Electricity generation from thermal power plants, hydel power plants, nuclear power plants. Power generation capacity and year-wise trends.

1. Power Generation In India
Industry Information Insights 2014
EnergySector.in

2. Table of Contents
Introduction
Thermal Power Plants
HydelPower Plants
Nuclear Power Plants
Generation Capacity in India
Year-wise Trends in Generation Capacity
Power Generation

3. Introduction
LevelofvoltagecouldbechangedvirtuallytoanyotherdesiredlevelwithtransformerswhichwashithertoimpossiblewithD.Csystem.
A.CGenerators
A.C power can be generated as a single phase or as a balanced poly-phase system. However, it was found that 3-phase power generation at 50 Hz will be economical and most suitable.
Presentdaythreephasegenerators,usedtogenerate3-phasepowerarecalledalternators(synchronousgenerators).Analternatorhasabalancedthreephasewindingonthestatorandcalledthearmature.Thethreecoilsaresoplacedinspacethatthereaxesaremutually120°apart.
Fromtheterminalsofthearmature,3-phasepowerisobtained.RotorhousesafieldcoilandexcitedbyD.C.Thefieldcoilproducesfluxandelectromagneticpolesontherotorsurface.
Oneofthemanywaystomeasuretheadvancementofacountryistheindexpercapitaconsumptionofelectricity- moreitismoreadvancedthecountryis.
History of Power Generation
Historically, electrical power was available from batteries with limited voltage and current levels.
D.Cgeneratorsweredevelopedfirsttogeneratepowerinbulk.However,duetolimitationoftheD.Cmachinetogeneratevoltagebeyondfewhundredvolts,itwasnoteconomicaltotransmitlargeamountofpoweroveralongdistance.
Inlaterhalfofeightiesinnineteenthcentury,itwasproposedtohaveapowersystemwith3-phase,50HzA.Cgeneration, transmissionanddistributionnetworks.OnceA.Csystemwasadopted,transmissionoflargepower(MW)athighertransmissionvoltagebecomearealitybyusingtransformers.

4. InterconnectedPowerSystems
Apowerstationhasmorethanonegeneratorandthesegeneratorsareconnectedinparallel.Alsothereexistalargenumberofpowerstationsspreadoveraregionoracountry.Aregionalpowergridiscreatedbyinterconnectingthesestationsthroughtransmissionlines.
Supposeduetotechnicalproblemthegenerationofaplantbecomesnilorless,thenaportionofthedemandofpowerinthatareastillcanbemadefromtheotherpowerstationsconnectedtothegrid.Thus,completeshutdownofpowercanbeavoidedinanareaincaseoftechnicalprobleminaparticularstation.
Inaninterconnectedsystem,withmorenumberofgeneratorsconnectedinparallel,thesystemvoltageandfrequencytendtofixedvaluesirrespectiveofdegreeofloadingpresentinthesystem.
Frequency and Voltage
Thefrequencyofthegeneratedemfforappolargeneratorisgivenby
•F = np/2; where n is speed of the generator in rps
•F = np/120; when n is in rpm (revolutions per minute)
Frequencyofthegeneratedvoltageisstandardizedto50HzinIndiaandseveralEuropeancountries.InUSAandCanadaitis60Hz.
Fora2polegenerator,3000rpmisrequiredfor50Hzpowergeneration.
Allelectricalappliances(fans,refrigerator,TV,etc.)aretobeconnectedtoA.Csupplyarethereforedesignedforasupplyfrequencyof50Hz.
Frequencyisoneoftheparameterswhichdecidesthequalityofthepowersupply.

5. Thermal Power Plants
InIndia,coalisavailableinabundanceandsothermalpowerplantsaremostpopular.However,theseplantspollutetheatmospherebecauseofburningofcoal.
Stringentconditions(suchasuseofmorechimneyheightsalongwiththecompulsoryuseofelectrostaticprecipitator) areputbyregulatoryauthoritiestoseethattheeffectsofpollutionisminimized.Alargeamountofashisproducedeverydayinathermalplantandeffectivehandlingoftheashaddstotherunningcostoftheplant.
Thespeedofalternatorusedinthermalplantsis3000rpmwhichmeans2-polealternatorsareusedinsuchplants.
Thegeneratorisrunatsomefixedrpmbysomeexternalagencytogeneratevoltageat50Hz.Aturbineisusedtorotatethegenerator.Turbineareoftwotypes-steamturbineandwaterturbine.
Inathermalpowerstation,coalisburnttoproducesteamwhichinturn,drivesthesteamturbineandhencethegenerator(turboset).
Inathermalpowerplantcoalisburnttoproducehightemperatureandhighpressuresteaminaboiler.Thesteamispassedthroughasteamturbinetoproducerotationalmotion. Thegenerator,mechanicallycoupledtotheturbine,thusrotatesproducingelectricity.
Chemicalenergystoredincoalafteracoupleoftransformationsproduceselectricalenergyatthegeneratorterminals.
Proximityofageneratingstationnearertoacoalreserveandwatersourceswillbemosteconomicalasthecostoftransportingcoalgetsreduced.

6. HydelPower Plants
Waterturbinesgenerallyoperateatlowrpm,sonumberofpolesofthealternatorarehigh.
Inahydelpowerstation,waterheadisusedtodrivewaterturbinecoupledtothegenerator.Waterheadmaybeavailableinhillyregionnaturallyintheformofwaterreservoir(lakesetc.)atthehilltops.
Thepotentialenergyofwatercanbeusedtodrivetheturbogeneratorsetinstalledatthebaseofthehillsthroughpipingcalledpenstock.
Waterheadmayalsobecreatedartificiallybyconstructingdamsonasuitableriver.Incontrasttoathermalplant,hydelpowerplantsareeco-friendly,neatandcleanasnofuelistobeburnttoproduceelectricity.
Whilerunningcostofsuchplantsarelow,theinitialinstallationcostisratherhighcomparedtoathermalplantsduetomassivecivilconstructionnecessary.
Alsositestobeselectedforsuchplantsdependuponnaturalavailabilityofwaterreservoirsathilltopsoravailabilityofsuitable.

7. Nuclear Power Plants
Toensuresustainablechainreaction,moderatorandcontrolrodsareused.Moderatorssuchasheavywater(deuterium) orverypurecarbon12Careusedtoreducethespeedofneutrons.
Tocontrolthenumberneutrons,controlrodsmadeofcadmiumorboronsteelareinsertedinsidethereactor.Thecontrolrodscanabsorbneutrons.Ifwewanttodecreasethenumberneutrons,thecontrolrodsarelowereddownfurtherandviceversa.
Theheatgeneratedinsidethereactoristakenoutofthechamberwiththehelpofacoolantsuchasliquidsodiumorsomegaseousfluids.Thecoolantgivesuptheheattowaterinheatexchangertoconvertittosteam.
Nuclear Power Plants
Thepresentdayatomicpowerplantsworkontheprincipleofnuclearfissionof235U.Inthenaturaluranium,235Uconstitutesonly0.72%andremainingpartisconstitutedby99.27%of238Uandonlyabout0.05%of234U.
Theconcentrationof235Umaybeincreasedto90%bygasdiffusionprocesstoobtainenriched235U.
When235Uisbombardedbyneutronsalotofheatenergyalongwithadditionalneutronsareproduced.Thesenewneutronsfurtherbombard235Uproducingmoreheatandmoreneutrons.Thusachainreactionsetsup.
Howeverthisreactionisallowedtotakeplaceinacontrolledmannerinsideaclosedchambercallednuclearreactor.

8. Theinitialinvestmentrequiredtoinstallanuclearpowerstationisquitehighbutrunningcostislow.Although,nuclearplantsproduceelectricitywithoutcausingairpollution,itremainsadormantsourceofradiationhazardsduetoleakageinthereactor.Alsotheusedfuelrodsaretobecarefullyhandledanddisposedoffastheystillremainradioactive.
Thesteamthendrivestheturbosetandtheexhauststeamfromtheturbineiscooledandfedbacktotheheatexchangerwiththehelpofwaterfeedpump.

9. Generation Capacity In India
Mode
Capacity (MW)
Share (%) of Total
Thermal
168254.99
69.2
Nuclear
4780.00
2.0
Hydro
40531.41
16.7
RES
29462.55
12.1
Total
243028.95
100.0
Totalgenerationcapacityason31March,2014andcontributionbythermal,hydro,nuclearandrenewablesourcesinIndiaaregivenbelow.
Thermal69%
Nuclear2%
Hydro17%
RES12%
Source-wise Installed Power Generation Capacity
Sector-wiseCapacity
Sector
Capacity (MW)
Share (%)
State
92,187.70
37.93%
Private
82,715.30
34.04%
Central
68,125.95
28.03%
Total
243,028.95
100.00%
State38%
Private34%
Central28%
Sector-wise Share of Power Generation Capacity
State
Private
Central

10. Year-wise Trends
In2013-14,theannualpowergenerationcapacityadditiongrowthratestoodat8.81%.
Thecapacityincreasedfrom223.34GWinMarch2013to243.03GWinMarch2014.
112.68
118.43
124.29
132.33
143.06
147.97
159.40
173.63
199.88
223.34
243.03
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
GW
Trends in Power Generation Capacity

11. Power Generation
Source
Million Units
Thermal
792477.11
Hydro
134847.52
Nuclear
34227.79
Bhutan Import
5597.9
Total
967150.32
GrossannualpowergenerationinIndiaduring2013-14was967.2billionunitsasagainstthetargetof975billionunits. Thisfigureexcludeselectricitygenerationfromplantslessthan25MW.
Source-wisePowerGeneration
Thermal82%
Hydro14%
Nuclear3%
Bhutan Import1%
Source-wise Power Generation
558.3
587.4
617.5
662.4
704.5
723.8
771.6
811.1
876.8
912.1
967.2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Billion
Units
Annual Gross Generation Trends

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