This report summarizes Eslam El-Badrawy Ahmed's visit to the Teknecik power plant in Cyprus. It describes the main components of the power plant including the boiler, turbine, heat exchangers, super heater, condenser, electrical generator, cooling system, transformers, fuel supply system, and lubricating system. The report provides details on the operation and purpose of each component in 2-3 sentences. It concludes that the visit provided valuable practical experience for mechanical engineering students.

1. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Power Plant Training
Report
Prepared By:
Eslam El-Badrawy Ahmed 20147407
Submitted To:
Dr. / Metin Belin
March 2016

2. CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1
2. MECHANISM OF WORK ........................................................................... 3
3. POWER PLAN ................................................................................................ 2
4. POWER PLANT COMPONENT ............................................................... 4
4.1. BOILER ........................................................................................... 4
4.2. TURBINO ....................................................................................... 5
4.3. HEAT EXCHANG ......................................................................... 6
4.4. SUPER HEATER .......................................................................... 8
4.5. CONDENSER ................................................................................ 9
4.6. ELECTRICAL GENERATOR .................................................. 11
4.7. COOLING SYSTEM .................................................................... 12
5. TRANSFORMERS ......................................................................................... 13
6. FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM ............................................................................. 16
7. LUBICATING SYSTEM .............................................................................. 17
8. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 15

3. 1
1. Introduction:
A power plan or a power generating station, is basically an industrial location
that is utilized for the generation and distribution of electric power in mass
scale, usually in the order of several 1000 Watts. These are generally located at
the sub-urban regions or several kilometers away from the cities or the load
centers, because of its requisites like huge land and water demand, along with
several operating constraints like the waste disposal etc. For this reason, a
power generating station has to not only take care of efficient generation but
also the fact that the power is transmitted efficiently over the entire distance.
And that’s why, the transformer switch yard to regulate transmission voltage
also becomes an integral part of the power plant.
Teknecik elektrik santrali is power plant east of girne city in Cyprus and I
visited it and formed this report.

4. 2
2. Power Plant:
Steam is an important medium of producing mechanical energy. Steam has the
advantages that it can be raised from water which is available in abundance it
does not react much with the materials of the equipment of the power plant and
is suitable at the temperature required in the plant. Steam is used to drive steam
engines, steam turbine etc. Thermal electrical power generation is one of the
major methods. For a thermal power plant the range of pressure may vary from
10 kg/cm2 critical pressure and the range of temperature may be from 2500C
to6500C.
Main parts of a power plant:
1. Boiler
2. Steam turbines
3. Super heater
4. Heaters (LPH and HPH)
5. Condenser
6. Air Compressor
7. Pumps
8. Economizer
9. Generator

5. 3
3. Mechanism of work:
Steam-electric plants produce energy by using some form of heat energy to turn
water into steam. The highly pressurized steam then travels through pipes to
fan-like blades in a turbine. The turbine begins to turn, causing giant wire coils
inside the generator to turn. This creates an electromagnetic field, which forces
electrons to move and starts the flow of electricity.
In a steam-electric fossil-fired plant, some type of fossil fuel is burned to create
the heat that is needed to produce steam. Fossil fuels include coal, oil (also
called
petroleum) and natural gas. The fossil fuels were formed millions of years ago
from plants and animals that died and decomposed beneath tons of soil and
rock.
A gas-fired turbine does not use steam. It works similar to a jet airplane engine.
Natural gas is ignited and burned. The heat creates pressure that turns the
turbine.

6. 4
4. Power plant components:
4.1. Boiler
Is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion heat to be
transferred into water until it becomes heated water or steam. The hot water or
steam under pressure is then usable for transferring the heat to a process.
Water is a useful and cheap medium for transferring heat to a process. When
water is boiled into steam its volume increases about 1,600 times, producing a
force that is almost as explosive as gunpowder. This causes the boiler to be
extremely dangerous equipment that must be treated with utmost care .The
process of heating a liquid until it reaches its gaseous state is called
evaporation. Heat is transferred from one body to another by means of:
(1) Radiation, which is the transfer of heat from a hot body to a cold body
without a conveying medium,(2) Convection, the transfer of heat by a
conveying medium, such as air or water and(3) Conduction, transfer of heat
by actual physical contact, molecule to molecule

7. 5
4.2. Turbine:
Rotary engine that converts the energy of a moving stream of water,steam, or
gas into mechanical energy. The basic element in a turbine is a wheel or rotor
with paddles, propellers, blades, or buckets arranged on its circumference in
such a fashion that the moving fluid exerts a tangential force that turns the
wheel and imparts energy to it. This mechanical energy is then transferred
through a drive shaft to operate a machine, compressor, electric generator, or
propeller. Turbines are classified as hydraulic, or water, turbines,steam
turbines, or gas turbines. Today turbine-powered generators produce most of
the world's electrical energy. Windmills that generate electricity are known as
wind turbines.

8. 6
4.3. Heat exchangers:
Are equipment that transfers heat from one medium to another. The proper
design, operation and maintenance of heat exchangers will make the process
energy efficient and minimize energy losses. Heat exchanger performance can
deteriorate with time, off design operations and other interferences such as
fouling, scaling etc. It is necessary to assess periodically the heat exchanger
performance in order to maintain them at a high efficiency level.

9. 7
For efficiency, heat exchangers are designed to maximize the surface area of
the wall between the two fluids, while minimizing resistance to fluid flow
through the exchanger. The exchanger's performance can also be affected by
the addition of fins or corrugations in one or both directions, which increase
surface area and may channel fluid flow or induce turbulence .The driving
temperature across the heat transfer surface varies with position, but an
appropriate mean temperature can be defined. In most simple systems this is
the log mean temperature difference (LMTD).

10. 8
4.4. Super heater:
Is a device in a steam engine that heats the steam generated by the boiler
again, increasing its thermal energy and decreasing the likelihood that it will
condense inside the engine. Super heaters increase the efficiency of the steam
engine, and were widely adopted. Steam which has been superheated is
logically known as superheated steam saturated steam or wet steam
.Super heaters were applied to steam locomotives in quantity from the
early20th century, to most steam vehicles, and to stationary steam engines
including power stations.

11. 9
4.5. Condenser:
The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling
water is circulated through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the low
pressure turbine enters the shell where it is cooled and converted to
condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes as shown in the adjacent
diagram. Such condensers use steam ejectors or rotary motor-driven
exhausters for continuous removal of air and gases from the steam side to
maintain vacuum. For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must
be kept as low as practical in order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in
the condensing steam. Since the condenser temperature can almost always be
kept significantly below 100 o C where the vapor pressure of water is much
less than atmospheric pressure, the condenser generally works under vacuum.

12. 10
In the system, we use sea water for cooling. Temperature of sea water is
340C at output of condenser. Temperature of sea water was about 260C at
beginning.
After turbine, steam comes to condenser. In here, steam is change into water
in condenser by help with pipes.
Condenser is made by ABB. Cooling surface is 4125m2. Quantity of steam
flow is 165t/h. there are 6120 titanium pipes in condenser. Pressure of steam
at input is 0,0816kg/cm2. Maximum pressure is 1.2kg/cm2. Input steam
pressure of cooling water is 28,50C and output steam pressure of cooling
water is 38,250C. Total weight of condenser is 67,8ton.

13. 11
4.6. Electrical generator:
In electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy, generally using electromagnetic
induction. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy
is done by a motor, and motors and generators have many similarities .A
generator forces electric charges to move through an external electrical
circuit, but it does not create electricity or charge, which is already present in
the wire of its windings. It is somewhat analogous to a water pump, which
creates a flow of water but does not create the water inside. The source of
mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water
falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a
wind turbine, a hand crank, the sun or solar energy, compressed air or any
other source of mechanical energy.

14. 12
4.7. Cooling System:
The heat released by the burning of fuel in the engine cylinder is partially
converted into work. The remainder part of the heat passes through the
cylinder wall, piston, rings etc. and may cause damage to system. In order to
keep the temperature of the engine parts within the safe operating limits,
cooling is provided. The cooling system consists of a water source, pump and
cooling towers. The pump circulates water through cylinder and head jacket.
The water takes away heat form the engine and it becomes hot. The hot water
is cooled by cooling towers and re circulated for cooling.

15. 13
5. TRANSFORMERS:
Power Plants are usually constructed far away from center of consumption.
Because, raw materials are not far away from the settlement. Electrical energy,
which is produced on generation station, is needed to transfer into settlement
in order to use it. High voltage is needed for transferring electrical energy
from generation stations to settlement in an efficient way. But, we have to
increase the electrical energy, which is produced, for transferring. Because,
produced energy on generation station is on the medium voltage `s level. In
order to increase electrical energy and to transfer it to settlement in an
efficiency way, power transformers are used.
There are 10 power transformers in Teknecik elektrik Santrali Power Plant.
2 of them are used for main transformers. These transformers are step-up
transformers which increase the voltage to send outputs of generation station.
They increase the voltage from 11KV to 68KV. They are made by ESAS.
They use in 3-phase system and working frequency is 50Hz. Output power of
main transformers is 71 MVA. Air cooling, natural and oil cooling use for
cooling system of main transformers. Fans are used for air cooling. Cooling
system’s names is shown ONAN/ONAF on its label.
2 of them are used to cover consumption of inner system of Teknecik Power
Plant. It is called helper transformer in the system. These transformers are
generally used for feeding motors which are used for feed water pumps, FD-
funs pumps…etc.

16. 14
These transformers are step-down transformers which decrease the voltage
to feeding inner system of station. They decrease the voltage from 11KV to
6,3KV. They are made by ESAS. They are 3-phase power transformers.
Their working frequency is 50 Hz. Output power of these transformers is 7
MVA. Air cooling, natural and oil cooling use for cooling system of these
transformers. Cooling system’s names is shown ONAN on its label.

17. 15

18. 16
6. Fuel Supply System:
It consists of storage tank, strainers, fuel transfer pump and all day fuel tank.
The fuel oil is supplied at the plant site by rail or road. The oil is stored in the
storage tank. From the storage tank, oil is pumped to smaller all day tank at
daily or short in travels. From this tank, fuel oil is passed through strainers to
remove suspended impurities. The clean oil is injected into the engine by fuel
injection pump.

19. 17
7. Lubricating System:
The system minimizes the wear of rubbing surfaces of the engine. It comprises
of lubricating oil tank, pump, filter and oil cooler. The lubrication oil is drawn
from the lubricating oil tank by the pump and is passed through filter to
remove impurities .The clean lubrication oil is delivered to the points which
require lubrication. The oil coolers incorporated in the system keep the
temperature of the oil low.

20. 18
8. Conclusion:
As undergraduate student in mechanical engineering department, I see it’s a
good experience and very helpful to me and to all students as well.
The main goal of this training is to provide an opportunity for students in
department of ME to observe and practice real work. And gain good
experience in this field and learn the works and their stages and components.