This project proposes a conceptual model for revolutionizing India's power system infrastructure. It suggests increasing renewable energy generation from solar, wind, and hydro sources. It also recommends implementing smart grid technologies and using HVDC transmission to interconnect renewable resources and reduce losses. The project aims to address issues like unreliable renewable availability and the high costs of upgrading the grid to support increasing electricity demand in a sustainable manner. A group of 10 electrical engineering students developed this conceptual model as their final year project.

1. EE final year project
-by project group 6
BBIT, diploma, 3rd year
POWER
SYSTEM
REVOLUTION

2. This project is just a conceptual model of the future of our power
system infrastructure, i.e. the infrastructure layout, parameters,
devices and circuit equipments, shown in this model may be
different form the reality. Nothing but the concept, shown in this
model, should be compared with the real power system
infrastructure. The theme of this project covers a huge part of
electrical of electrical engineering. However, within the limited
time and budget, we have managed to do enough studies and
team work to try and make it possible to present this model in due
time.
Declaration
Members of the group:
This project is made by a group of ten students of Electrical
Engineering (diploma) from Budge Budge Institute if Technology,
Budge Budge
• Dhrubojyoti Aich
• Arpan Ghosh
• Rahul Dalui
• Subrata Pal
• Rupak Das
• Arijit Basu
• Suman Pal
• Kaushik Das
• Souvik Gorai
• Sanjoy Bhandary

3. • Revolution in generation
• Revolution in transmission
• Smart operation control centre
• Unreliable availability of renewable sources
• High capital cost of HVDC
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Contents
• Current power system infrastructure
• Problems in our current power system
• Introduction to power system
• Theme of the project
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4. Introduction
Starting from the conductors, wound up around the armatures of
generators, ending at the sockets of our house, the alternating
current has to face problems like corona effect, ferranti effect, power
factor drop, skin effect etc. Upto 16% of power generated is lost in
the grid like water from a leaking pipe. To counter this problem,
many countries like China and USA are adapting HVDC system for
transmission. It dramatically improves power factor flow, reliability
and stability and reduces losses effectively. HVDC is the technology
behind the trend towards super grids that interconnect countries,
regions and even continents.
It is a matter of concern that the present power system will not be the
same in near future. In modern world, we use twenty thousand
million, million watt-hours of electricity per year. It is expected to
nearly double in the next twenty year. But unfortunately the natural
sources (fuel) for this power are limited. Soon all the non-renewable
sources on the earth will be used. We have to move on to the
renewable sources as soon as possible.
But, are we prepared for the upcoming change in the Indian
traditional power system?
Project report
Page 1
Human beings have known about electrical phenomena for thousands of years.
Yet when we speak about electricity today, the meaning is much more complex.
When we press a switch on the switch board, we access electricity. But this electric
power has to pass many different stages to serve us. It is first generated at the
power plants, then it is transmitted through long distance cables and finally it is
distributed to the consumers. This whole system is called “power system” & the
total network of electricity, starting from the power plants to the consumers’
houses, offices and large industries, is called “the grid”.

5. Our present
power system
Page 2
As we all know, India’s current power system is divided into three stages that
are power generation, transmission and distribution. Electric power is
generated in the power plants, then it is transmitted by the transmission lines
and finally distributed to the consumers.
Project report
Electric power is usually generated using
the principles developed by Michele
Faraday. Copper wire wrapped around a
shaft or armature is spun in a magnetic
field. The motion of the magnetic field
relative to the copper wire causes the
electrons to flow in the wire, creating
electricity. The generating station, where
electric power is generated, is also called
power station or power plant or
powerhouse. The generated electric power
(usually 11-25 KV, AC) is then carried by the
transmission lines.

6. Page 3
India became the world's third largest producer of electricity in the year 2013 surpassing Japan and Russia.
Power plants, where the electricity is generated, are generally situated at a significant distance from the human
habitats to avoid problems caused by pollutions and also for safety purposes. The voltage of the generated
energy can be from 15 to 25 KV or greater depending on the plant capacity. The generated electricity is carried
to the nearest substation by primary feeders which are generally under grounded.
After reaching the substation, the electricity is
stepped up to a higher voltage, generally 132,
220 or 400 KV to achieve greater efficiency.
Increase in the voltage causes decrease in the
current resulting in lower loss in the
transmission lines.
The present transmission system is 3 phase,
high voltage AC transmission. The line
frequency is 50 Hz all over the grid. After
transmission, the electricity reaches another
substation where the voltage is stepped down
using step down transformer.
The voltage is first stepped down to 11KV by the sub-station transformers and distributed to the high voltage
consumers like Indian railways. The other part of the electricity is further stepped down to a lower voltage, that
is 440 or 220 Volt and distributed to secondary consumers. And thus we get electricity in the socket of our
house whenever we switch it on.
Project report

7. Page 5
The total network of electricity, starting from the power plants to the consumers’ houses, offices and large
industries, is called “the grid”. All the 5 major regional grids in India are inter connected to produce uninterrupted,
stable and reliable supply to the consumers. If one of the grids face a sudden failure, the other active grids
continues to supply the necessary electric power to the affected region. This is how a national grid system works.
Beyond national grid network, India is connected with the neighbouring countries Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh.
India also has proposed links with Pakistan, and Sri Lanka through an international grid network to meet the ever
growing energy demand in these countries.
Project report
This was a quick overview of our power system. Sadly, this infrastructure of power
system is going to be outdated soon as we have to face many problems due to the
ever growing energy demand, transmission and distribution losses, stability and
customer dissatisfaction issues.

8. Page 6
Project report
Energy
( MU)
Peak (MW)
Requirements 933741 136193
Availability 837374 118676
Surplus -96367 -17517
Surplus % -10.3% -12.9%
Power supply shortage
is a significant problem
in Indian power system.
The gap between
demand and supply has
always been huge for
India.
About 67% of the total
energy in India comes
from the non-renewable
sources. But the
problem is, at the
current rate of use, all
the natural sources or
fuels will soon be
finished. We have to
move on to the
renewable sources for
power generation as
soon as possible.
NATURAL
SOURCES
RENEWABLE
SOURCES
AC transmission line current has to face losses due to corona effect, ferrenti effect, power factor drop, skin effect
etc. Up to 16% of power generated is lost in the grid like water from a leaking pipe.

9. Page 7
Revolution in our
power system
Our power system infrastructure hasn’t changed much in the past. But as
technology becomes more advanced and the demand for electricity is getting
higher day by day, we need to upgrade our power system. In our project, we
will try to have an idea about those upcoming changes through a model. We
will also try to guess the challenges to overcome, and of course, how to
overcome them.
For example, India has gifted us so many
rivers. They are perfect for hydro electric plants.
Also the sun rays fall on India almost
perpendicularly. It is perfect for solar energy
conversion. The large coastal areas are suitable for
wind farms. And also the huge amount of crops
and castles are perfect to produce enough waste
products that can be converted into biomass and
sources like solar, hydro & wind energy bio gas.
.
About 70% of total energy in India is generated in
thermal power plants by burning fossil fuels. But
unfortunately India cannot stay dependent on coal
and natural gas for forever. Good news is that
India has a large scope of utilising the renewable
sources like hydro electric, solar and wind power.
The sooner India adapts to the new energy format,
the better for both us and our eco system. India
has a large scope of utilising the core renewable
Project report

10. Page 8
Currently, high voltage AC transmission is the
most dominating way for power transmission in
India.
But in certain cases, it makes sense to use HVDC.
It’s not like HVDC should replace the HVAC, but
we can use their combination, as they both have
their own advantages and limitations. The concept
of delivering renewable energy with HVDC
transmission lines will bring more advantages to
the power system as we can easily store the dc
energy for future use.
In HVDC system, the power is converted from AC
to DC before transmission. And inverted back to
AC after transmission. This whole system brings us
many advantages for bulk power transmission. As
direct current has no reactive component, the
transmission line losses due to inductance and
capacitance are zero. By using HVDC technology,
we can also get rid of other problems like skin
effect, proximity effect, Ferranti effect etc.
Moreover, only 2 conductors are required instead
of 3 to transmit DC power.
Practically HVDC will allow us to use longer submarine cables to feed current from offshore wind
turbines.
In HVDC system, the power is converted from AC to DC before transmission. And inverted back to AC
after transmission. This whole system brings us many advantages for bulk power transmission. As direct
current has no reactive component, the transmission line losses due to inductance and capacitance are
zero. By using HVDC technology, we can also get rid of other problems like skin effect, proximity effect,
Ferranti effect etc. Moreover, only 2 conductors are required instead of 3 to transmit DC power.
Practically HVDC will allow us to use longer submarine cables to feed current from offshore wind
turbines to the substation; and also to use longer underground cables.
And the best advantage of HVDC is that it can help us to interconnect with other nations as it has no
frequency variation. The ability of international inter-connection will take the stability of our power
system to a whole new level.
Project report

11. Page 9
In future, it will be easy for the utility companies to get advance warnings of a fault or power failure along with
the location and cause of the fault. So they can get prepared and remotely repair the fault,
so that the customers can enjoy uninterrupted, high quality power supply.
This will be called smart grid technology. Through this technology, the utility companies can access the
necessary information in real time. Information like energy that is being generated, energy stored in the
storages and also the information about energy usage of individual consumers will be directly sent to the
utility companies while it is happening.
Not only the utility companies, also the consumers can access information about their energy usage, the cost
of energy at that particular time, advance warnings about a power failure, also the cause and location of the
faults through internet.
In future, it will be easy for the utility companies to get advance warnings of a fault or power failure along with
the location and cause of the fault. So they can get prepared and remotely repair the fault,
so that the customers can enjoy uninterrupted, high quality power supply.
This will be called smart grid technology. Through this technology, the utility companies can access the
necessary information in real time. Information like energy that is being generated, energy stored in the
storages and also the information about energy usage of individual consumers will be directly sent to the
utility companies while it is happening.
Not only the utility companies, also the consumers can access information about their energy usage, the cost
of energy at that particular time, advance warnings about a power failure, also the cause and location of the
faults through internet. Now by analysing the data received from the consumers, energy plants, and power
storages, they can manage the supply to meet the demand with great effectiveness.
Project report

12. Page 10
Project report
Challenges to
overcome
To make this project a reality we will have to face many challenges to overcome. We
will try to guess some of the most important challenges and also try find a way to
solve them.
A major problem with renewable energy sources is its fluctuating nature of availability. For example, the sun isn’t
available 24 hours a day, also everyday may not be a sunny day. Same goes for wind and hydro energy also.
To encounter this problem, we have to give a
considerable importance to energy storage
systems. We have to store the energy that we
generate. There is a large number of variants of
energy storage systems. According to their
constructional & operational features, they are
situated in different sections of a power grid. But
for our future grid model, we prefer batteries as
the core energy storage to meet various
advantages. The more energy storages we add to
our grid, the more reliable our power system will
be.

13. Page 11
Project report
The main disadvantage of HVDC is the high capital cost of converting stations and other substation equipment.
However, for longer distances, the total cost of HVDC is much lower than HVAC. So, in future, more people in
rural areas can get electricity as it can carry greater amount of energy to a long distance with much cheaper
electricity cost.
No doubt, HVDC will bring a new generation in our power system.

14. Conclusion
Thank you for your interest about this project.
This project is made possible to present by the
dedication and hard work of our group members,
and also the help & support of our instructors.
Special thanks to our lecturers for your valuable
advices & support.
This report of our project “Power System Revolution” explains our concept about the future
od our power system. Though the model made by our project group fails to demonstrate
our concept completely, it can explain the need for smart operation control centre that can
connect, disconnect various power plants very easily. Also we have tried to demonstrate
how we can use HVDC to transmit the power underground.
We believe that as future electrical engineers, we should have a clear idea about these
upcoming changes in our power system. And this is why we are pleased to try and present
this model to you.
Project report
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