
Unusual 5-peak stable transmutation product mass spectra observed in
H and D systems (e.g., Miley, Mizuno)
Transmutation products frequently seen in H and D LENR systems (e.g.,
Miley, Mizuno, Iwamura, Violante, and many others) as well as in certain
types of high-current exploding wire and vacuum diode experiments
(US, UK, Russia - in experiments back as far as 1905)
Variable fluxes of soft X-rays seen in some experiments (e.g., Violante,
Karabut)
Small fluxes of high-energy alpha particles observed in certain LENR
systems (e.g., Lipson, 4, 2007
Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January Karabut)
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 13
14. Lattice Energy LLC
Basics of W-L theory in condensed matter LENR systems
Weak interaction processes are very important in LENRs
No strong interaction fusion or
1. E-M radiation on metallic hydride surface heavy element fission occurring
increases mass of surface plasmon electrons below, only weak interactions
2. Heavy-mass surface plasmon polariton 1. ~
(radiation) + e− → e −
electrons ( ~ − ) react directly with surface
e
protons (p+) or deuterons (d+) to produce ultra ~
e − + p+ → n + ν
low momentum (ULM) neutrons (nulm or 2nulm, 2. ulm e
respectively) and an electron neutrino (νe) ~
e − + d + → 2nulm + ν e
3. Ultra low momentum neutrons (nulm) are
captured by nearby atomic nuclei (Z, A)
3.
nulm + (Z , A) → (Z , A + 1)
representing some element with charge (Z) and Unstable or Stable
atomic mass (A). ULM neutron absorption
produces a heavier-mass isotope (Z, A+1) via
transmutation. This new isotope (Z, A+1) may (Z , A + 1) → (Z + 1, A + 1) + e− +ν e
itself be stable or unstable 4.
Unstable Isotope New element – stable
or unstable
4. Certain unstable isotopes β- decay, producing:
transmuted element with increased charge Weak interaction β- decays (shown above),
(Z+1), ~ same mass (A+1) as ‘parent’ nucleus; direct gamma conversion to infrared (not
shown), and α decays (not shown) produce
β- particle (e- ); and antineutrino (ν ) most excess heat observed in LENR systems
e Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 14
15. Lattice Energy LLC
Widom-Larsen extend collective effects to Standard Model
Simple two-body collision shown ~
in Feynman diagram below: e − + p+ ⎯
⎯→ n ulm + ν e
Now add collective
υe nulm rearrangements from
photon uncharged condensed matter effects. It is
particle not just a two body collision !!!
W-
Many body surface ‘patch’ of
collectively oscillating protons (p+)
boson
~−
e p+
charged particles
Surface ‘sea’ of collectively
oscillating SPP electrons (e-)
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 15
16. Lattice Energy LLC
Collective many-body effects extremely important in LENRs
Collective effects lie at the heart of W-L Surface
Proton
physics of condensed matter LENRs
‘Sea’ of SPP
LENRs can occur at modest temperatures electrons
and pressures in condensed matter
because of collective electromagnetic When many electrons interact with a
proton, only one electron may pierce into
coupling (caused by a breakdown of the the proton’s inside. That electron dies. All
Born-Oppenheimer approximation) that of the other electrons have but donated a
occurs between two types of intrinsically little energy. The SPP plasma modes are
collective oscillations found on metallic collective and in synchronization
hydride surfaces:
– Surface plasmon polariton (SPP)
electrons (determine colors of metals)
– Contiguous, coherent surface ‘patches’
of protons, deuterons, or tritons that can It is not difficult to throw a baseball at a
form on H, D, or T ‘loaded’ hydrides target with an energy of 1023 electron
volts, but one will not see any nuclear
Such coupling helps create very high local transmutations. The electrical currents
electric fields > 1011 V/m that can must be collective and the electrons
renormalize masses of SPPs above must transfer energy coherently and all
threshold for ULM neutron production
Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007
together to trigger nuclear effects
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 16
17. Lattice Energy LLC
Collective oscillations: surface plasmon polariton electrons
Confined to surfaces and near-surface regions
Surface plasmons (SPs) are a collective oscillation
of free electron gas at optical frequencies. Exist on
all metallic surfaces; some elements ‘fire-off’ SP
excitations ‘easier’ than others (e.g., gold, silver)
Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) are effectively
quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of
electromagnetic waves with an electric or magnetic
dipole-carrying excitation; under the right
conditions, SPPs can couple with laser light
Play very important role in Surface Enhanced
Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and plasmonics
Extremely sensitive to the physical properties of
substrate materials on which they propagate
The rich dynamical behaviors, exquisite spatial
Interact very strongly with nanoparticles located on sensitivity, and complex energetics of SPP electrons in
and around ‘patches’ of hydrogenous ions found on the
surfaces: changes in relative nanoparticle size, surfaces of ‘loaded’ metallic hydrides are in some ways
composition, and placement geometry can create reminiscent of electrons involved in vastly lower-energy
lower-
‘chemicurrents,’ which are fluxes of “ … fast (kinetic
huge variations in local electric field strengths energy ~> 0.5 – 1.3 eV) metal electrons caused by
moderately exothermic (1 - 3 eV) chemical reactions over
high work function (4 – 6 eV) metal surfaces.” e.g., Pd
Can be conceptualized as a collectively oscillating
See: S. Maximoff and M. Head-Gordon, “Chemistry of
Head-
‘film’ of of Graphic: Nature, 445, January the surface of metals
Source electrons covering 4, 2007 fast electrons,” PNAS USA 106(28):11460-5, July 2009
106(28):11460-
June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 17
18. Lattice Energy LLC
Collective oscillations: surface protons, deuterons, tritons
Under proper conditions, micron-scale many-body ‘patches’ Chatzidimitriou-
For example, C. A. Chatzidimitriou-
Dreismann (Technical University of Berlin) et
comprising many-body homogeneous collections of p+, d+, al. have published extensively on this subject
or t+ ions will form spontaneously on the surfaces of for years. In particular, please see:
hydrogen-‘loaded’ metals in various sizes at variable “Attosecond quantum entanglement in
neutron Compton scattering from water in
numbers of sites scattered at random across such surfaces the keV range” - 2007; can be found at
http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-
http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-
Protons, deuterons, or tritons found within such many-body mat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdf
‘patches’ spontaneously oscillate coherently/collectively; “Several neutron Compton scattering (NCS)
their quantum mechanical (QM) wave functions are experiments on liquid and solid samples
containing protons or deuterons show a
effectively ‘entangled’ with each other and w. SPP electrons striking anomaly, i.e. a shortfall in the
intensity of energetic neutrons scattered by
Unrelated to LENRs, researchers in other fields have the protons; cf. [1, 2, 3, 4]. E.g., neutrons
colliding with water for just 100 − 500
detected the presence of such entangled many-body attoseconds (1 as = 10−18 s) will see a ratio of
quantum systems using various techniques that include hydrogen to oxygen of roughly 1.5 to 1,
instead of 2 to 1 corresponding to the
neutron and electron Compton scattering experiments chemical formula H2O. … Recently this new
effect has been independently confirmed by
electron-proton Compton scattering (ECS)
electron-
Collective oscillation and effective QM entanglement of from a solid polymer [3, 4, 5]. The similarity
protons and electrons is widespread in nature: e.g., from a of ECS and NCS results is striking because
chemical perspective, water is simply H2O. However, when the two projectiles interact with protons via
fundamentally different forces, i.e. the
water molecules are ‘imaged’ with electron and deep electromagnetic and strong forces.”
inelastic neutron Compton scattering techniques, one Also, J. D. Jost et al., “Entangled mechanical
instead ‘sees’ H1.5O. Anomalously ‘fewer’ protons or oscillators” Nature 459 pp. 683 – 685 4 June
2009, in which “mechanical vibration of two
deuterons are observed by such methods because of B-O ion pairs separated by a few hundred
breakdownof Graphic: Nature, QMJanuary 4, 2007
Source
and related 445, entanglement of particles micrometres is entangled in a quantum way.”
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Creation of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces - I
Part of a longstanding
Hydride forming elements, e.g., Palladium (Pd), Nickel mythology propagated by
“cold fusion” promoters is
(Ni), Titanium (Ti), etc. can be viewed as akin to metallic that Palladium (Pd) is a
‘sponges’ that can absorb significant amounts of uniquely suitable material for
hydrogen isotopes in atom % via ‘loading’ mechanisms producing LENRs; that idea
been shown to be false
Analogous to loading a bone-dry sponge with H2O by A number of different hydride-
hydride-
gradually spilling droplets of water onto it, hydrogen forming metals have
experimentally produced
isotopes can actually be ‘loaded’ into hydride-forming substantial amounts of
metals using different techniques, e.g., various levels of excess heat and nuclear
DC electric currents, pressure gradients, etc. transmutations, including
Nickel, Titanium, and
Tungsten, among others
Just prior to entering a metallic lattice, molecules of
Another such myth is that
hydrogen isotopes dissociate, become monatomic, and D/Pd LENR systems typically
then ionize by donating their electrons to the metallic produce excess heat and He-4
He-
electron ‘sea,’ thus becoming charged interstitial lattice whereas H/any-metal systems
H/any-
produce little heat, mostly
protons (p+), deuterons (d+), or tritons (t+) in the process transmutations. An array of
reported results demonstrate
Once formed, ions of hydrogen isotopes migrate to and otherwise; e.g., the largest
occupy specific interstitial structural sites in metallic excess heat flux ever reported
came from an Italian H/Ni gas-
gas-
hydride bulk lattices; this is a material-specific property phase system in 1994
Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
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Creation of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces - II
When all available interstitial sites in the interior of a bulk lattice are
occupied by hydrogenous ions, a metallic hydride is ‘fully loaded,’ i.e.,
saturated. At that point, a dynamic balance between loading and deloading
begins (so-called “breathing” mode) during which some of those ions start
‘leaking back out’ of the bulk onto the surface. This localized deloading is a
dynamic process, occurring in discrete, island-like, micron-scale surface
‘patches’ or ‘droplets’ (scattered randomly across the surface) comprised
of many contiguous p+, d+, and/or t+ ions (or admixtures thereof)
Homogeneous (limited % admixtures; large % destroy coherence)
collections of p+, d+, or t+ found in many-body patches on loaded metallic
hydride surfaces oscillate in unison, collectively and coherently; their QM
wave functions are effectively ‘entangled.’ Such coherence has been
demonstrated in many experiments involving deep inelastic neutron- and High electric fields
electron-scattering measurements on loaded hydrides surrounding “nanorice” – Au
coating on hematite core
Electric fields surrounding
Collective oscillations of hydrogenous ions in many-body surface patches “nanorice” – Au coating on
hematite core
set the stage for local breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation;
this enables loose electromagnetic coupling between p+, d+, or t+ ions
located in patches and nearby ‘covering’ surface plasmon polariton (SPP) See: A. Bushmaker et al.,
“Direct observation of
electrons. B-O breakdown creates nuclear-strength local electric fields
Born-Oppenheimer
Born-
(above 1011 V/m) in and around such patches. Effective masses of SPP approximation breakdown
electrons (e-) exposed to intense local electric fields are thereby increased in carbon nanotubes” in
(e-*), enabling neutron production via e-* + p+, e-* + d+, e-* + t+ reactions Nano Lett. 9 (2) pp. 607-611
607-
above key isotope-specific threshold values for electric field strength Feb. 11, 2009
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Why are LENR neutrons on surfaces ultra low momentum?
Technically detailed answer – adapted from S-W-L ACS 2009 “Primer” paper
In condensed matter LENRs the many-body ‘system’ of collective interaction is a surface ‘patch’ of
Np collectively oscillating protons that are electromagnetically coupled to many nearby collectively
oscillating SPP electrons Ne via local breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. After SPP
electron mass renormalization and neutron production via the weak interaction occur, the final state
of such localized systems contains (Np − 1) protons, (Ne – 1) SPP electrons and according to the W-L
theory, one freshly produced neutron. Such a system’s final state might be naively pictured as
containing an isolated free neutron at roughly thermal energies with a DeBroglie wavelength λ of ~2
Angstroms (2 x 10-8 cm) - typical for thermalized free neutrons in condensed matter. Here that is not
the case: in a many-body collective system’s final state, a particular proton, say number k, has been
converted to a neutron. The resulting many-body state together with all the unconverted protons
may be denoted by the neutron localized k 〉 . However, neutrons produced by a many-body
collective system are not created in a simple state. Wave functions of such a neutron in a many-body
patch of Np identical protons is in fact a superposition of many Np localized states, best described by
a delocalized band state: N
ψ 〉 ≈ N ∑ k
1
p
k =1
Thus, the DeBroglie wavelength λ of ULM neutrons produced by a condensed matter collective
system must be comparable to the spatial dimensions of many-proton surface ‘patches’ in which
they were produced. Wavelengths of such neutrons can be on the order of λ ≈ 3 x 10-3 cm or more;
ultra low momentum of collectively created neutrons follows directly from the DeBroglie relation:
h 2π h h
p= = =
λ λ D
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Local capture of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces
Ultra low momentum
Unlike energetic neutrons produced in most nuclear
neutrons have enormous
reactions, collectively produced LENR neutrons are absorption cross-sections on
cross-
effectively ‘standing still’ at the moment of their creation in 1/v isotopes. For example,
condensed matter. Since they are vastly below thermal Lattice has estimated ULMN
energies (ultra low momentum), ULM neutrons have huge fission capture cross-section
cross-
DeBroglie wavelengths and commensurately large capture on U-235 @ ~1 million barns
U-
cross-sections on any nearby nuclei; virtually all will be and on Pu-239 @ 49,000
Pu-
locally absorbed; not detectable as ‘free’ neutrons barns (b), vs. ~586 b and
~752 b, respectively, for
For the vast majority of stable and unstable isotopes, their neutrons @ thermal
neutron capture cross-section (relative to measurements energies. A neutron capture
of cross-sections at thermal energies where v = 2,200 expert recently estimated
ULMN capture on He-4 @
He-
m/sec and the DeBroglie wavelength is ~ 2 Angstroms) is
~20,000 b vs. value of <1 b
directly related to ~1/v, where v is velocity of a neutron in for thermal neutrons
m/sec. Since v is extremely small for ULM neutrons, their
capture cross-sections on atomic nuclei will therefore be By comparison, the highest
correspondingly large. After being collectively created, known thermal capture cross
virtually all ULMNs will be locally absorbed before any section for any stable
scattering on lattice atoms can elevate them to thermal isotope is Gadolinium-157 @
Gadolinium-
~49,000 b. The highest
kinetic energies; per S. Lamoreaux (Yale) thermalization
measured cross-section for
cross-
would require ~0.1 to 0.2 msec, i.e. 10-4 sec., a long time on
any unstable isotope is
typical 10-16 – 10-19 sec. time-scale of nuclear reactions rendering Xenon-135 @Lines Around Black Hole
Artist’s Xenon- Fields ~2.7 million b
: Magnetic
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What suppresses gamma ray emissions in LENR systems?
SPP electron masses are substantially increased by high
local electric fields in and around ‘patches’ of “In certain non-equilibrium
non-
collectively oscillating protons, deuterons, or tritons metallic hydride systems, surface
heavy electrons play a dual role in
Surface ‘patches’ of heavy-mass SPP electrons exhibit: allowing both Eqs. (49) for
- No heavy electron photoelectric effect – heavy SPP electrons are all catalyzing LENR and Eq. (50) for
conduction electrons. They do not occupy bound core states because their
because absorbing the resulting hard
energy is much too high. Incident energetic gamma photons < ~10 MeV prompt photons. Thus, the heavy
coming from any direction cannot forcibly eject them from a ‘patch’
‘patch’
surface electrons can act as a
- Anomalously high local surface electrical conductivity – this anomaly gamma ray shield.”
occurs as the threshold proton (or deuteron or triton) density for neutron-
for neutron-
catalyzed LENRs is approached (this would be very difficult to observe)
observe) “… prompt hard gamma photons
- Compton scattering from heavy SPP electrons - when a hard gamma get absorbed within less than a
photon is scattered from a heavy electron, the final state of the radiation
the nanometer from the place wherein
field consists of many very ‘soft’ photons. Conserving energy, a single high they were first created.” W-L,
W-
energy gamma photon can be converted directly into many lower-energy
lower- 2005 (from paper below)
infrared photons, sometimes with a small ‘tail’ in soft X-rays (this ‘tail’ has
X-
occasionally been observed experimentally, e.g., Violante, Karabut )
Karabut
See: “Absorption of Nuclear
- Creation of heavy SPP electron-hole pairs – in LENR systems, energy
electron- Gamma Radiation by Heavy
differences between electron states in heavy electron conduction states Electrons on Metallic Hydride
increase “particle-hole” energy spreads up into the MeV range. Normally,
“particle-
Surfaces” arXiv:cond-
arXiv:cond-
metals have particle-hole energy spreads in the eV range near the Fermi
particle-
surface, so they are relatively transparent to gamma rays. Unusually large
Unusually mat/0509269 Widom and Larsen
energy spreads are what enable gamma absorption in LENR systems
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Why do LENRs create few long-lived radioactive isotopes?
In comparison to fusion and fission, LENR systems typically emit While extensions of otherwise short
particles and photons at much lower energies and produce end-product
end- half-lives have never been directly
half-
nuclei that comprise mostly stable isotopes; this distinguishing feature observed in LENR systems, there
are many theoretical/experimental
of LENRs has been observed in thousands of experiments since 1989 1989 papers about atomic-environmental
atomic-
density-of-states effects that can
density- of-
This happens partly because weak interactions are prominent in LENRs:
LENRs: alter effective half-lives of nuclei.
half-
intermediate excited reaction products’ ‘excess’ available energy can
energy Opposite retardation of continuum-
continuum-
readily be ‘bled-off’ and rapidly carried away from ‘patch’ reaction sites in
‘bled- state decay that likely occurs in
the form of MeV-energy neutrino photons, which interact very little with
MeV- LENR systems, published work
mainly covers decreasing half-lives
half-
ordinary local matter and simply fly off into outer space at c of isotopes that decay via electron
capture or weak interaction β
Under nonequilibrium conditions in surface patches that are ‘cooked’
‘cooked’ processes; this encompasses topics
with large fluxes of ULM neutrons, over time, populations of unstable,
unstable, such as bound-state beta-decay
bound- beta-
very neutron-rich ‘halo’ nuclei will tend to build-up; they will continue to
neutron- build- (which even applies to neutrons):
capture ULMNs as long as the Q-values are favorable (capture gammas
Q- “Theory of bound-state beta decay,” J.
bound-
are converted into infrared by heavy electrons). This happens because
because Bahcall, Physical Review 124 pp. 495 1961
their half-lives are likely to be much longer than those of isolated nuclei if
half- “Half-life measurement of the bound-state
“Half- bound-
they are unable to emit β- electrons or shed neutrons (Fermions) into beta decay of 187Re75+,” Nuclear Physics A621
pp. 297c 1997 (in this remarkable experiment
unoccupied states in the local continuum. Thus, in ‘patches’ otherwise
otherwise the measured half-life of fully-ionized 187-Re
half- fully- 187-
-
short β or n decay half-lives ranging from milliseconds to a few days
half- decreases from 4.4 x 1010 years to ~33 years)
may be temporarily increased (very difficult to measure experimentally)
experimentally) “Electron-capture decay rate of 7Be
“Electron-
encapsulated in C60 cages”, T. Ohtsuki, K.
Hirose, and K. Ohno, J. Nuclear and
When nonequilibrium energy inputs creating large numbers of heavy
heavy Radiochemical Sciences 8 pp. A1 2007
electrons and ULM neutrons cease (e.g., electric current going into an
into
“Observation of the acceleration by an
LENR electrolytic cell is turned-off completely), large numbers of
turned- electromagnetic field of nuclear beta decay”,
unoccupied local states begin opening-up. This will trigger serial
opening- H. R. Reiss, EPL 81 42001 2008
cascades of fast beta decays from neutron-rich into stable isotopes; few
neutron- “Continuum-state and bound-state β- decay
“Continuum- bound-
long-lived radioisotopes would remain after such a process ended
long- Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
rates of the neutron,” M. Faber et al.,
arXiv:0906.0959v1 [hep-ph] 4 June 2009
[hep-
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Where does ‘excess heat’ come from in LENR systems?
In LENRs, ‘excess heat’ is generally measured “There’s no such thing
calorimetrically; where does such heat come from? as a free lunch.”
Milton Friedman, famous
LENRs do not involve “free energy.” There is a ‘cost’ Nobel prize winning
in the form of input energy needed to create neutrons economist, 1975
that release nuclear binding energy from ‘fuel’ nuclei
Depending on whether
Produced ULM neutrons act as catalytic ‘matches’ hydrogen or deuterium is
needed to ‘light the logs’ of ‘fuel’ nuclei, releasing used as a ‘base fuel’ to
nuclear binding energy stored in those ‘logs’ since create ULM neutrons, it
they were created in stars many billions of years ago ‘costs’ either 0.78 or 0.39
MeV to produce a single
Excess heat measured in LENR systems comes from: ULM neutron
– Energetic charged particles (e.g., alphas, betas, Depending on exactly
protons, deuterons, tritons) ‘banging into’ the nearby which ‘target’ nucleus
environment, heating it by transferring kinetic energy serves as fuel, a single
ULM neutron can be
– Direct conversion of gamma photons into infrared
used to release up to ~20
photons which are then absorbed by nearby matter
MeV in clean non-fission,
Note: neutrino photons do not contribute to excess non-fusion nuclear
heat; they bleed-off excess nuclear energy into space binding energy
Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
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No free lunch: input energy is required to initiate LENRs
Input energy is required to create non-equilibrium conditions
necessary for producing ULM neutrons (0.78 MeV/neutron for
H; 0.39 for D; 0.26 for T); includes (can be used together):
– Electrical currents (i.e., an electron ‘beam’)
– Ion currents across the interface on which SPP electrons
reside (i.e., an ion ‘beam’ that can be comprised of
protons, deuterons, tritons, and/or other types of charged
ions); one method used to input energy is by imposing a
pressure gradient (Iwamura et al. 2002)
– Coherent incident photon ‘beams’ (under the right
conditions, SPP electrons can be directly excited with a
laser that is ‘tuned’ to emit at certain wavelengths);
discovered by Letts and Cravens (2002)
– Magnetic fields at very, very high current densities
In condensed matter LENR systems, input energy is mainly
mediated by many-body SPP electron surface ‘films;' they
function as a system ‘transducer’ that helps transfer or Surface Plasmon Fields
Surface Plasmon Fields
transport energy to and from ‘patches’ of H, D, orArtist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields LinesNanoparticles Hole
T atoms Around Nanoparticles
Around
Around Black
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Publications on the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
Since May 2005, we have publicly released
“When a new truth enters
seven papers on selected non-proprietary the world, the first stage of
basic science aspects of this theory of LENRs: reaction to it is ridicule,
“Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on the second stage is violent
Metallic Hydride Surfaces”, Eur. Phys. J. C 46, 107 (2006 – arXiv
Surfaces” opposition, and in the third
in May 2005) Widom and Larsen
stage, that truth comes to
“Absorption of Nuclear Gamma Radiation by Heavy Electrons on be regarded as self-
Metallic Hydride Surfaces” arXiv:cond-mat/0509269 (Sept 2005)
Surfaces” arXiv:cond-
Widom and Larsen evident.” - Arthur
Schopenhauer, 1800s
“Nuclear Abundances in Metallic Hydride Electrodes of
Electrolytic Chemical Cells” arXiv:cond-mat/0602472 (Feb 2006)
Cells” arXiv:cond-
Widom and Larsen “[New] Theories have four
“Theoretical Standard Model Rates of Proton to Neutron stages of acceptance:
Conversions Near Metallic Hydride Surfaces” arXiv:nucl-
Surfaces” arXiv:nucl- i) this is worthless
th/0608059v2 (Sep 2007) Widom and Larsen
nonsense;
“Energetic Electrons and Nuclear Transmutations in Exploding ii) this is an interesting,
Wires” arXiv:nucl-th/0709.1222 (Sept 2007) Widom, Srivastava,
Wires” arXiv:nucl-
and Larsen but perverse, point of view.
iii) this is true but quite
“High Energy Particles in the Solar Corona” arXiv:nucl-
Corona” arXiv:nucl-
th/0804.2647 (April 2008) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsen unimportant.
iv) I always said so.”
“A Primer for Electro-Weak Induced Low Energy Nuclear
Electro-
Reactions” arXiv:gen-ph/0810.0159v1 (Oct 2008) Srivastava,
Reactions” arXiv:gen- - J.B.S. Haldane, 1963
Widom, of Graphic: Nature, 445,LENR Sourcebook 2009 – in press)
Source and Larsen (ACS January 4, 2007
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Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Experimental evidence in context of theory
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Brief recap of status of LENR experimental anomalies
Calorimetrically measured macroscopic excess heat effects – still
strongly questioned by the skeptics because no one has created a
macroscopic LENR device that can reliably “boil a cup of tea” yet
Production of gaseous helium isotopes – rarely measured lately due
to expense and limited funding for such difficult measurements
Production of modest fluxes of MeV-energy α particles and protons –
presently measured by many researchers with CR-39 chips; however,
only a few of them have utilized the most rigorous analytical
protocols that can measure approximate energies and discriminate
between different types of energetic charged particles
Production of a broad array of different types of nuclear
transmutation products – reported in ICCF conference proceedings
by many LENR researchers. Since it is difficult for skeptics to argue
with such data on a factual basis, they simply sidestep the evidence
or just ignore it. Doubters still try to invoke ‘external contamination’
red herring with little or no substantive justification :for –doing Lines Around Black Hole
so
Artist’s rendering black hole magnetic fields
Artist’s rendering Magnetic Fields
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Further discussion of LENR excess heat measurements
Properly done calorimetry measures the sum
Calorimetrically measured, device- total net amount of heat being produced, if any,
level macroscopic ‘excess heat’ is at in a given enclosed system over time. Such heat
best indirect evidence for nuclear can be created by a variety of different physical
processes, both chemical and/or nuclear. As
effects in LENRs; heat production all such, calorimetry is a relatively crude
by itself does not ‘prove’ a nuclear macroscopic ‘thermodynamic’ measurement that
origin for any observed heat says little about underlying mechanisms
One must argue that measured “It is our view that there can be little doubt that one
‘excess’ macroscopic heat is so large must invoke nuclear processes to account for the
magnitudes of the enthalpy releases, although the
that it greatly exceeds what could nature of these processes is an open question at
typically be produced by prosaic this stage.”
chemical reactions - Fleischmann et al., J. Electroanal. Chem., 287 p. 293
Electroanal. Chem., 1990
Circa 2009, excess heat produced by Largest amount and duration of excess heat ever
calorimetrically measured in an LENR experimental
LENR devices in highly successful system, 44 Watts for 24 days (~ 90 Megajoules)
experiments (still generally << 1 – 2 occurred in a Nickel-Light Hydrogen gas-phase
Nickel- gas-
Watts) remains small relative to total system at the University of Siena in Italy in 1994.
input power. This is not enough to Published in a respected refereed journal, the then
inexplicable, spectacular results were ignored by
“boil tea,” so some skeptics continue everyone. This particular experimental device most
to contend that most reports of LENR certainly would have “boiled tea” for the skeptics
excess heat are erroneous - See Focardi et al.,:Il Nuovo Cimento., 107 Around Black Hole
Artist’s rendering Magnetic Fields Lines pp. 163 1994
Cimento.,
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Further discussion of gaseous Helium-4 measurements
Well accepted ‘normal’ D-D fusion reactions
Detection of significant gaseous He-4 produce products in three branches with
production, unquestionably a nuclear ~1:1 ratio between #1 and #2:
product, provides excellent evidence #1 [~ 50 %] d +d→ t + p
that LENRs are the result of some #2 [~ 50 %] d + d → 23He + n
type of nuclear process
d + d → 2 He + γ
radiation
#3 [~ 10-5 %] 4
However, the devil is in the details … Contrary to mainstream physicists, “cold
fusion” researchers simply assume that He-4
While He-4 (= α) can be produced by production observed in certain electrolytic
fusion reactions, it can also easily be experiments only occurs via branch #3 of the
produced in other nuclear reactions, D-D fusion reaction. They then ‘wave away’
including minor alternative branches gamma emission issue and ignore possibility
of neutron captures and various that He-4 can also be produced via neutron
alpha (α) particle decays, e.g., Be-8 capture on lithium isotopes present in LiOD
found in electrolytes of same experiments:
Thus, simply detecting gaseous He-4
production in an LENR experiment
does not say exactly which nuclear
process(es) actually took place in it
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Helium-4 can be produced by a variety of nuclear reactions
In LENR experiments, He-4 could be produced by a variety of
nuclear reactions and decays besides fusion and Be-8 α-decay:
σ(n,α) = total cross-section for α decay with the capture of a single neutron by a given isotope
cross-
D-D fusion Li-6 + ULM neutron Available neutron ‘pool’
Per W-L, little or no fusion is
W-
Alternate neutron
taking place in LENR systems capture channel Per W-L: tritons can be converted
W-
6Li σ(n,α) = 9.4 x 102 b
σ( H-3 back into ‘pool’ neutrons via the
Alternate minor α decay
(Tritium) weak interaction: e* + t => 3n + νe
3n
channels:
channels: or β- decay
~2% of B-12 He-3
decays via (n,α)
He-4 +
ULM neutron
Li-8 can also (α particle)
decay via (n,α) Alternate neutron
capture channel
10
B σ(n,α) = 3.8 x 103 b
σ(
Li-7
Be-8 (α-decay) B-10
Per W-L, this can happen at Many isotopes have minor Unstable isotopes of +
high rates using Li as a ‘fuel’ –
(n,α) decay channels w. tiny elements with atomic ULM neutron
cross sections (mb or less) number > 83 commonly
please see reaction sequence that emit at least one α emission,
decay via α emission, e.g., ~3% of B-11 decays
beginning with Li-6 on Slide #31 Pd-
particle, e.g., Pd-105 Th-232, U-238, Am-241
Th- 232, 238, Am- to Li-7 via (n,α)
Li- (n
Presence of He-4 all by itself does not tell us exactly what happened
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Pons & Fleischmann measured Helium-4 back in 1989
P&F’s claimed gaseous Helium-4 measurements in Pd/LiOD At the April 17, 1989, news
cells were questioned by other scientists, e.g. Lewis conference, “Pons announced a
new piece of supporting evidence:
P&F’s He-4 claim was subsequently retracted because of mass spectroscopy of the gases
intense pressure from Prof. Nathan Lewis (Caltech), who evolving from a working fusion cell
contended that P&F had merely measured He-4 present in revealed the presence of 4He in
laboratory air. The logic behind Lewis’ criticism was that: (1) if quantities consistent with the
the reaction D + D -> He-4 + gamma radiation (somehow reported energy production, if all
deuteron-deuteron fusions produce
deuteron-
transformed into excess heat) were assumed to be correct ; 4He rather than tritium and a proton
then (2) Pons’ mass spectrometer was not sensitive enough or 3He and a [energetic] neutron.”
to detect the amount of He-4 that would be produced in a P&F - Nature News 338 pp. 691 1989
cell that was generating 0.5 Watts of excess heat
Since according to the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs D-D “Our cold fusion experiments show a
correlation between the generation
fusion was very likely not taking place in their experiments,
of excess heat and power and the
Lewis’ criticism was in error. In retrospect, P&F’s He-4 production of He, established in the
measurement was probably a correct observation absence of outside contamination.
This correlation in the palladium/D2O
From 1989 through early 2000s, other LENR researchers (e.g., system provides strong evidence
McKubre at SRI and Miles at USN-China Lake) made improved, that nuclear processes are occurring
very well documented measurements of He-4 production, in these electrolytic experiments.
mostly in LENR heavy water LiOD Pd-cathode electrolytic The major gaseous fusion product in
cells. They demonstrated rough correlations between He-4 D2O + LiOD is He-4 rather than He-3.”
He- He-
and excess heat production; however, their estimates of B. Bush and J. Lagowski, J. Electroanal.
Lagowski, Electroanal.
Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007 Chem. 304 pp. 271 – 278 1991
energy in MeV per He-4 atom were inaccurate
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Further discussion of LENR charged particle measurements
Measurements of charged particle production and
2001 - 2002: A. Lipson (RAS – Moscow) et al.
their energy spectra can provide direct evidence for
report unambiguous detection of small fluxes
nuclear phenomena, especially if measured particle
of ~1.7 MeV protons and 13.5 + 2.5 MeV α
energies exceed an MeV (which cannot possibly be
particles using CR-39 plastic detectors in P-F the result of purely chemical mechanisms in the eV
type H2SO4 light water electrolytic cells with range). Commonly detected and measured heavy
thin-film Pd/Ni cathodes; clear evidence for charged particles typically include protons,
nuclear processes taking place in system deuterons, tritons, and/or alphas (He-4 nuclei). Light
(He-
(Lattice-supported work; used very rigorous beta particles are almost never measured during
measurement protocols to measure energies) LENR experiments, since ~80 – 90% of them involve
2002 - 2003: using CR-39 detectors, small fluxes aqueous electrolytic cells in which energetic
of MeV-energy protons and α particles with electrons are very rapidly attenuated in water
roughly the same energies were also observed Several different types of well-accepted, proven
well-
by Lipson, Karabut, and others in a number of measurement techniques can be used to measure
very different types of LENR experiments that charged particles, including various types of solid-
solid-
included Ti -D2O glow discharge cells, laser state electronic detectors and CR-39 solid plastic
CR-
irradiation of TiDx and TiHx targets, and detectors (which inherently integrate particle counts
controlled deuterium desorption from over time and can be used in electrolytic systems
Pd/PdO:Dx heterostuctures which are often unsuitable for electronic detectors)
2003 – 2009: many more LENR researchers During the past 8 years, plastic CR-39 detectors have
CR-
began to measure and report charged particles, become popular among LENR researchers because
mostly using CR-39 chips. Most notable effort of their low cost, ‘built in’ count integration (which is
was at USN SPAWAR using electrolytic Pd-D2O helpful for measuring small fluxes of particles), and
co-deposition; published results in ease of integration into various types of experimental
Naturwissenschaften. Unfortunately, SPAWAR systems. However, most LENR researchers do not
and other LENR groups did not use protocols utilize the much more rigorous protocols that are
Artist’s rendering – black hole magnetic fields
that can measure energies and characterize required to measure energies, accurately ‘score’ pits,
Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
particles, i.e. protons vs. alphas and characterize particles
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Further discussion of LENR transmutation measurements
1989 to mid-1990s: reliable reports of nuclear While qualitative and quantitative
transmutations seen in LENR experiments began measurements of elements/isotopes in
to surface in the early 1990s; this work was done samples obtained from LENR experiments
by researchers in Russia, Italy, U.S. (Bockris, (e.g., metallic cathodes in electrolytic cells)
Dash), India, Japan (Mizuno, Ohmori) requires specialized analytical skills and lab
Circa mid-1990s: Miley (US) observed a equipment that can be quite expensive, done
distinctive 5-peak mass spectrum of stable properly it provides extremely powerful
transmutation products comprising a wide evidence for reality of LENR nuclear effects.
variety of elements not initially present in light Production of new elements that were not
water electrolytic cells. Mizuno subsequently previously present in an experimental system,
observed very similar multi-peak mass spectrum, and/or significant changes in isotopic ratios
only in heavy water LENR electrolytic cells. Such from natural abundances, simply cannot be the
results were inexplicable at the time result of prosaic chemical processes
2002: at ICCF-9 in Beijing, China, Iwamura et al.
(Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan) report on Well-accepted, uncontroversial techniques and
Well-
very expensive, carefully executed experiments equipment used for detecting and measuring
demonstrating transmutation of selected ‘target’ transmutation products in LENR experiments
elements to other elements: results clearly include, for example: inductively coupled
showed that Cs was transmuted to Pr and Sr plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS);
plasma- (ICP-
was transmuted to Mo by some means secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS);
neutron activation analysis (NAA); scanning
2002 – 2009: using a variety of different analytical
electron microscopes (SEM) integrated with
techniques, progressively greater numbers of
LENR researchers located all over the world energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers (EDX);
X-
began to measure and report reliable and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),
X- Artist’s rendering – black hole magnetic fields
observations of LENR transmutation products among others. All have various pros and cons
Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
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LENR-related transmutation measurements predate 1989
Early 1900s: from about 1905 - 1927 some of the most
See: J. J. Thomson (who discovered the
famous people in British science (J.J. Thomson, Ramsay, electron in 1897), “On the appearance of
etc.) published a number of experimental reports in Helium and Neon in Vacuum tubes,”
premier refereed journals, e.g., Nature, Proceedings of the where he says, “At the last meeting of
Royal Society, of what were with today's knowledge and
Society the Chemical society, William Ramsay
… describes some experiments which
the W-L theory, clearly nuclear transmutation anomalies they regard as proving the
that were observed during a variety of different types of transmutation of other elements into
electrical discharge experiments Helium and Neon …”
Nature 90 pp. 645 - 647 1913
1922: Wendt and Irion, chemists at the University of "The energy produced by breaking
Chicago, reported results of experiments consisting of down the atom is a very poor kind of
exploding tungsten wires with a very large current pulse thing. Anyone who expects a source of
under a vacuum inside of flexible sealed glass 'bulbs.' power from the transformations of these
atoms is talking moonshine."
Controversy erupted when they claimed to observe
-Ernest Rutherford, 1933
anomalous helium inside sealed bulbs after the tungsten
wires were exploded, suggesting that transmutation of More recently: “Energetic Electrons and
hydrogen into helium had somehow occurred during the Nuclear Transmutations in Exploding
"disintegration of tungsten." Their article in Amer. Chem. Wires” in which we state that, “It is
Soc. 44 (1922) triggered a response from the scientific presently clear that nuclear
transmutations can occur under a much
establishment in the form of a negative critique of Wendt wider range of physical conditions than
and Irion's work by Sir Ernest Rutherford that promptly was heretofore thought possible,”
published in Nature 109 pp. 418 (1922). We have since arXiv:nucl-th/0709.1222 Widom,
arXiv:nucl-
Srivastava, and black hole2007
Artist’s rendering –
Larsen magnetic fields
determined that Rutherford was wrong – see preprint Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
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Any strong experimental evidence for fusion in LENRs?
Answer: no
P&F’s hypothesis of “cold” D-D fusion immediately ran Well accepted ‘normal’ D-D
into trouble in 1989 because, although Helium-4 was fusion reactions produce
detected, none of the other ‘normal’ products of D-D products in three branches
fusion were observed in the amounts and proportions with ~ 1:1 ratio between 1-2:
that would be expected based on 50 years of study on #1 [~ 50 %] d +d→ t +p
nuclear fusion reactions by thousands of scientists #2 [~ 50 %] d + d → He + n
3
2
d + d → 2 He + γ
radiation
#3 [~ 10-5 %] 4
From 1989 through early 2000s, subsequent LENR
researchers (e.g., McKubre et al. at SRI and Miles at
As of 2009, there is still no
USN-China Lake) continued to improve and correlate
believable experimental
measurements of Pd-D loading, He-4, and excess heat. evidence or theoretical
Despite all such efforts, “cold fusion” proponents have support for the idea that the
never been able to demonstrate large fluxes of tritium, branching ratios of the D-D
protons, He-3, neutrons, and/or gamma radiation that fusion reaction change
would be directly commensurate with measured excess appreciably at low energies
heat according to well-accepted knowledge about the
three known branches of the D-D fusion reaction As of 2009, “cold fusion”
theories have not achieved
To address this issue, some LENR theorists (e.g., any significant degree of
Hagelstein, Chubbs, etc.) developed ad hoc theories of acceptance amongst
“cold fusion” invoking questionable ‘new physics’ to members of the mainstream
explain discrepancy with known D-D branching ratios nuclear physics community
Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
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Any strong experimental evidence for fission in LENRs?
Answer: no
Since heavy fissile nuclei like Uranium-235, Fission product spectra of isotopes U-235, Pu-239
U- Pu-
Uranium-233, and Plutonium-239 never fission
into two fragments at exactly the same place
every time, neutron-catalyzed nuclear fission
processes usually produce complex mixtures
of nuclear transmutation products that form a
characteristic two-peak “fission spectrum” of
isotopic products statistically centered on the
‘average’ mass of each fission fragment
Two-peak product mass spectra are unique
Miley’s anomalous transmutation product spectra
‘fingerprints’ of heavy element nuclear fission
P roduction R ate vs. M ass N um ber
Researchers have never observed two-peak 2 0/4 0
* 3 8/7 6*
A /X * = fission center po int m ass/co m p lex
nucleus m ass
product spectra in any LENR experiments, nor 97 /19 4* Pro du ct C o n to u r
have large fluxes of MeV-energy neutrons or
1 55 /3 10 *
Prod. Rate, atoms/cc/sec
gammas ever been reported in LENR systems
However, in 1990s Miley and Mizuno reported 6 RUNS
reliable measurements of anomalous 5-peak
product spectra in different LENR experiments Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole
M ass N u m ber A
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Any experimental evidence for other nuclear processes?
Answer: yes, for neutron production/capture and α and/or β decays
Question: Let us assume that a hypothetical LENR experiment begins with some
array of stable isotopes, say on the surface of a Pd cathode in a LiOD electrolytic cell.
Then, post-experiment mass spectroscopy reveals the presence of new elements
and/or changed isotope ratios on the cathode surface that were not present when the
experiment began; i.e., transmutation products are observed. If such data were
correct, i.e., it was not contamination, then what could have happened to initially
stable isotopes that caused nuclear transmutations to occur?
Comment: If fusion and heavy element fission processes are not responsible for
creating observed transmutation products, then only a limited number of other
possibilities are reasonable explanations: neutron production/capture process(es);
and/or weak interaction process(es); and/or α / β- decays of unstable isotopes
Answer and more questions: absorption of neutrons by stable isotopes of elements
can create new stable isotopes (which may alter a given element’s ‘normal’ isotopic
ratios) or, create unstable isotopes that undergo beta decay producing higher-
atomic-number (i.e., higher Z) elements as transmutation products; those are well
known phenomena. However, what sort of process is capable of creating large fluxes
of neutrons that can be captured and cause transmutations in LENR systems? Then
why aren't fluxes of energetic neutrons ever detected? Why aren’t MeV-energy
gammas from beta decays and/or neutron captures ever observed? Fields Lines Around Black Hole
Artist’s rendering : Magnetic
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Why are transmutations important? What do they tell us?
Measurement of nuclear products provides crucial technical information
Measurements of transmutation products, so called “nuclear ash,” if
reliably observed upon the conclusion of an LENR experiment, are
important because they indicate that new chemical elements have
somehow been produced and/or isotopic ratios of some elements
previously present have been significantly altered. This provides
important evidence that LENRs involve nuclear processes because:
Prosaic chemical processes cannot cause transmutations
Several types of well understood nuclear processes can readily
produce transmutation products: strong interaction fusion reactions
(e.g., D-D or D-T); strong interaction fission (e.g., fissile isotopes U-
235 or Pu-239); neutron captures on nuclei that produce new
elements or isotopes; α and/or β decays; and/or weak interaction
neutron production via e + p -> 1n + υe, e + d -> 2n + υe, e + t -> 3n + υe
Accurate detection and analysis of whatever types of transmutation
products may be produced during an LENR experiment can
potentially allow one to determine exactly which type(s) nuclear
process(es) occurred and the reaction(s) that created the products
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