Lively, in-depth audio interview suitable for a general audience; Mr. Sandy Andrew had carefully researched the topics of LENRs and "cold fusion" prior to the show --- asked a number of probing questions that explored the scientific, economic, geopolitical, and social implications of the W-L theory of LENRs. [one-hour online recording]
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRS p-Holes Crustal Nucleosynthesis Seismicity and Dee...Lewis Larsen
Freund p-holes provide a new electronic mechanism for transferring and dissipating energy in Earth’s upper crust besides known mechano-acoustic seismic P- and S-wave processes - this is a paradigm shift in geophysical thinking. p-holes can power electric bacteria and LENR neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthesis (transmutation of elements) in Earth’s crust; these create measurable products at low rates over geological time – a paradigm shift in geochemistry. There is published experimental evidence that supports these conjectures and further suggests that p-holes and LENRs facilitate earthquakes and other seismic processes. Geophysical processes on Earth may be modulated by neutrino fluxes coming from the Sun via e + p neutrino interactions; explains otherwise inexplicable Russian data.
Detailed Report on Nuclear cold fusion Reaction and it's Future aspectsAnurag Bhattacharjee
This document provides an introduction to nuclear cold fusion and nuclear energy more broadly. It begins by defining nuclear energy as energy harnessed from atomic nuclei through either fission or fusion processes. Fission involves splitting heavy nuclei, like uranium, and is used in current nuclear power plants. Fusion involves combining light nuclei and produces energy through reactions that occur in stars. The document then discusses some advantages and disadvantages of both fission and fusion. It provides background on plasma research and magnetic confinement fusion before concluding that scientists are working to achieve nuclear fusion at room temperature as a future renewable energy source.
This chapter discusses nuclear energy, including the nature of nuclear reactions, history of nuclear power development, types of nuclear reactors, the nuclear fuel cycle, and concerns about nuclear power. It outlines the key components of nuclear fission reactors and how they generate electricity. It also summarizes the multi-step process that nuclear fuel undergoes from mining to disposal or reuse, and environmental and safety issues associated with nuclear power.
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC-High-temperature Superconductivity in Patches-Addendum-Sep...Lewis Larsen
This document summarizes a presentation by Lattice Energy LLC regarding speculative evanescent superconductivity in heavy electron patches related to low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs). It discusses a proposed mechanism where strongly correlated protons and electrons in nanoscale patches on a metallic hydride surface could potentially form Cooper pairs and exhibit transient superconductivity. This could help explain heat production and nuclear transmutations in LENR experiments. The document also reviews a recent paper by Shukla and Eliasson proposing a novel attractive force between ions in quantum plasmas, which could aid in proton Cooper pairing in these patches. Overall, the presentation speculates that collective quantum effects in patches may briefly produce evanescent high-temperature superconductivity before intense
Larsen Electroweak Neutron Production and Capture in Lightning Discharges-ANS...Lewis Larsen
This presentation is part of a November 13, 2012, panel session "Discussion of Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions" at the American Nuclear Society 2012 Winter Meeting in San Diego, CA. Enabled by many-body, collective effects and appropriate forms of required input energy (e.g., electric currents and/or organized magnetic fields with tubular geometries can be used to produce ‘catalytic’ neutrons via an electroweak reaction: e + p --> n + ν ), LENRs involve elemental nucleosynthetic transmutation reactions very much like stars, only at vastly lower temperatures and pressures that are found in laboratory apparatus such as electrolytic chemical cells and many natural processes such as lightning discharges.
AUDIO- Larsen-Electroweak Neutron Production and Capture in Lightning Dischar...Lewis Larsen
Please note that this SlideShare SlideCast document is exactly the same as the other ‘plain vanilla’ version other than the accompanying audio narration track. Also note that as of Saturday, Nov. 17, 2012, at 9:55 AM CST (Chicago time), I just finished improving the synchronization between the slide transitions and the audio track. This SlideCast presentation should now run automatically from start-to-finish with the slides being advanced at the correct point in the narrative dialogue about each of the slides.
That said, the auto-advance feature in SlideCast doesn’t always necessarily work perfectly in Internet Explorer and other web browsers such as Chrome and Firefox. Thus, if you hear an obvious transition occurring in the audio track (i.e., clicking and rustling noises in the background that I'm moving-on to the next slide; in some cases I announce that we’re moving-on to the next slide) and the next slide in the sequence does not promptly appear within 1-3 seconds, then please manually advance the slide currently being displayed by clicking with your mouse on the 'right arrow' button located just under the slide viewing window of your browser.
Questions via e-mail are welcome. Thank you for your interest and enjoy!
1) Geoelectric energy is a new source of electrical energy produced naturally from radioactive decay in the Earth's crust or artificially from nuclear waste decay.
2) This energy can be harnessed using solar cells to convert radiation into electricity or by installing converters in deep repositories where nuclear waste is stored.
3) Storing nuclear waste in areas with organic waste and complex hydrocarbons can safely protect repositories by converting radiation into fuels and gases while preventing earthquakes.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRS p-Holes Crustal Nucleosynthesis Seismicity and Dee...Lewis Larsen
Freund p-holes provide a new electronic mechanism for transferring and dissipating energy in Earth’s upper crust besides known mechano-acoustic seismic P- and S-wave processes - this is a paradigm shift in geophysical thinking. p-holes can power electric bacteria and LENR neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthesis (transmutation of elements) in Earth’s crust; these create measurable products at low rates over geological time – a paradigm shift in geochemistry. There is published experimental evidence that supports these conjectures and further suggests that p-holes and LENRs facilitate earthquakes and other seismic processes. Geophysical processes on Earth may be modulated by neutrino fluxes coming from the Sun via e + p neutrino interactions; explains otherwise inexplicable Russian data.
Detailed Report on Nuclear cold fusion Reaction and it's Future aspectsAnurag Bhattacharjee
This document provides an introduction to nuclear cold fusion and nuclear energy more broadly. It begins by defining nuclear energy as energy harnessed from atomic nuclei through either fission or fusion processes. Fission involves splitting heavy nuclei, like uranium, and is used in current nuclear power plants. Fusion involves combining light nuclei and produces energy through reactions that occur in stars. The document then discusses some advantages and disadvantages of both fission and fusion. It provides background on plasma research and magnetic confinement fusion before concluding that scientists are working to achieve nuclear fusion at room temperature as a future renewable energy source.
This chapter discusses nuclear energy, including the nature of nuclear reactions, history of nuclear power development, types of nuclear reactors, the nuclear fuel cycle, and concerns about nuclear power. It outlines the key components of nuclear fission reactors and how they generate electricity. It also summarizes the multi-step process that nuclear fuel undergoes from mining to disposal or reuse, and environmental and safety issues associated with nuclear power.
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC-High-temperature Superconductivity in Patches-Addendum-Sep...Lewis Larsen
This document summarizes a presentation by Lattice Energy LLC regarding speculative evanescent superconductivity in heavy electron patches related to low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs). It discusses a proposed mechanism where strongly correlated protons and electrons in nanoscale patches on a metallic hydride surface could potentially form Cooper pairs and exhibit transient superconductivity. This could help explain heat production and nuclear transmutations in LENR experiments. The document also reviews a recent paper by Shukla and Eliasson proposing a novel attractive force between ions in quantum plasmas, which could aid in proton Cooper pairing in these patches. Overall, the presentation speculates that collective quantum effects in patches may briefly produce evanescent high-temperature superconductivity before intense
Larsen Electroweak Neutron Production and Capture in Lightning Discharges-ANS...Lewis Larsen
This presentation is part of a November 13, 2012, panel session "Discussion of Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions" at the American Nuclear Society 2012 Winter Meeting in San Diego, CA. Enabled by many-body, collective effects and appropriate forms of required input energy (e.g., electric currents and/or organized magnetic fields with tubular geometries can be used to produce ‘catalytic’ neutrons via an electroweak reaction: e + p --> n + ν ), LENRs involve elemental nucleosynthetic transmutation reactions very much like stars, only at vastly lower temperatures and pressures that are found in laboratory apparatus such as electrolytic chemical cells and many natural processes such as lightning discharges.
AUDIO- Larsen-Electroweak Neutron Production and Capture in Lightning Dischar...Lewis Larsen
Please note that this SlideShare SlideCast document is exactly the same as the other ‘plain vanilla’ version other than the accompanying audio narration track. Also note that as of Saturday, Nov. 17, 2012, at 9:55 AM CST (Chicago time), I just finished improving the synchronization between the slide transitions and the audio track. This SlideCast presentation should now run automatically from start-to-finish with the slides being advanced at the correct point in the narrative dialogue about each of the slides.
That said, the auto-advance feature in SlideCast doesn’t always necessarily work perfectly in Internet Explorer and other web browsers such as Chrome and Firefox. Thus, if you hear an obvious transition occurring in the audio track (i.e., clicking and rustling noises in the background that I'm moving-on to the next slide; in some cases I announce that we’re moving-on to the next slide) and the next slide in the sequence does not promptly appear within 1-3 seconds, then please manually advance the slide currently being displayed by clicking with your mouse on the 'right arrow' button located just under the slide viewing window of your browser.
Questions via e-mail are welcome. Thank you for your interest and enjoy!
1) Geoelectric energy is a new source of electrical energy produced naturally from radioactive decay in the Earth's crust or artificially from nuclear waste decay.
2) This energy can be harnessed using solar cells to convert radiation into electricity or by installing converters in deep repositories where nuclear waste is stored.
3) Storing nuclear waste in areas with organic waste and complex hydrocarbons can safely protect repositories by converting radiation into fuels and gases while preventing earthquakes.
Lattice Energy LLC - Mystery of Nagaokas 1920s Gold Experiments - Why Did Wor...Lewis Larsen
In a recorded interview with fellow physicist Prof. John Wheeler in 1962, Nobel prize-winning Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa said that his colleague Hantaro Nagaoka in the 1930s was (quoting directly), “…“I think Professor Nagaoka was all powerful then among scientists … he had some very deep insight, although he did not work himself [at that point in his career] … Nagaoka was [the] President of Osaka University when I moved from Kyoto to Osaka. But he was at the same time President of the Academy; he was the greatest boss among all the scientists in Japan.”
Between September 1924 and June 1925, Nagaoka and his co-workers at RIKEN in Japan conducted some 200 experiments with high-current electric arc discharges between Tungsten electrodes immersed in liquid hydrocarbon transformer oil in which they detected successful transmutation of Tungsten into macroscopic, visible flecks of Gold and Platinum. In June 1925, Nagaoka went a world tour in which he spoke to scientific and lay audiences about their transmutation experiments in Japan and handed-out samples comprising small pieces of porcelain reactor vessels with tiny bits of adhering Gold that had been created therein. In July 1925, “Nature” published his Letter to the Editors in which he reported on their results and encouraged other scientists to try to repeat their provocative experiments.
Amazingly, as far as we can tell no one ever tried to repeat Nagaoka et al.’s landmark experiments. Even more incredibly, the entire area of inquiry involving electric discharge-triggered transmutations of elements essentially died-out worldwide by 1930 (Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and transmutation via neutron-capture was first elucidated by Taylor in 1935). In this document, we explore some of the possible underlying reasons that may have caused this totally unexpected historical twist.
In 2004, Cirillo & Iorio (Italy) transmuted Tungsten into Rhenium, Osmium, and Gold in a modern, roughly equivalent version of Nagaoka’s electric arc discharge experiments. In 2012 at an American Nuclear Society meeting, using a very different type of gaseous D2 thin-film permeation experimental method it had pioneered in back 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported transmutation of implanted Tungsten targets into Osmium and Platinum.
Widom & Larsen theory of neutron-catalyzed low energy nuclear reactions (as published in the “European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields” - 2006 and in “Pramana – Journal of Physics” – 2010) both predicts and explains all of this earlier experimental transmutation data with Tungsten targets.
If a modern repetition of Nagaoka et al.’s 1920s experiments produced encouraging results, commercial transmutation of Gold might not be very far in the future. That said, as in many cases--- time will tell --- and as they say in Russia, “We shall live and we shall see.”
- Nuclear fission involves splitting large nuclei like uranium, releasing energy. Fusion joins light nuclei like hydrogen, also releasing energy.
- Fission is used in nuclear power plants and bombs. Fusion powers stars and could be an energy source on Earth if containment and high temperature issues are solved.
- The binding energy curve shows that mid-sized nuclei are most stable, and that fission and fusion involving less stable nuclei release energy.
The document summarizes the key concepts of nuclear fusion as an energy source. It discusses how fusion works by combining light atoms at high temperatures and pressures to release energy. It also outlines some of the major challenges of fusion like maintaining the superheated plasma long enough for reactions to occur. The document then describes the major components of a fusion reactor, including magnetic confinement to contain the plasma away from the walls of the reactor. It concludes by noting fusion has potential benefits but significant technological challenges remain before it can be achieved on a commercial scale.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction i...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges
This document discusses three types of nuclear reactions: radioactive decay, fission, and fusion. Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable isotope emits particles and becomes more stable. Fission involves a heavy nucleus splitting into lighter nuclei. Fusion is when two nuclei merge to form a heavier nucleus. Nuclear reactions are over 1 million times more powerful than chemical reactions because a small amount of mass can be converted to a large amount of energy according to Einstein's equation E=mc2.
This document discusses nuclear reactor theory and modeling approaches. It introduces the neutron flux as the main variable and describes how it is necessary to approximate the behavior of neutrons using methods like Monte Carlo, analytic transport, and diffusion approximations. It then discusses the diffusion approximation and equation in more detail, including the concept of neutron diffusion and boundary conditions. Finally, it discusses moving to multi-group and state-of-the-art nodal methods to more accurately model the energy dependence and heterogeneity in reactors.
Nuclear fusion is the reaction that powers the sun and stars by converting hydrogen into helium, producing tremendous amounts of energy. It involves heating and compressing hydrogen atoms to the point where their nuclei fuse together, releasing energy. Scientists are working to develop fusion as a potential energy source on Earth by containing fusion reactions using strong magnetic fields or high-powered lasers. Fusion power plants could help meet future energy needs without carbon emissions.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
The document summarizes the progress of a Japanese government-funded R&D project on low-energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) between October 2015 and October 2017. The project scientists reported improvements in reproducibly fabricating test devices that produce excess heat, with some devices cumulatively generating up to 85 megajoules of excess heat per mole of absorbed hydrogen or deuterium. This suggests LENRs could potentially serve as a new source of safe, low-radiation nuclear energy. Japan's NEDO has organized LENR R&D projects with industry and academia since 2015 to develop new energy technologies.
Lattice Energy LLC-Game changing LENRs - What are they and amazing things the...Lewis Larsen
LENRs could enable the development of safe, portable nuclear power sources by producing energy through nuclear reactions that do not emit dangerous radiation or radioactive waste. This is made possible by a new theory explaining LENRs as many-body collective electroweak reactions producing low-energy neutrons. LENRs could power devices from small electronics to large power plants due to their potential for high energy density and scalability without the safety challenges of conventional nuclear technology. Portable LENR power sources might vastly exceed chemical batteries in performance by enabling dramatic increases in the range and lifetime of various products.
Lattice Energy LLC - Transmutation vs Combustion - Are LENRs Chicxulub for Fo...Lewis Larsen
Are LENRS the Chicxulub Cretaceous extinction event for fossil fuels or a strategic future opportunity for oil companies?
In a New World of much greener CO2-free energy sources combustion of Carbon-based molecules with Oxygen is replaced with transmutation of Carbon by radiation-free LENRs. Release 5 million times more BTUs from same barrel of oil or equivalent amount of coal without producing any long-lived radioactive wastes or emitting any gaseous greenhouse CO2 into the Earth's atmosphere.
The document summarizes the history and science of nuclear power. It describes key discoveries like nuclear fission and the development of nuclear reactors. Some main points covered include:
- James Chadwick discovered neutrons in 1932 which were later found to cause fission when fired at heavy nuclei.
- In 1939, Meitner and Frisch proposed nuclear fission where absorbing neutrons causes heavy nuclei to split into lighter nuclei, releasing energy.
- Fermi discovered this could create a self-sustaining chain reaction. This led to the Manhattan Project and development of nuclear weapons and power.
- The first commercial nuclear power plant opened in 1959. Issues discussed include waste disposal and safety of nuclear power
Lattice Energy LLC - Renewable lignin biomass aromatics convert into green ra...Lewis Larsen
Lattice Energy is commercializing ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) as a next-generation green nuclear energy source. LENRs can transmute plant biomass like lignin into fuels with over 5,000 times the energy density of gasoline without dangerous radiation. The company plans to process lignin and other biomass sources into aromatic molecules that can trigger LENRs, creating renewable "bionuclear" fuels. This could enable portable power sources and vehicles that travel the world on a single small fuel amount. Lattice will leverage existing nanotechnology and scale up LENR heat output and power conversion to bring this technology to market.
This document provides an overview of radiation including:
- The different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma radiation and their properties.
- Common sources of radiation including nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, medical equipment, and natural sources.
- How radiation can impact biological systems by damaging DNA and other molecules.
- Means of radiation protection such as sheltering, potassium iodide supplements, and concrete barriers.
- Examples of past radiation accidents like Chernobyl to illustrate radiation risks.
Nuclear fission occurs when uranium atoms are split, releasing energy. The document discusses the nuclear fission reaction that occurs when uranium-235 atoms absorb neutrons and split. It also summarizes the types of nuclear reactors, including light water reactors, boiling water reactors, and pressurized water reactors. The document concludes that while nuclear energy provides a significant source of energy, some oppose nuclear power due to potential health and safety risks.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese confirm Lattice hypotheses re importance of ads...Lewis Larsen
Survival of 40% of world’s population heavily depends on higher food production enabled by Ammonia fertilizer produced in large plants via Haber-Bosch process as commercialized in 1909.
Progress is being made with new catalyst technology that could potentially reduce capital and operating costs of future Ammonia plants which would be cost-effective in much smaller sizes that enable distributed production.
Recent Japanese papers confirm Lattice’s hypotheses about importance of adsorbed protons and high
local electric fields for boosting reaction rates on some types of metallic catalyst surfaces.
Manabe et al. achieved high yield Haber-Bosch-like synthesis of Ammonia by applying DC electric fields
along with N2, H2, Cs/Ru catalyst and SrZrO3 support at just room temperature and ~1 atmosphere pressure versus ~450o C and ~200 atm in commercial NH3 plant.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs predicts deep causal connection between many-body collective physics of electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis: very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m and mobile surface patches of Q-M entangled protons. In LENRs these enable: electron + proton --> neutron + neutrino.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Contents:
Nuclear Technology.
Atom.
Nuclear Energy.
Splitting the uranium atom.
chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.
Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
Types of Fission Bombs.
Gun Triggered fission bombs.
Implosion Triggered fission bombs.
Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Future of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is emitted from radioactive elements during nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Nuclear fission involves splitting heavy radioactive nuclei, while nuclear fusion combines lighter nuclei. Fission is used in nuclear power plants to generate electricity through controlled chain reactions, using elements like uranium. Fusion occurs in stars and requires extremely high temperatures. While nuclear energy produces less waste than fossil fuels, the byproducts are radioactive and require careful treatment or storage due to their harmfulness.
Lattice Energy LLC - Surprising Similarities between LENR Active Sites and En...Lewis Larsen
Herein we discuss surprising similarities between the operation of micron-scale active sites in condensed matter low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) and those of biological enzyme proteins. It turns-out that radiation-free LENR electroweak nuclear catalysis and enzymatic chemical catalysis are not as distant from each other as one might naively assume.
As we have explained in our many publications, LENRs are star-like, neutron-induced nuclear transmutations that produce heavier stable elements from neutron captures on lighter ones while releasing abundant quantities of clean heat during the process.
Unlike stars, fusion, and fission reactors, LENRs do not emit any deadly MeV-energy neutron and gamma radiation. They occur in microscopic domains in laboratory devices, at very low rates in some industrial processes such as pyrolysis, as well as naturally in lightning and other places elsewhere on Earth. They are quietly happening all around us but went unrecognized by legions of scientists for over 100 years because easy-to-detect hard radiation emission signatures are absent.
Importantly, LENRs can be triggered under mild macroscopic conditions; e.g. at as little as room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This enzyme-like feat is possible with electroweak catalysis which creates ultralow-energy neutrons directly from electrons and protons (hydrogen) via many-body collective quantum effects in an electroweak reaction: e + p --> n + νe.
Fried et al.’s recent stunning experimental results (“Extreme electric fields power catalysis in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase”, Science 346 pp. 1510 - 1514, Dec. 19, 2014) revealed that a structurally and compositionally complex Carbon-based isomerase enzyme protein employs a combination of very high local electric fields and quantum entanglement of particles in active sites to achieve enormous increases in chemical reaction rates. Much simpler, abiotic LENR many-body active sites comprising Q-M entangled protons and electrons achieve even more enormous catalytic increases in rates of neutron-producing electroweak reactions using exactly the same effects. A key difference between them is field-strength: the enzyme uses electric fields averaging ~1.4 x 1010 V/m; LENRs use nonequilibrium pulses > 2.5 x 1011 V/m.
It has become apparent that deep technical knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis can provide valuable insights into the operation of both enzymatic and abiotic chemical catalysis. There is an opportunity to use new types of conceptual insights to help greatly increase performance and reduce costs for a broad range of important industrial catalysts.
Nuclear reactions involve changes to atomic nuclei, whereas chemical reactions only involve rearrangement of electrons. Nuclear reactions can release large amounts of energy and produce new elements, while chemical reactions typically involve smaller energy changes and atoms remain the same elements. Radioactive decay is an example of a nuclear reaction where an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously transforms into a more stable nucleus by emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation.
Guide to Concepts-Experimental Evidence for W-L Theory of LENRs-Feb 17 2012Lewis Larsen
Herein, we will discuss the non-fusion, weak interaction-driven Widom-Larsen theory and its application to LENRs occurring in abiological condensed matter systems, abiological magnetically organized classical and dusty plasmas, and terrestrial biological systems. At the highest level of abstraction, WLT integrates many-body collective electromagnetic and condensed matter Q-M effects with modern electroweak theory under the ‘umbrella’ of the Standard Model; no “new physics” are invoked anywhere in this work.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs and the Future of Energy - Nov 27 2013Lewis Larsen
The Future of Energy --- Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs:
- Represent a new type of paradigm-shifting nuclear technology.
- Differ greatly from present-day fission and fusion power generation technologies; LENRs are potentially much safer from environmental and biosafety perspectives.
- Embody a truly ‘green’ type of nuclear process: neither deadly hard neutron or gamma radiation emissions nor any measurable production of dangerous, long-lived radioactive wastes.
- Phenomena were hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation signatures and radioactive wastes are absent from LENR processes. With the benefit of today’s knowledge, examination of a large body of available published, peer-reviewed experimental literature shows that reliable reports of LENR effects, e.g. transmutation, date all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Lack of hard radiation emissions and long-lived radioactive wastes obviates need for shielding and containment subsystems; eliminates enormous amounts of weight and could reduce costs dramatically.
- Phenomena resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen theory integrated all the necessary conceptual pieces together into one coherent whole; W-L successfully explains all of the relevant experimental data.
- LENR device physics are now sufficiently well-understood to begin the commercialization process. Better understanding of the relevant physics creates major opportunities to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources. Much larger LENR-based systems utilizing dusty plasma embodiments could also potentially be developed and scaled-up output-wise to reach many megawatts akin to today’s grid-connected central station power plants.
- Large manufacturing companies in Japan now have ongoing LENR R&D programs; list of players presently includes Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motor Company, among others.
Lattice Energy LLC - Mystery of Nagaokas 1920s Gold Experiments - Why Did Wor...Lewis Larsen
In a recorded interview with fellow physicist Prof. John Wheeler in 1962, Nobel prize-winning Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa said that his colleague Hantaro Nagaoka in the 1930s was (quoting directly), “…“I think Professor Nagaoka was all powerful then among scientists … he had some very deep insight, although he did not work himself [at that point in his career] … Nagaoka was [the] President of Osaka University when I moved from Kyoto to Osaka. But he was at the same time President of the Academy; he was the greatest boss among all the scientists in Japan.”
Between September 1924 and June 1925, Nagaoka and his co-workers at RIKEN in Japan conducted some 200 experiments with high-current electric arc discharges between Tungsten electrodes immersed in liquid hydrocarbon transformer oil in which they detected successful transmutation of Tungsten into macroscopic, visible flecks of Gold and Platinum. In June 1925, Nagaoka went a world tour in which he spoke to scientific and lay audiences about their transmutation experiments in Japan and handed-out samples comprising small pieces of porcelain reactor vessels with tiny bits of adhering Gold that had been created therein. In July 1925, “Nature” published his Letter to the Editors in which he reported on their results and encouraged other scientists to try to repeat their provocative experiments.
Amazingly, as far as we can tell no one ever tried to repeat Nagaoka et al.’s landmark experiments. Even more incredibly, the entire area of inquiry involving electric discharge-triggered transmutations of elements essentially died-out worldwide by 1930 (Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and transmutation via neutron-capture was first elucidated by Taylor in 1935). In this document, we explore some of the possible underlying reasons that may have caused this totally unexpected historical twist.
In 2004, Cirillo & Iorio (Italy) transmuted Tungsten into Rhenium, Osmium, and Gold in a modern, roughly equivalent version of Nagaoka’s electric arc discharge experiments. In 2012 at an American Nuclear Society meeting, using a very different type of gaseous D2 thin-film permeation experimental method it had pioneered in back 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported transmutation of implanted Tungsten targets into Osmium and Platinum.
Widom & Larsen theory of neutron-catalyzed low energy nuclear reactions (as published in the “European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields” - 2006 and in “Pramana – Journal of Physics” – 2010) both predicts and explains all of this earlier experimental transmutation data with Tungsten targets.
If a modern repetition of Nagaoka et al.’s 1920s experiments produced encouraging results, commercial transmutation of Gold might not be very far in the future. That said, as in many cases--- time will tell --- and as they say in Russia, “We shall live and we shall see.”
- Nuclear fission involves splitting large nuclei like uranium, releasing energy. Fusion joins light nuclei like hydrogen, also releasing energy.
- Fission is used in nuclear power plants and bombs. Fusion powers stars and could be an energy source on Earth if containment and high temperature issues are solved.
- The binding energy curve shows that mid-sized nuclei are most stable, and that fission and fusion involving less stable nuclei release energy.
The document summarizes the key concepts of nuclear fusion as an energy source. It discusses how fusion works by combining light atoms at high temperatures and pressures to release energy. It also outlines some of the major challenges of fusion like maintaining the superheated plasma long enough for reactions to occur. The document then describes the major components of a fusion reactor, including magnetic confinement to contain the plasma away from the walls of the reactor. It concludes by noting fusion has potential benefits but significant technological challenges remain before it can be achieved on a commercial scale.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction i...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges
This document discusses three types of nuclear reactions: radioactive decay, fission, and fusion. Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable isotope emits particles and becomes more stable. Fission involves a heavy nucleus splitting into lighter nuclei. Fusion is when two nuclei merge to form a heavier nucleus. Nuclear reactions are over 1 million times more powerful than chemical reactions because a small amount of mass can be converted to a large amount of energy according to Einstein's equation E=mc2.
This document discusses nuclear reactor theory and modeling approaches. It introduces the neutron flux as the main variable and describes how it is necessary to approximate the behavior of neutrons using methods like Monte Carlo, analytic transport, and diffusion approximations. It then discusses the diffusion approximation and equation in more detail, including the concept of neutron diffusion and boundary conditions. Finally, it discusses moving to multi-group and state-of-the-art nodal methods to more accurately model the energy dependence and heterogeneity in reactors.
Nuclear fusion is the reaction that powers the sun and stars by converting hydrogen into helium, producing tremendous amounts of energy. It involves heating and compressing hydrogen atoms to the point where their nuclei fuse together, releasing energy. Scientists are working to develop fusion as a potential energy source on Earth by containing fusion reactions using strong magnetic fields or high-powered lasers. Fusion power plants could help meet future energy needs without carbon emissions.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
The document summarizes the progress of a Japanese government-funded R&D project on low-energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) between October 2015 and October 2017. The project scientists reported improvements in reproducibly fabricating test devices that produce excess heat, with some devices cumulatively generating up to 85 megajoules of excess heat per mole of absorbed hydrogen or deuterium. This suggests LENRs could potentially serve as a new source of safe, low-radiation nuclear energy. Japan's NEDO has organized LENR R&D projects with industry and academia since 2015 to develop new energy technologies.
Lattice Energy LLC-Game changing LENRs - What are they and amazing things the...Lewis Larsen
LENRs could enable the development of safe, portable nuclear power sources by producing energy through nuclear reactions that do not emit dangerous radiation or radioactive waste. This is made possible by a new theory explaining LENRs as many-body collective electroweak reactions producing low-energy neutrons. LENRs could power devices from small electronics to large power plants due to their potential for high energy density and scalability without the safety challenges of conventional nuclear technology. Portable LENR power sources might vastly exceed chemical batteries in performance by enabling dramatic increases in the range and lifetime of various products.
Lattice Energy LLC - Transmutation vs Combustion - Are LENRs Chicxulub for Fo...Lewis Larsen
Are LENRS the Chicxulub Cretaceous extinction event for fossil fuels or a strategic future opportunity for oil companies?
In a New World of much greener CO2-free energy sources combustion of Carbon-based molecules with Oxygen is replaced with transmutation of Carbon by radiation-free LENRs. Release 5 million times more BTUs from same barrel of oil or equivalent amount of coal without producing any long-lived radioactive wastes or emitting any gaseous greenhouse CO2 into the Earth's atmosphere.
The document summarizes the history and science of nuclear power. It describes key discoveries like nuclear fission and the development of nuclear reactors. Some main points covered include:
- James Chadwick discovered neutrons in 1932 which were later found to cause fission when fired at heavy nuclei.
- In 1939, Meitner and Frisch proposed nuclear fission where absorbing neutrons causes heavy nuclei to split into lighter nuclei, releasing energy.
- Fermi discovered this could create a self-sustaining chain reaction. This led to the Manhattan Project and development of nuclear weapons and power.
- The first commercial nuclear power plant opened in 1959. Issues discussed include waste disposal and safety of nuclear power
Lattice Energy LLC - Renewable lignin biomass aromatics convert into green ra...Lewis Larsen
Lattice Energy is commercializing ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) as a next-generation green nuclear energy source. LENRs can transmute plant biomass like lignin into fuels with over 5,000 times the energy density of gasoline without dangerous radiation. The company plans to process lignin and other biomass sources into aromatic molecules that can trigger LENRs, creating renewable "bionuclear" fuels. This could enable portable power sources and vehicles that travel the world on a single small fuel amount. Lattice will leverage existing nanotechnology and scale up LENR heat output and power conversion to bring this technology to market.
This document provides an overview of radiation including:
- The different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma radiation and their properties.
- Common sources of radiation including nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, medical equipment, and natural sources.
- How radiation can impact biological systems by damaging DNA and other molecules.
- Means of radiation protection such as sheltering, potassium iodide supplements, and concrete barriers.
- Examples of past radiation accidents like Chernobyl to illustrate radiation risks.
Nuclear fission occurs when uranium atoms are split, releasing energy. The document discusses the nuclear fission reaction that occurs when uranium-235 atoms absorb neutrons and split. It also summarizes the types of nuclear reactors, including light water reactors, boiling water reactors, and pressurized water reactors. The document concludes that while nuclear energy provides a significant source of energy, some oppose nuclear power due to potential health and safety risks.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese confirm Lattice hypotheses re importance of ads...Lewis Larsen
Survival of 40% of world’s population heavily depends on higher food production enabled by Ammonia fertilizer produced in large plants via Haber-Bosch process as commercialized in 1909.
Progress is being made with new catalyst technology that could potentially reduce capital and operating costs of future Ammonia plants which would be cost-effective in much smaller sizes that enable distributed production.
Recent Japanese papers confirm Lattice’s hypotheses about importance of adsorbed protons and high
local electric fields for boosting reaction rates on some types of metallic catalyst surfaces.
Manabe et al. achieved high yield Haber-Bosch-like synthesis of Ammonia by applying DC electric fields
along with N2, H2, Cs/Ru catalyst and SrZrO3 support at just room temperature and ~1 atmosphere pressure versus ~450o C and ~200 atm in commercial NH3 plant.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs predicts deep causal connection between many-body collective physics of electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis: very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m and mobile surface patches of Q-M entangled protons. In LENRs these enable: electron + proton --> neutron + neutrino.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Contents:
Nuclear Technology.
Atom.
Nuclear Energy.
Splitting the uranium atom.
chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.
Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
Types of Fission Bombs.
Gun Triggered fission bombs.
Implosion Triggered fission bombs.
Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Future of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is emitted from radioactive elements during nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Nuclear fission involves splitting heavy radioactive nuclei, while nuclear fusion combines lighter nuclei. Fission is used in nuclear power plants to generate electricity through controlled chain reactions, using elements like uranium. Fusion occurs in stars and requires extremely high temperatures. While nuclear energy produces less waste than fossil fuels, the byproducts are radioactive and require careful treatment or storage due to their harmfulness.
Lattice Energy LLC - Surprising Similarities between LENR Active Sites and En...Lewis Larsen
Herein we discuss surprising similarities between the operation of micron-scale active sites in condensed matter low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) and those of biological enzyme proteins. It turns-out that radiation-free LENR electroweak nuclear catalysis and enzymatic chemical catalysis are not as distant from each other as one might naively assume.
As we have explained in our many publications, LENRs are star-like, neutron-induced nuclear transmutations that produce heavier stable elements from neutron captures on lighter ones while releasing abundant quantities of clean heat during the process.
Unlike stars, fusion, and fission reactors, LENRs do not emit any deadly MeV-energy neutron and gamma radiation. They occur in microscopic domains in laboratory devices, at very low rates in some industrial processes such as pyrolysis, as well as naturally in lightning and other places elsewhere on Earth. They are quietly happening all around us but went unrecognized by legions of scientists for over 100 years because easy-to-detect hard radiation emission signatures are absent.
Importantly, LENRs can be triggered under mild macroscopic conditions; e.g. at as little as room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This enzyme-like feat is possible with electroweak catalysis which creates ultralow-energy neutrons directly from electrons and protons (hydrogen) via many-body collective quantum effects in an electroweak reaction: e + p --> n + νe.
Fried et al.’s recent stunning experimental results (“Extreme electric fields power catalysis in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase”, Science 346 pp. 1510 - 1514, Dec. 19, 2014) revealed that a structurally and compositionally complex Carbon-based isomerase enzyme protein employs a combination of very high local electric fields and quantum entanglement of particles in active sites to achieve enormous increases in chemical reaction rates. Much simpler, abiotic LENR many-body active sites comprising Q-M entangled protons and electrons achieve even more enormous catalytic increases in rates of neutron-producing electroweak reactions using exactly the same effects. A key difference between them is field-strength: the enzyme uses electric fields averaging ~1.4 x 1010 V/m; LENRs use nonequilibrium pulses > 2.5 x 1011 V/m.
It has become apparent that deep technical knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis can provide valuable insights into the operation of both enzymatic and abiotic chemical catalysis. There is an opportunity to use new types of conceptual insights to help greatly increase performance and reduce costs for a broad range of important industrial catalysts.
Nuclear reactions involve changes to atomic nuclei, whereas chemical reactions only involve rearrangement of electrons. Nuclear reactions can release large amounts of energy and produce new elements, while chemical reactions typically involve smaller energy changes and atoms remain the same elements. Radioactive decay is an example of a nuclear reaction where an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously transforms into a more stable nucleus by emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation.
Guide to Concepts-Experimental Evidence for W-L Theory of LENRs-Feb 17 2012Lewis Larsen
Herein, we will discuss the non-fusion, weak interaction-driven Widom-Larsen theory and its application to LENRs occurring in abiological condensed matter systems, abiological magnetically organized classical and dusty plasmas, and terrestrial biological systems. At the highest level of abstraction, WLT integrates many-body collective electromagnetic and condensed matter Q-M effects with modern electroweak theory under the ‘umbrella’ of the Standard Model; no “new physics” are invoked anywhere in this work.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs and the Future of Energy - Nov 27 2013Lewis Larsen
The Future of Energy --- Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs:
- Represent a new type of paradigm-shifting nuclear technology.
- Differ greatly from present-day fission and fusion power generation technologies; LENRs are potentially much safer from environmental and biosafety perspectives.
- Embody a truly ‘green’ type of nuclear process: neither deadly hard neutron or gamma radiation emissions nor any measurable production of dangerous, long-lived radioactive wastes.
- Phenomena were hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation signatures and radioactive wastes are absent from LENR processes. With the benefit of today’s knowledge, examination of a large body of available published, peer-reviewed experimental literature shows that reliable reports of LENR effects, e.g. transmutation, date all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Lack of hard radiation emissions and long-lived radioactive wastes obviates need for shielding and containment subsystems; eliminates enormous amounts of weight and could reduce costs dramatically.
- Phenomena resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen theory integrated all the necessary conceptual pieces together into one coherent whole; W-L successfully explains all of the relevant experimental data.
- LENR device physics are now sufficiently well-understood to begin the commercialization process. Better understanding of the relevant physics creates major opportunities to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources. Much larger LENR-based systems utilizing dusty plasma embodiments could also potentially be developed and scaled-up output-wise to reach many megawatts akin to today’s grid-connected central station power plants.
- Large manufacturing companies in Japan now have ongoing LENR R&D programs; list of players presently includes Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motor Company, among others.
Powering the World to a Green LENR Future- Lattice Energy LLC-April 11 2013Lewis Larsen
Powering the world to a green LENR future – a not unduly technical Lattice overview for everybody - truly green hard-radiation-free nuclear energy exists: no gammas, no energetic neutrons, nor any radioactive wastes. During their brief existence, peak power densities in LENR-active sites on condensed matter surfaces vastly exceed the power density that prevails in the innermost core of the Sun.
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Lattice Energy LLC-Addendum Part1 to UFOs in LHC-March 13 2012Lewis Larsen
This is Part 1 of a two document Addendum to an earlier Lattice Energy LLC document dated December 7, 2011, titled “Are Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs) producing troublesome Unidentified Falling Objects (UFOs - micron-scale ‘dust’ particles) observed in Large Hadron Collider (LHC)? Should somebody look?” http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llccould-lenrs-be-producing-ufos-in-large-hadron-colliderdec-7-2011
Lattice Energy LLC-Synopses of Selected WLT Technical Papers-Jan 30 2012Lewis Larsen
This document provides summaries of several technical papers published by A. Widom and L. Larsen of Lattice Energy LLC regarding their theory of low-energy nuclear reactions (LENRs). The papers explain the physics behind how LENRs may occur at metallic hydride surfaces and how this could explain experimental results without requiring new physics. Key aspects of the theory include the production of ultra-low momentum neutrons via weak interactions of electrons and protons/deuterons, and the ability of heavy electrons to absorb and downconvert gamma rays into lower energy photons. The summaries provide an overview of the theoretical work and how it relates to experimental observations of LENR phenomena.
Lattice Energy LLC-300 Nanoseconds in Life of an LENR-active Patch-Feb 29 2012Lewis Larsen
The following information may be helpful insofar as providing insight into the 100-year ‘checkered’ history of LENRs as well as a much more detailed working knowledge of how LENR-active ‘patches’ operate on condensed matter surfaces where Born-Oppenheimer breaks down and the otherwise distant chemical and nuclear energy realms can, under exactly the right conditions, occasionally come together.
Lattice Energy LLC-Minuscule Cumulative Investment in LENRs vs Nuclear Weapon...Lewis Larsen
Factoid: Fareed Zakaria, CNN – journalist and host of GPS show that aired on August 11, 2013, he stated that, “Between 1945 and the 1990s, we produced more than 70,000 total warheads and spent at least $8 trillion in present-day terms on nuclear weapons development.”
Key take-aways from this presentation: perhaps more major corporations/governments should increase R&D spending on LENRs:
- R&D investments by governments and corporations have disproportionately favored nuclear fission and fusion technologies, especially weapons-related work, for 71 years
- Virtually everyone agrees that development of lower-risk, ecologically ‘clean’, low cost sources of energy is crucial to future world economic growth and overall quality of life, especially for people now living in rural areas without any electricity
- Over the past 63 years, enormous financial investments have been made in D-T fusion technology, yet today there are still no operating commercial power plants
- During last 24 years, tens of billions of dollars, euros, rubles, yuan, yen, and rupees were spent on fusion R&D; by contrast, less than ~US$200 million has gone into LENRs during that time; vast majority of that money came from the private sector
- Maybe it’s time for both corporations and governments to start making greater parallel R&D investments in LENRs in addition to fusion and fission technologies
- By pursuing multiple synergistic paths toward the same common goal we could, collectively all “hedge our bets” on the development of new, non-polluting, inexpensive energy sources that can ultimately supplant fossil fuels
Lattice Energy LLC Issuance Announcement-US Patent No 7893414 - Feb 22 2011Lewis Larsen
This document announces that Lattice Energy LLC has been issued a patent (US 7,893,414) for a method to convert gamma radiation into less penetrating radiation through the use of heavy electrons. It also provides an abstract describing the method of using heavy electrons produced in surface plasmon polaritons to absorb gamma radiation and re-radiate it as lower energy photons. Finally, it notes that the method induces a breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
Lattice Energy LLC - Neutron production and nucleosynthesis in electric disch...Lewis Larsen
Neutrons can be created through electroweak reactions between protons and electrons in intense electric discharges. These discharges include lightning, arcs between electrodes, and nano-arcs in batteries. The document discusses how the Widom-Larsen theory explains this process via collective many-body effects that enable neutron production from protons and electrons without high temperatures or pressures. This pervasive neutron production has implications for understanding chemical evolution and isotope geochemistry in various environments.
Lattice Energy LLC-Could LENRs be producing UFOs in Large Hadron Collider-Dec...Lewis Larsen
The document speculates that low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of the unidentified falling objects (UFOs) observed as dust particles in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It suggests that under certain conditions, LENRs could produce micron-scale cratering on interior surfaces of the LHC that eject charged nanoparticles, some of which may become the observed UFOs. To investigate this possibility, the document proposes searching for evidence of LENR products using mass spectroscopy on UFO particles or crater structures near areas like the magnetic kicker injectors where UFOs often originate.
Lattice Energy LLC - Korean scientists use bacteria to reduce concentration o...Lewis Larsen
Korean scientists used experimental laboratory mixtures of bacteria to reduce concentration of radioactive Cesium-137 (as indicated by gamma emissions) present in aqueous growth solutions irradiated with light at 12-hour intervals, shaken, and incubated at 25o C.
During experiments, and compared to controls, measured gamma radiation for flasks containing bacteria decreased at vastly higher rates than would be expected for ‘normal’ rate of Cs-137 β-decay. Is radioactive Cesium actually being transmuted into heavier Cs isotopes and other elements by living bacteria?
This document discusses theories that propose the existence of "compact objects" that could form during low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) experiments and release energy without nuclear reactions. Several theorists have proposed compact objects that would have sizes and binding energies between atoms and nuclei. The document reviews theories by Mills, Maly and Vavra, Dufour, Heffner, Mayer and Reitz, and Meulenberg and Sinha that propose different types of compact objects could form. It suggests that if compact objects do form during LENR experiments, they could account for some or all of the excess heat measured without requiring nuclear reactions, and nuclear reactions might then occur due to the small sizes of the compact objects.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in...IJMER
The document discusses electricity generation from nuclear fusion reactions. It describes how fusion works by fusing together atomic nuclei at high temperatures and pressures to release energy. The most feasible reaction currently uses deuterium and tritium nuclei. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project aims to prove fusion can produce useful energy on a large scale using a tokamak reactor design. ITER plans to achieve self-sustaining fusion reactions producing over 500 megawatts of power from an input of only 50 megawatts. If successful, ITER could demonstrate fusion power generation is possible. Future fusion power plants may provide abundant, clean energy but significant technological challenges remain.
Lattice Energy LLC- Response to Sept 2012 Univ of Rome arXiv Preprint-Oct 30 ...Lewis Larsen
Ciuchi et al. (Sept. 2012) questioned the accuracy of our estimates of electroweak neutron production rates in condensed matter. In our response (Oct. 2012), we have shown how their assertion that our calculated reaction rates were too high was incorrect and that their rate calculations were erroneous because Ciuchi et al. had assumed, incorrectly, that the e + p reaction in a condensed matter metallic hydride cell is a simple two-body process; it is not.
This is the seminar report on the topic Nuclear fusion and its prospects as a future source of Energy. You can also look for the slides that I've published by the same title.
The document discusses nuclear fission and characteristics of the fission reaction. It describes how spontaneous and neutron-induced fission occurs in heavy nuclei. Fission reactions produce neutrons and fission products. The mass and energy distribution of fission products is discussed. Prompt and delayed neutron emission is described, along with factors that influence the neutron cycle in thermal reactors.
Nuclear fusion involves fusing atomic nuclei to produce energy. It occurs under extreme temperatures and pressures, as in the core of the Sun. Scientists are working to achieve controlled nuclear fusion on Earth using machines called tokamaks that generate plasma and magnetic fields to fuse hydrogen isotopes. Significant challenges remain in sustaining fusion reactions and developing materials that can withstand high temperatures. If successful, fusion power plants could provide abundant, carbon-free energy with little radioactive waste. Future advances in superconductors, computing, and training a new generation of scientists may help accelerate progress toward practical fusion energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Electroweak neutron production explains anomalous CNO el...Lewis Larsen
Many-body collective electroweak neutron production on dust grain surfaces and inside plasma-filled stellar magnetic flux tubes explains anomalous presence of CNO elements detected spectroscopically in atmospheres of some white dwarf stars. Closer to home, LENR CNO analogue could potentially be commercialized for green power generation here on Earth.
Nuclear chemistry deals with changes that occur in the nucleus of an atom. It involves the study of radioactivity, nuclear reactions and transformations, and nuclear properties. Some key topics covered include nuclear fusion, fission, radioactive decay, and chain reactions. The liquid drop model describes atomic nuclei as behaving like liquid drops, with nucleons held together by nuclear forces analogous to surface tension. Nuclear stability is influenced by factors such as these nuclear forces, mass defect, and binding energy. Mass defect represents the difference between a nucleus's calculated and observed mass, with the difference corresponding to the energy binding the nucleus. Binding energy refers to the energy released when nucleons come together or required to separate them.
Similar to Lattice Energy LL-Larsen Webradio Interview with Sandy Andrew-July 11 2012 (20)
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
This document provides a history of low-energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) research, beginning in the early 1900s. It discusses key events and experiments, including Einstein encouraging Sternglass to publish his 1951 findings of neutron production in a hydrogen-filled X-ray tube. It describes Pons and Fleischmann's 1989 announcement of excess heat production in electrochemical cells, which was met with skepticism. It outlines subsequent experimental work reporting nuclear transmutations and heat without radiation. The document proposes that these effects may be explained by ultralow energy neutron production via collective many-body processes, as first hypothesized by Einstein and Sternglass.
Lewis Larsen - DJIA approaches previous all-time record high close of 26828 -...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is approaching previous all-time record high close of 26,828 - what happens next? If U.S. economy speeds-up by 3Q 2019 and/or good China-US trade deal is completed, DJIA could hit new all-time highs and increase by 3,000 to 6,000 points during next 6 - 18 months.
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice energy LLC - Chinese chemists report photochemical triggering of LENR...Lewis Larsen
Experiments reported in 2017 by Prof. Gong-xuan Lu et al. at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, in Lanzhou, China showed photocatalytic triggering of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) at NTP with visible light. Experimental results reported in “Journal of Molecular Catalysis” (China) in 2017 claimed production of Deuterium and Helium as well as nuclear transmutation of Potassium to Calcium. Very significant discovery if experimental claims can be independently confirmed by other researchers using same methods. If Lu et al.’s claims are confirmed, their work has important implications. For chemical catalysis, it suggests that LENR transmutations can occur at very low rates in parallel with ordinary chemical reactions; LENRs can coexist and interoperate at NTP. Also implies total mass-balances for chemical elements comprising reactants and products might not necessarily be conserved. For astrophysics and cosmochemistry, it means that nucleosynthesis can occur on surfaces of Hydrogen- and metal-rich dust grains irradiated by starlight.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
The document discusses a Japan New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)-sponsored project on low-energy nuclear reactions (LENRs). The project achieved watt-level excess heat production from nanocomposite LENR device materials in over 70% of experiments. This demonstrates the potential for LENRs to be a safe, low-radiation source of nuclear energy without the issues of radioactive waste generation associated with fission. Further development of nanotechnology approaches could enable greater control of LENR processes and scale-up to useful power levels.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lewis Larsen - Dow-Jones Industrial Average reaches 26000 - what happens next...Lewis Larsen
The document discusses Lewis Larsen's qualitative macroeconomic model that he developed in the 1980s. The model predicted a secular decline in interest rates and rise in stock prices as long as inflation was kept below 3-5%. It also predicted a continuing shift from tangible to financial assets in household portfolios. Larsen's forecasts from the 1980s were discussed in articles by Barron's columnist Jonathan Laing in 1986, 1988, and 1999. The model's predictions seem to have come true as inflation has remained low and stock prices and productivity have increased in the decades since 1985.
Lattice Energy LLC - Polar vortex cold wave in USA has potential for lower te...Lewis Larsen
Today, the United States is gripped in jaws of a Polar Vortex extreme cold weather event in Midwest and Northeast. On December 27, 2017 the nighttime low temperature in Duluth, Minnesota hit bone-chilling 41 degrees below zero F. This severe cold snap is predicted to persist through January 5 – 7, 2018. How will wind & solar renewable energy sources and commercial natural gas pipelines perform during this latest Polar Vortex event in U.S.? It will be interesting to see what happens between today and mid-January 2018.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FER...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FERC re improving future grid resiliency are reasonable
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry has been heavily criticized for controversial DOE letter to FERC that proposed changes to compensation rules involving coal and nuclear power generation. Letter suggested that coal and nuclear operators should be compensated somehow for special value to grid resiliency provided by providing uninterruptible power during extreme weather events. Rick Perry-DOE further suggested that another requirement for receiving such compensation would be that eligible grid-connected dispatchable generation assets must be able to store enough fuel onsite to permit 90 days of uninterrupted electric power generation.
Ongoing climate change appears to be increasing the probability of extreme polar vortex cold snaps like what occurred in U.S. in winter of 2014; lowest temperatures during that episode only lasted for several days. Since then, there have been additional occurrences of weather extremes that drastically reduced renewable power output and lasted much longer than several days.
During 2015 there was a severe wind drought in Western United States lasting nearly six months. During December 2016 and January 2017 Germany and Western Europe experienced several protracted periods --- lasting up to one month --- during which there was little or no sun nor any wind. On January 24, power shortfall with renewables got so bad that Germany came within one dispatchable coal-fired power plant of experiencing a national power blackout. That was eerily similar to what nearly happened in Northeastern U.S. during worst of 2014 polar vortex and revealed limited resilience of Germany's Energiewende.
Given that extreme weather events can clearly cause substantial, protracted power shortfalls with renewables and natural gas plants, Rick Perry/DOE’s deep concerns about fuel security and suggestions to FERC are reasonable.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technology could help justify 2 trillion valuation ...Lewis Larsen
LENR technology could help justify Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s proposed US$ 2 trillion valuation for Saudi Aramco in planned 2018 company IPO.
Some outsiders and company insiders believe IPO valuation of US$ 400 billion up to maximum of 1.5 trillion are more realistic numbers. To the contrary, announcing major new R&D program in LENR technology by Aramco prior to IPO could boost valuation by increasing perceived future growth prospects and potentially enabling future production and sale of new types of revolutionary nanoparticulate CO2-free fuels derived from oil. These aromatic Carbon LENR fuels for transportation and power generation applications would have over 5,000x the energy density of gasoline.
Lattice Energy LLC - Unclassified 2010 US Defense Threat reduction Agency Pow...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) favorably evaluated Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in official contract report originally published back in March 2010. Unclassified document very recently became publicly available on the U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security’s digital library website. Quoting from DTRA report’s conclusions: “Could the W-L theory be the breakthrough needed to position LENR as a major source of carbon-free, environmentally clean source of source of low-cost nuclear energy??”
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Harnessing the Power of NLP and Knowledge Graphs for Opioid Research
Lattice Energy LL-Larsen Webradio Interview with Sandy Andrew-July 11 2012
1. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Larsen’s Webradio Interview with Sandy Andrew
Online: live 1-hour in-depth Q&A audio interview with graphics is available on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVRLcC21F14
“Widom Larsen Theory of LENRs . . . Energy Revolution?”
The Universal Learning Series with Sandy Andrew
N.B. - this is very definitely not a typical ‘thin gruel’ brain-dead media interview; Sandy invested considerable time studying
the technical aspects of this subject matter in preparation for the professional Q&A session that originally ‘aired’ live on
blogtalkradio.net on April 17, 2010. While two-way dialogue with Lewis Larsen is conducted in ‘plain English’ suitable for a
general non-specialist audience, basics of the Widom-Larsen theory in condensed matter, its implications and applications
are all discussed in non-trivial detail; even practicing scientists may find that much of the interview is conceptually useful.
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 1
2. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
Larsen’s Webradio Interview with Sandy Andrew
Online: live 1-hour in-depth Q&A audio interview with graphics is available on YouTube
Listeners: you may find it helpful to have the following
slides in front of you while experiencing Sandy’s lively
one-hour Q&A session. When you’re finished listening,
we hope that you will have at least a rough conceptual
grasp of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs and the
exciting possibility that LENR technology might
eventually help insure a low-cost, ‘green’, sustainable
energy future for every inhabitant of this planet.
Thanks for your interest in our work.
Lewis Larsen, President and CEO, Lattice Energy LLC
Wednesday, July 11, 2012
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 2
3. Alternative dense sources of energy
LENRs offer possibility of a new and ‘greener’ energy source
Combustion of fossil fuels (strictly chemical processes involving outer valence electrons of nuclei):
Comments: emits copious quantities of CO2, a greenhouse gas; comprises vast majority of mankind’s energy production today
Scale of energy release: eVs (chemical regime)
Alternate natural sources of fuel: primarily oil, coal, and biomass; basic reaction: CH 4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + energy
Controlled release of nuclear binding energy (fission and fusion; mainly involve strong interaction):
Comments: no CO2 emission; emit dangerous energetic radiation (γ, neutron); today <10% of global energy production
Scale of energy release: MeVs (nuclear regime) > 1,000,000x all chemical energy sources
Heavy-element fission (involves shattering heavy nuclei to release stored nuclear binding energy):
Comments: requires massive shielding and containment structures to handle radiation; major rad-waste clean-up
Alternate natural sources of fuel: today, almost entirely Uranium; Thorium-based fuel cycles now under development
Heavy element U-235 (fissile isotope fuel) + neutrons (complex array of lower-mass fission products; some are very long-lived
isotopes) + energetic gamma radiation + energetic neutron radiation + energy
Fusion of light nuclei: (involves ‘mashing’ light nuclei together to release stored nuclear binding energy):
Comments: present multi-billion $ development efforts (e.g., ITER, NIF, Tokamaks) focusing mainly on D+T fusion reaction;
requires massive shielding/containment structures to handle 14 MeV neutron radiation; minor rad-waste clean-up $ vs. fission
Natural sources of fuel: Deuterium and Tritium (two heavy isotopes of hydrogen)
Most likely commercial fusion reaction involves: D + T He-4 (helium) + neutron + energy (total 17.6 MeV; ~14.1 MeV in neutron)
Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs; key distinguishing feature is neutron production via weak
interaction; neutron capture + gamma conversion to IR + decays [α, β] release nuclear binding energy):
Comments: early-stage technology; no emission of energetic neutron or gamma radiation; no long lived rad-waste products; LENR
systems do not require massive and expensive radiation shielding and containment structures much lower $ cost
Natural sources of fuel: any element/isotope that can capture LE neutrons and release >0.78 MeV in nuclear binding energy
Involves complex, branching LENR nucleosynthetic transmutation networks that begin with neutron captures on ‘seed nuclei’ then
proceed from lower to higher values of atomic mass (A); very similar to what happens in stars, only at low temps/pressures
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 3
4. Key features of Widom-Larsen theory
Several processes create usable heat produced by LENRs
Conceptually, LENR neutrons act like catalytic ‘matches’ that are used to
‘light the logs’ of ‘fuel’ nuclei. A neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation
network operates to release nuclear binding energy that has been stored
and locked away in ‘nuclei fuel logs’ since they were originally produced in
nucleosynthetic processes of long-dead stars, many billions of years ago
LENR networks can produce usable process heat that arises mainly from:
Direct conversion of gamma photons (γ ) into infrared photons (IR) by
heavy electrons; e.g., γ from neutron captures or decays. IR is then
scattered and absorbed by local matter, increasing its temperature
Nuclear decays in which energetic charged particles are emitted (e.g.,
alphas, betas, protons, deuterons, tritons); particles then transfer their
kinetic energy by scattering on local matter, increasing its temperature
Neutrino photons from weak interactions do not contribute to production of
process heat; they essentially bleed-off a small portion of released nuclear
binding energy into space; unavoidable neutrino emissions are part of the
‘cost’ of obtaining energy releases in LENR networks from beta- decays
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 4
5.
6.
7.
8. W-L theory extends to aromatic carbon rings
Aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on metallic surfaces
Many-body collective oscillations and quantum entanglement of C. A. Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann (Technical
University of Berlin) and his collaborators have
protons (as well as deuterons and tritons) and electrons (e.g., published extensively on collective proton
SPPs on metallic surfaces), in conjunction with a breakdown of the dynamics since 1995. Please also see:
Born-Oppenheimer approximation, appear to be relatively “Attosecond quantum entanglement in neutron
common in nature, occurring in many different types of systems Compton scattering from water in the keV range”
(2007); can be found at
While these many-body collective processes chronicled by http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-
Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann et al. operate very rapidly and nanoscale mat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdf
coherence can only persist for time spans on the order of “Several neutron Compton scattering (NCS)
femtoseconds (10-15 sec) to attoseconds (10-18 sec), nuclear experiments on liquid and solid samples
processes such as weak interaction ULM neutron production and containing protons or deuterons show a striking
anomaly, i.e. a shortfall in the intensity of
neutron capture operate on even faster time-scales: 10-19 to 10-22 sec. energetic neutrons scattered by the protons; cf.
Therefore, LENRs as explained by the Widom-Larsen theory can [1, 2, 3, 4]. E.g., neutrons colliding with water for
easily take advantage of such many-body collective quantum effects just 100 − 500 attoseconds (1 as = 10−18 s) will
as an integral part of their amazing dynamical repertoire see a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of roughly 1.5
to 1, instead of 2 to 1 corresponding to the
chemical formula H2O. … Recently this new
It is well-known that metallic surface nanostructures and SP effect has been independently confirmed by
electrons can have configurations that are able to effectively electron-proton Compton scattering (ECS) from
absorb E-M energy over a wide area, transfer and concentrate it, a solid polymer [3, 4, 5]. The similarity of ECS
and NCS results is striking because the two
and in conjunction with contiguous surface ‘patches’ of projectiles interact with protons via
collectively oscillating protons, create extremely high local electric fundamentally different forces, i.e. the
fields. According to W-L theory, ULM neutron production may then electromagnetic and strong forces.”
follow. If Mizuno is proven correct and aromatic organic molecules Also, J. D. Jost et al., “Entangled mechanical
oscillators” Nature 459 pp. 683 – 685 (4 June
can support LENRs, it further bridges a long-assumed energetic 2009), in which “... mechanical vibration of two
gulf between chemical and nuclear processes, reuniting chemistry ion pairs separated by a few hundred
with modern ‘alchemy’ after 300 years of rancor and estrangement micrometres is entangled in a quantum way.”
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 8
9. Oil and coal fractions as LENR fuels?
At least 106 times more clean energy released from same mass of fuel
Bitumen (i.e., oil sands), heavy oils, and coal intrinsically contain larger aromatic ring fractions
than light ‘sweet’ crude oils presently produced around much of the Persian Gulf. Such fractions
could potentially be extracted from crude oil and coal and undergo further processing to be
suitable for use as vastly more energy-dense, ‘greener’ LENR fuels.
If Mizuno’s transmutation results for Phenanthrene are independently confirmed by
third parties, a potentially major future commercial payoff would be to develop the
capability to ‘burn’ PAHs and other types of aromatics as LENR fuels in relatively
unremarkable metallic reactors or boilers that utilize selected segments of the 6C12 seed
transmutation network discussed herein to produce usable process heat.
At that point in the development of the technology, various commercial versions of
‘green’ LENR power generation systems would begin to more closely resemble present
day chemically fueled power technologies without having any of their present problems,
such as huge CO2 emissions. LENR-fired boilers are an obvious possibility.
On an energy-equivalent BTU basis, PAHs and related aromatics might easily be worth
a million times more $ as LENR fuels, as opposed to their being used to produce
chemical feedstocks or to undergo ‘cracking’ of the aromatic rings to create
hydrocarbon chains suitable for fuels, or in the case of coal, simply burning pulverized
coal with Oxygen to create process heat, H2O, as well as various gases and particulates.
If such technological capabilities were eventually realized, the global energy industry’s new, even
more profitable bridge to the future could involve extracting and processing liquid hydrocarbons
and coal for use in present-era fossil fuels, in chemical feedstocks, and in ‘green’ LENR fuels.
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 9
10. New energy Saudi Arabias of the future?
Bitumen-rich countries could profit from ‘green’ LENR fuels
Some experts believe that the two largest-known sources of bitumen (found
in Alberta, Canada, and in Venezuela) each contain more petroleum than the
entire proven conventional oil reserves of the Persian Gulf
Today, synthetic crude oil produced from bitumen accounts for ~28% of
Canada's total oil production. However, compared to conventional oil
(obtained from traditional, easily accessible sources such as Saudi Arabia,
Iraq, and Iran), synthetic crude produced from bitumen is now significantly
more expensive and complicated to produce using today’s best available
extraction and processing technologies
Natural bitumen
Whether surface-mined or extracted through well-holes, in Canada natural
Special note: PAHs are naturally
gas is presently burned to make steam which is used to heat bitumen- found in significantly higher
containing sands so liquid oil can flow out of pores between rock particles. concentrations in bitumen or “oil
Surface mining of oil sands and related environmental disturbances may be sands” of which the largest
known deposits are located in
unnecessary if LENRs can be commercialized. To eliminate burning of Canada and Venezuela. Unlike
natural gas for heat, high performance, cost-effective LENR-based 'green' conventional crude oil, bitumen
nuclear heaters with duty cycles of 5,000 - 10,000 hours between scheduled does not flow freely: it is heavier
than water and more viscous
refueling/maintenance breaks could potentially be developed and mass than molasses. Today, it has to
produced. In situ LENR heat sources would be small enough to be lowered be heated with steam to liquefy it
down existing well-holes to reach desired locations in oil-bearing before it can be pumped out of
the ground. Bitumen also
formations where long-lived, controllable production of intense heat is contains up to 5% sulfur by
required for recovery. LENRs could thus reduce extraction and production weight, and small amounts of
costs, as well as vastly reduce the total ‘carbon footprint’ versus today oxygen, various heavy metals
and other contaminants.
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 10
11. New energy Saudi Arabias of the future?
Coal-rich countries could benefit greatly from ‘green’ LENR fuels
As of 2006, the United States, Russian Federation, China, and India
together accounted for ~67% of total estimated global coal reserves.
If LENR technology were successfully commercialized and LENR-based grid-
connected central station (Megawatt output) as well as off-grid distributed (up to
several hundred kilowatts) electrical power generation systems were cost-
effective to purchase and broadly deployed, the following benefits (among
many other things) could accrue to these countries and the world writ large:
China and India together account for ~40% of the world’s present population;
today, roughly 400 million people living just in rural India have no local sources
of electricity whatsoever except for non-rechargeable batteries. Ubiquitous Anthracite coal
access to low-cost ‘green’ energy in just these two great countries would make
an immeasurable contribution to human health and well-being, reduce global
CO2 emissions, and enable vast amounts of fully sustainable, long-term
economic growth in India and China, as well as in the rest of the world.
United States, Russia, China, and India could all finally achieve the long-elusive,
nebulous political and economic goal of “energy independence” along with
vastly decreased usage and little reliance on combustion of fossil fuels, no less.
Enormous reduction in global geopolitical competition for access to dense
sources of energy, e.g., crude oil. Wars might well be fought in this possible
future, but unlike today, the casus belli probably would not involve energy.
If an age of LENRs transpired, universal access to low-cost energy
would be democratized --- everybody wins, including Mother Earth. Present pulverized coal boiler
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 11
12. New world of transmutations and chemistry
LENRs are clean, ‘green,’ ubiquitous, and hidden in plain sight
LENR transmutations are not a fevered alchemical delusion. As we have
shown herein, they may be widespread in Nature, allowing nucleosynthetic
processes to take place in many different types of ‘milder’ environments
besides the hot cores of stars, nuclear weapons, and fission reactors
Unlike fission and fusion reactions, naturally occurring LENR processes are
intrinsically benign because they make extensive use and are enabled by
many-body collective effects, quantum phenomena, and the weak interaction.
As a result, they typically do not emit dangerous ‘hard’ photon or neutron
radiation, nor do they produce large amounts of long-lived radioactive
isotopes. Thus they are clean, ‘green,’ ubiquitous, and hidden in plain sight Ouroboros by Theodoros Pelecanos, in
alchemical tract titled ,”Synosius” (1478).
If LENRs can be successfully commercialized at some point in the future, they
have the potential to help solve many of the world’s long term energy
problems. If aromatics can someday be used as LENR fuel, it would allow
humanity to release more than a million times more energy from carbon
molecules without injecting any Carbon dioxide into the earth’s environment
Lastly, if a medieval alchemist were magically transported from the past into
Mizuno’s lab in Japan, after a discussion he would readily recognize metal
reaction vessels as “athanors.” That begs a question: were alchemists wrong
about everything? Were 17 centuries of effort, including research by Newton
and Bacon, all for naught? Or once every great while, did some alchemist, Modern interpretation of the Ouroboros;
did August Kekule dream about it when
somewhere in the world, see something real? We may never really know ... he hypothesized that benzene was a
cyclic compound?
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 12
13. Is commercialization of LENRs certain?
No, and it won’t necessarily be easy ... but
We will never know whether it is possible if we don’t even try
Quoting from a speech given by U.S. President John F.
Kennedy at Rice University back in 1962:
“We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other
things, not because they are easy - but because they are hard.
Because that challenge is one we are willing to accept, one we
are unwilling to postpone and one we intend to win.”
Science of LENR networks is real: mankind can potentially do this -
What’s left to achieve requires capital, engineering, and hard work by many
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 13
14. Popular articles for a general audience
Published by Institute of Science in Society, London, UK
“Low energy nuclear reactions for green energy - how weak interactions can provide sustainable
nuclear energy and revolutionize the energy industry"
L. Larsen (November 13, 2008)
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/LENRGE.php
"Widom-Larsen theory explains low energy nuclear reactions & why they are safe and green - all
down to collective effects and weak interactions"
L. Larsen (December 4, 2008)
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/Widom-Larsen.php
"Portable and distributed power generation from LENRs - power output of LENR-based systems
could be scaled up to address many different commercial applications"
L. Larsen (December 10, 2008)
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/PortableDistributedPowerFromLENRs.php
"LENRs for nuclear waste disposal - how weak interactions can transform radioactive isotopes into
more benign elements"
L. Larsen (December 11, 2008)
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/LENR_Nuclear_Waste_Disposal.php
"Safe, less costly nuclear reactor decommissioning and more - how weak interaction LENRs can take
us out of the nuclear safety and economic black hole"
L. Larsen (January 26, 2009)
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/safeNuclearDecommissioning.php
"LENRs replacing coal for distributed democratized power - low energy nuclear reactions have the
potential to provide distributed power generation with zero carbon emission and cheaper than coal“
L. Larsen (January 27, 2009)
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/LENRsReplacingCoal.php
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 14
15. Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy
“Led by a new paradigm, scientists adopt new instruments and look in new places … during
revolutions scientists see new and different things when looking with familiar instruments in places
they have looked before. It is rather as if [they] had been suddenly transported to another planet
where familiar objects are seen in a different light and are joined by unfamiliar ones as well.”
Thomas Kuhn, “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ,” 1962
July 11, 2012 Copyright 2012 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 15