This study takes a look at the relationship between poverty and the ever increasing spate of commercial kidnapping in the post amnesty Niger Delta region. Kidnapping for ransom peaked in the region in 2006 with increased activities of the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta MEND and other militant groups, prompting President Yar, Adua to prioritize Niger Delta issues in that Seven Points Agenda, which culminated in the granting of amnesty to repentant militants upon renunciation and return to obedience. In the attempt to answer the question on how poverty influences commercial kidnapping in the Niger Delta region this study deployed the relative deprivation theory as a tool of analysis. The nexus between poverty and commercial kidnapping was established as some other causative factors that influences the menace were noted, including poverty as the chief culprit, unemployment, drug addiction,, cultism and general insecurity in the area. The paper therefore recommended amongst others, poverty alleviation programmes, proactive community policing, expansion of the amnesty programme to accommodate non militant youths in the region and general socio economic and infrastructural development as a panacea for the reduction of crime and criminality. Diri, Benjamin B | Tamunosisi Gogo Jaja "Poverty and Commercial Kidnapping in Post Amnesty Niger Delta" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38260.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38260/poverty-and-commercial-kidnapping-in-post-amnesty-niger-delta/diri-benjamin-b
Print media framing of boko haram insurgency in nigeria a content analytical ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed how four Nigerian newspapers (The Guardian, Daily Sun, Vanguard, and Thisday) framed coverage of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. The study used content analysis to examine how the newspapers employed different framing patterns and categories. Key findings were that the newspapers predominantly used a "policy response frame," focusing on government responses, except for the Daily Sun which emphasized "ethnic and religious frames." Overall, the "policy response frame" was used most often across the newspapers at 60%. The study aims to understand newspaper framing of the insurgency and how certain frames like emphasizing government responses can help minimize conflicts, while other frames like ethnic or religious ones may
Theoretical understanding of conflicts and violence in nigeria the niger delt...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that explores theories to explain violence in Nigeria perpetrated by the Boko Haram militant group in the north and militant groups in the Niger Delta region. It discusses concepts of conflict and violence, and reviews literature on causes of conflicts. The paper aims to examine theories like relative deprivation, class conflict, and anomie to understand the violence in Nigeria, and suggest ways the government can manage these crises. Unemployment, poverty, and corruption are identified as major causes of violence in the country.
Post Boko Haram Insurgency and Trafficking of IDPS in the Northeastern Nigeri...ijtsrd
This article is designed to investigate the consequences and solutions of the trafficking of IDPs in the post Boko Haram period in the North eastern Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to determine the extent of human trafficking among IDPs in the North eastern Nigeria to find out if Boko Haram insurgency has increased human trafficking to examine the consequences of human trafficking among Boko Haram driven IDPs in the study area and to provide the possible solutions to human trafficking of IDPs. The article found out that the extent of human trafficking among IDPs is high in the study area and Boko Haram insurgency has contributed to that. The consequences of human trafficking among Boko Haram driven IDPs includes the involvement of some IDPs into Boko Haram through human trafficking sex slavery due to human trafficking human trafficking reduces the chances of their liberation from IDPs status dehumanisation and engagement of the IDPs into baby factory assault and even murder, bonded slavery and other psychological consequences like insomnia, lack of trust to strangers and post traumatic stress disorder, etc. As the possible solutions to human trafficking of IDPs in the North eastern Nigeria, therefore Boko Haram insurgency should be fought to prevent trafficking of IDPs, there should be special intervention for the IDPs as safety net there should be synergy between law enforcement agencies in fighting human trafficking community participation, community policing and contribution of neighbouring states Dr. Bukar Jamri "Post-Boko Haram Insurgency and Trafficking of IDPS in the Northeastern Nigeria: Consequences and Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42359.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42359/postboko-haram-insurgency-and-trafficking-of-idps-in-the-northeastern-nigeria-consequences-and-solutions/dr-bukar-jamri
Insecurity a threat to human existence and economic development in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria. It discusses how insecurity has become a major problem that threatens human existence and economic development. Some of the key causes identified include political factors like the power shift from northern to southern rule, as well as unemployment, jobs racketeering, and poor leadership. Insecurity has led to bombings, killings, kidnappings and destruction of property. It has also negatively impacted people's well-being and the economy through business disruptions and relocations. The study recommends allowing dialogue between ethnic and minority groups to find more peaceful solutions to insecurity in Nigeria.
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
Security challenges as threats to national unity in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses security challenges threatening national unity in Nigeria. It examines the causes of security challenges, including a failing state as evidenced by inability to ensure national security and food/social security, bad governance including corruption, duplicated/inefficient security agency functions and inadequate training/equipment, and religious ideologies that divide people. The document aims to enhance national unity by suggesting ways to prevent security challenges that endanger Nigeria's heterogeneous state and development.
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
Geo-Political Events and Business Impact - September 2018paul young cpa, cga
Business relies on government as part of setting policies that allow business to invest either domestically or internationally
Countries require FDI as part of supporting their economy as such geopolitics can drive risks to both government as well as business
United Nations needs to return to its’ mandate of world peace including accountability and transparency when it comes to aid
Too many countries still have autocratic rules, especially in Asia, Africa and the Middle East
Liberals around the world are to busy coddling extremism as way to deflect it from happening in their country. The problem is radical extremism will never be defeated through hugs and kisses. The root cause of extremism comes back to radical beliefs of what their religion is telling them in terms of their own Caliphate.
Global protectionism is on the rise as USA is looking for fair trade deals
Print media framing of boko haram insurgency in nigeria a content analytical ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed how four Nigerian newspapers (The Guardian, Daily Sun, Vanguard, and Thisday) framed coverage of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. The study used content analysis to examine how the newspapers employed different framing patterns and categories. Key findings were that the newspapers predominantly used a "policy response frame," focusing on government responses, except for the Daily Sun which emphasized "ethnic and religious frames." Overall, the "policy response frame" was used most often across the newspapers at 60%. The study aims to understand newspaper framing of the insurgency and how certain frames like emphasizing government responses can help minimize conflicts, while other frames like ethnic or religious ones may
Theoretical understanding of conflicts and violence in nigeria the niger delt...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that explores theories to explain violence in Nigeria perpetrated by the Boko Haram militant group in the north and militant groups in the Niger Delta region. It discusses concepts of conflict and violence, and reviews literature on causes of conflicts. The paper aims to examine theories like relative deprivation, class conflict, and anomie to understand the violence in Nigeria, and suggest ways the government can manage these crises. Unemployment, poverty, and corruption are identified as major causes of violence in the country.
Post Boko Haram Insurgency and Trafficking of IDPS in the Northeastern Nigeri...ijtsrd
This article is designed to investigate the consequences and solutions of the trafficking of IDPs in the post Boko Haram period in the North eastern Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to determine the extent of human trafficking among IDPs in the North eastern Nigeria to find out if Boko Haram insurgency has increased human trafficking to examine the consequences of human trafficking among Boko Haram driven IDPs in the study area and to provide the possible solutions to human trafficking of IDPs. The article found out that the extent of human trafficking among IDPs is high in the study area and Boko Haram insurgency has contributed to that. The consequences of human trafficking among Boko Haram driven IDPs includes the involvement of some IDPs into Boko Haram through human trafficking sex slavery due to human trafficking human trafficking reduces the chances of their liberation from IDPs status dehumanisation and engagement of the IDPs into baby factory assault and even murder, bonded slavery and other psychological consequences like insomnia, lack of trust to strangers and post traumatic stress disorder, etc. As the possible solutions to human trafficking of IDPs in the North eastern Nigeria, therefore Boko Haram insurgency should be fought to prevent trafficking of IDPs, there should be special intervention for the IDPs as safety net there should be synergy between law enforcement agencies in fighting human trafficking community participation, community policing and contribution of neighbouring states Dr. Bukar Jamri "Post-Boko Haram Insurgency and Trafficking of IDPS in the Northeastern Nigeria: Consequences and Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42359.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42359/postboko-haram-insurgency-and-trafficking-of-idps-in-the-northeastern-nigeria-consequences-and-solutions/dr-bukar-jamri
Insecurity a threat to human existence and economic development in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria. It discusses how insecurity has become a major problem that threatens human existence and economic development. Some of the key causes identified include political factors like the power shift from northern to southern rule, as well as unemployment, jobs racketeering, and poor leadership. Insecurity has led to bombings, killings, kidnappings and destruction of property. It has also negatively impacted people's well-being and the economy through business disruptions and relocations. The study recommends allowing dialogue between ethnic and minority groups to find more peaceful solutions to insecurity in Nigeria.
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
Security challenges as threats to national unity in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses security challenges threatening national unity in Nigeria. It examines the causes of security challenges, including a failing state as evidenced by inability to ensure national security and food/social security, bad governance including corruption, duplicated/inefficient security agency functions and inadequate training/equipment, and religious ideologies that divide people. The document aims to enhance national unity by suggesting ways to prevent security challenges that endanger Nigeria's heterogeneous state and development.
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
Geo-Political Events and Business Impact - September 2018paul young cpa, cga
Business relies on government as part of setting policies that allow business to invest either domestically or internationally
Countries require FDI as part of supporting their economy as such geopolitics can drive risks to both government as well as business
United Nations needs to return to its’ mandate of world peace including accountability and transparency when it comes to aid
Too many countries still have autocratic rules, especially in Asia, Africa and the Middle East
Liberals around the world are to busy coddling extremism as way to deflect it from happening in their country. The problem is radical extremism will never be defeated through hugs and kisses. The root cause of extremism comes back to radical beliefs of what their religion is telling them in terms of their own Caliphate.
Global protectionism is on the rise as USA is looking for fair trade deals
This document summarizes an article about insurgencies and national security in Nigeria. It discusses several insurgencies plaguing Nigeria, including Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen, militancy, kidnapping, banditry, and cattle rustlers. These insurgencies have undermined national security and development by escalating issues like migration, political instability, decreasing foreign investment, and underdevelopment. The document recommends that the Nigerian government improve intelligence gathering and sharing across security agencies, equip and train armed forces with modern weapons, and eliminate corruption to help curb the menace of insurgencies.
- The document provides a biography of Paul Young, a CPA and expert on geopolitics and its impact on business.
- It then outlines Young's agenda for discussing various geopolitical issues happening around the world and how they impact business, including events related to the UN, supply chain management, government roles, and specific countries.
- Key geopolitical risks to businesses in 2018 are identified as escalation on the Korean peninsula, cyber attacks, US protectionism, and assertive leadership in various countries.
Understanding Cause and Effect of Geo Political Events - January 2019paul young cpa, cga
This document provides an overview and analysis of key geopolitical events and issues shaping the world in 2019. It discusses events including tensions with North Korea and Iran, the civil wars in Syria and Yemen, unrest in Latin America, and the role of major powers like the US, EU, China, and Saudi Arabia. It also analyzes issues like corruption at the UN and risks to global supply chains from political instability. The document aims to help readers understand international risks and their implications for business interests around the world.
The Rationale For Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisalinventionjournals
This paper entitled “The Rationale for Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisal” is aimed at ascertaining the rationale behind Nigeria’s unwavering commitment to peacekeeping missions. This focus of the paper is predicated on the popular assumption that nations’ involvement in peacekeeping is often intertwined with other motives and self interest, notwithstanding the sacrifice of enormous human and material resources associated with peace missions. The study is guided by a hypothesis and a research question. The survey method was employed using the questionnaire and semi structured interview (SSI) as data collection instruments. The population of the study consists of policy makers and image managers in relevant agencies of the federal government of Nigeria from which a sample size of 265 is drawn. The data were analyzed using various statistical tools and computer-based applications to validate and authenticate the research output. Findings show that Nigeria’s involvement in peacekeeping missions is not motivated by rational reasons, but by sentiments, egoism and quest for showmanship. The study concludes that embarking on irrationally motivated peacekeeping missions is tantamount to monumental wastage of precious and scarce material and human resources of the nation. It thus recommends that genuine citizen and national interest should constitute the sole raison d’être for peacekeeping missions
- The document discusses how geopolitical events impact business and provides examples of current geopolitical risks and issues. It summarizes the author's background and credentials. The bulk of the document covers specific geopolitical situations impacting business, including North Korea, Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and the role of international organizations like the UN. It emphasizes that businesses must be aware of changing government policies and geopolitical risks in order to make informed investment and operational decisions.
The world can change on a dime depending on the party in power for each country along with government corruption. Not enough is being done by the UN as part of ensuring security and prosperity for its' member nations.
This document provides a summary of geopolitical events and risks that could impact business in 2018-2019. It discusses key issues like US protectionism, Brexit, elections in various countries, and conflicts in the Middle East. Specific risks highlighted include US-China trade wars, instability in Italy and conflict escalation on the Korean peninsula. The document also examines how events in Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and Saudi Arabia could spill over geopolitically. It emphasizes the need for supply chain integration and the role of governments and businesses in navigating these risks.
Business relies on government as part of setting policies that allow business to invest either domestically or internationally
Countries require FDI as part of supporting their economy as such geopolitics can drive risks to both government as well as business
This document provides an overview of global corruption cases from various countries around the world. It discusses corruption scandals and cases in Panama, Nigeria, Peru, Chechnya, Tunisia, Ukraine, Panama, Malaysia, Russia, Spain, Venezuela, the Maldives, Equatorial Guinea, South Africa, Myanmar, Guatemala, and Turkey. For each country or region, it summarizes the individuals involved in corruption, the methods used, and the impacts on the societies and governments.
NLA/NEMA Human Trafficking 101 & Data Issues 10-7-11-post to nlaapanigab2
Human trafficking is defined by international and US law, and includes sex and labor trafficking. The document discusses examples of human trafficking cases in the US and issues with data on the size of the problem. It also reviews US responses to trafficking at both the federal and state level.
This document discusses slush funds, which are off-the-books funds used by governments, politicians, corporations and other organizations for illicit purposes like bribery, embezzlement and money laundering. It provides several examples of uncovered slush funds, including a $1 billion fund in Kazakhstan, secret political campaign funds in the US and Germany, and a $200 million fund at a Spanish bank allegedly used to bribe officials. Slush funds are said to be a widespread problem that infects countries and organizations around the world.
The world is heading into a period of the most instability since the cold war in the 1980s. Countries like Iran, China and India are growing in terms of size and power.
The widespread assumption that any political change can only come with the assistance of a super power was contradicted when an up-rise in Tunisia toppled a regime that reigned for over twenty-three years. The world was taken aback by these events in a country that “seemed the best in the class: stable, presentably secular, engaged in a steady process of “Economic reform”. Realities proved to be extremely different from the outward carefully drawn image of the country. Despite Tunisia’s positive reputation amongst a myriad of governments, the country became immersed in a political mayhem that remains unsorted to this day. The latest Africa Report refers to “the political infighting” as the main cause for stagnation in economic reform and the primary reason that the European Union (EU) and International Organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) continue to place Tunisia on black lists for terrorism and money laundering. Moreover, the Tunisian Labor Union (UGTT), Tunisia’s strongest Labor Union, is lobbying for more and more strikes against IMF recommendations to the government, making the prime minister’s job to reconcile between the different actors and stakeholders even harder.
Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud or coercion to exploit people for commercial gain. It is defined as a crime against a person, whereas human smuggling only facilitates illegal border crossings. Trafficking victims are seen as victims under the law, while smuggled individuals are seen as criminals. Common forms of exploitation include sex work, labor, begging, organ removal, child soldiers and domestic servitude. Trafficking is fueled by poverty, lack of opportunities, organized crime and uneven effects of globalization.
The Covid-19 Emergency
- Do legal provisions or the Constitution allow the government to take more serious measures than a 21-day total lockdown if the pandemic worsens?
- How Kerala is showing the way
- Does stamping of forearms and pasting of quarantine notices on
residences violate human rights?
- The curse of the black market- The SAARC initiative on COVID -19 and why Pakistan is playing spoilsport
Professor Raymond Atuguba addresses the Sierra Leone Bar Association.Amos Anyimadu
The document discusses the current state of law and development in West Africa. It notes that democracy and good governance are declining globally while dictatorships and populism are rising. Economically, extractivism by powerful countries is pillaging resources from poorer nations. In Africa specifically, every measure of democracy and economic governance declined from 2015-2017, and the continent is moving away from political stability. Many African countries have experienced coups or unrest in recent years. The document calls for action from the Sierra Leone Bar Association to address democratic and economic policy reversals in their country.
Understanding Risks as part of development risk management best practices paul young cpa, cga
All levels of government and private sector continue to review their risk models as part of ensuring they take all steps to help mitigate risk-related issues
An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally ...ijtsrd
This paper has investigated the challenges and Legal Protection available for the benefit of Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria. The study relied on content analysis of extant literature to ascertain the level of challenges and legal protections given to them. The study found that Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria face a myriad of challenges which include loss of home, loss of traditional livelihood and sources of generating income, break up of families and community support networks, loss of intangible goods, and loss of documentation. A cursory look at the various causes of internal displacement in Nigeria revealed that forced migration and internal displacement in Nigeria in over a decade has been triggered by violent conflict particularly, the deadly activities Boko Haram and the militant Fulani Herdsmen. These displaced persons suffer a lot of human right violations without any significant legal protection for them. Rather, it has been identified that the existing institutional arrangement keepers, although struggling to manage the situation particularly, in the short term, are hindered by current policy deficits and the lack of a specific framework to adequately address the situation or cover medium to longer requirements for the IDPs. It is therefore, imperative to purposively design a legal framework that will specifically address the challenges bedeviling the Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria while other security measures are being taken to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Stephen Chuka Unachukwu "An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49485.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/49485/an-appraisal-of-the-challenges-and-legal-protection-available-for-internally-displaced-persons-in-nigeria/stephen-chuka-unachukwu
Predictors and Incidence of Kidnapping in Contemporary Nigeria: A Socio-Crimi...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, which is essentially a literature review, the researcher undertook a critical investigation into the major predictors and incidence of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria. The paper further reviewed the various scholars’ and media pundits’ perspectives on kidnapping. Nigeria is in the throes of kidnapping occasioned by a multiplicity of both individual risk factors and social forces. The rising incidence of kidnapping is disturbingly high and destructive to both human and capital development in the country. The current pattern or trend of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria is a basket case; little wonder therefore that the latest global ranking placed Nigeria as the fourth most notorious kidnapping nation where people can be easily kidnapped with impunity. The quest to settle political differences, inordinate ambition to acquire and accumulate wealth, poverty and social exclusion, perpetual pains of unemployment, and reaction to existing detestable social and political developments are some of the main causes of kidnapping in Nigeria. The central policy implication of this paper is that it will guide security agencies and policy makers on crime and criminality in making reliable policies that will reduce the incidence of kidnapping in Nigeria to the barest minimum.
This document summarizes an article about insurgencies and national security in Nigeria. It discusses several insurgencies plaguing Nigeria, including Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen, militancy, kidnapping, banditry, and cattle rustlers. These insurgencies have undermined national security and development by escalating issues like migration, political instability, decreasing foreign investment, and underdevelopment. The document recommends that the Nigerian government improve intelligence gathering and sharing across security agencies, equip and train armed forces with modern weapons, and eliminate corruption to help curb the menace of insurgencies.
- The document provides a biography of Paul Young, a CPA and expert on geopolitics and its impact on business.
- It then outlines Young's agenda for discussing various geopolitical issues happening around the world and how they impact business, including events related to the UN, supply chain management, government roles, and specific countries.
- Key geopolitical risks to businesses in 2018 are identified as escalation on the Korean peninsula, cyber attacks, US protectionism, and assertive leadership in various countries.
Understanding Cause and Effect of Geo Political Events - January 2019paul young cpa, cga
This document provides an overview and analysis of key geopolitical events and issues shaping the world in 2019. It discusses events including tensions with North Korea and Iran, the civil wars in Syria and Yemen, unrest in Latin America, and the role of major powers like the US, EU, China, and Saudi Arabia. It also analyzes issues like corruption at the UN and risks to global supply chains from political instability. The document aims to help readers understand international risks and their implications for business interests around the world.
The Rationale For Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisalinventionjournals
This paper entitled “The Rationale for Nigeria’s Peacekeeping Missions: An Appraisal” is aimed at ascertaining the rationale behind Nigeria’s unwavering commitment to peacekeeping missions. This focus of the paper is predicated on the popular assumption that nations’ involvement in peacekeeping is often intertwined with other motives and self interest, notwithstanding the sacrifice of enormous human and material resources associated with peace missions. The study is guided by a hypothesis and a research question. The survey method was employed using the questionnaire and semi structured interview (SSI) as data collection instruments. The population of the study consists of policy makers and image managers in relevant agencies of the federal government of Nigeria from which a sample size of 265 is drawn. The data were analyzed using various statistical tools and computer-based applications to validate and authenticate the research output. Findings show that Nigeria’s involvement in peacekeeping missions is not motivated by rational reasons, but by sentiments, egoism and quest for showmanship. The study concludes that embarking on irrationally motivated peacekeeping missions is tantamount to monumental wastage of precious and scarce material and human resources of the nation. It thus recommends that genuine citizen and national interest should constitute the sole raison d’être for peacekeeping missions
- The document discusses how geopolitical events impact business and provides examples of current geopolitical risks and issues. It summarizes the author's background and credentials. The bulk of the document covers specific geopolitical situations impacting business, including North Korea, Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and the role of international organizations like the UN. It emphasizes that businesses must be aware of changing government policies and geopolitical risks in order to make informed investment and operational decisions.
The world can change on a dime depending on the party in power for each country along with government corruption. Not enough is being done by the UN as part of ensuring security and prosperity for its' member nations.
This document provides a summary of geopolitical events and risks that could impact business in 2018-2019. It discusses key issues like US protectionism, Brexit, elections in various countries, and conflicts in the Middle East. Specific risks highlighted include US-China trade wars, instability in Italy and conflict escalation on the Korean peninsula. The document also examines how events in Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and Saudi Arabia could spill over geopolitically. It emphasizes the need for supply chain integration and the role of governments and businesses in navigating these risks.
Business relies on government as part of setting policies that allow business to invest either domestically or internationally
Countries require FDI as part of supporting their economy as such geopolitics can drive risks to both government as well as business
This document provides an overview of global corruption cases from various countries around the world. It discusses corruption scandals and cases in Panama, Nigeria, Peru, Chechnya, Tunisia, Ukraine, Panama, Malaysia, Russia, Spain, Venezuela, the Maldives, Equatorial Guinea, South Africa, Myanmar, Guatemala, and Turkey. For each country or region, it summarizes the individuals involved in corruption, the methods used, and the impacts on the societies and governments.
NLA/NEMA Human Trafficking 101 & Data Issues 10-7-11-post to nlaapanigab2
Human trafficking is defined by international and US law, and includes sex and labor trafficking. The document discusses examples of human trafficking cases in the US and issues with data on the size of the problem. It also reviews US responses to trafficking at both the federal and state level.
This document discusses slush funds, which are off-the-books funds used by governments, politicians, corporations and other organizations for illicit purposes like bribery, embezzlement and money laundering. It provides several examples of uncovered slush funds, including a $1 billion fund in Kazakhstan, secret political campaign funds in the US and Germany, and a $200 million fund at a Spanish bank allegedly used to bribe officials. Slush funds are said to be a widespread problem that infects countries and organizations around the world.
The world is heading into a period of the most instability since the cold war in the 1980s. Countries like Iran, China and India are growing in terms of size and power.
The widespread assumption that any political change can only come with the assistance of a super power was contradicted when an up-rise in Tunisia toppled a regime that reigned for over twenty-three years. The world was taken aback by these events in a country that “seemed the best in the class: stable, presentably secular, engaged in a steady process of “Economic reform”. Realities proved to be extremely different from the outward carefully drawn image of the country. Despite Tunisia’s positive reputation amongst a myriad of governments, the country became immersed in a political mayhem that remains unsorted to this day. The latest Africa Report refers to “the political infighting” as the main cause for stagnation in economic reform and the primary reason that the European Union (EU) and International Organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) continue to place Tunisia on black lists for terrorism and money laundering. Moreover, the Tunisian Labor Union (UGTT), Tunisia’s strongest Labor Union, is lobbying for more and more strikes against IMF recommendations to the government, making the prime minister’s job to reconcile between the different actors and stakeholders even harder.
Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud or coercion to exploit people for commercial gain. It is defined as a crime against a person, whereas human smuggling only facilitates illegal border crossings. Trafficking victims are seen as victims under the law, while smuggled individuals are seen as criminals. Common forms of exploitation include sex work, labor, begging, organ removal, child soldiers and domestic servitude. Trafficking is fueled by poverty, lack of opportunities, organized crime and uneven effects of globalization.
The Covid-19 Emergency
- Do legal provisions or the Constitution allow the government to take more serious measures than a 21-day total lockdown if the pandemic worsens?
- How Kerala is showing the way
- Does stamping of forearms and pasting of quarantine notices on
residences violate human rights?
- The curse of the black market- The SAARC initiative on COVID -19 and why Pakistan is playing spoilsport
Professor Raymond Atuguba addresses the Sierra Leone Bar Association.Amos Anyimadu
The document discusses the current state of law and development in West Africa. It notes that democracy and good governance are declining globally while dictatorships and populism are rising. Economically, extractivism by powerful countries is pillaging resources from poorer nations. In Africa specifically, every measure of democracy and economic governance declined from 2015-2017, and the continent is moving away from political stability. Many African countries have experienced coups or unrest in recent years. The document calls for action from the Sierra Leone Bar Association to address democratic and economic policy reversals in their country.
Understanding Risks as part of development risk management best practices paul young cpa, cga
All levels of government and private sector continue to review their risk models as part of ensuring they take all steps to help mitigate risk-related issues
An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally ...ijtsrd
This paper has investigated the challenges and Legal Protection available for the benefit of Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria. The study relied on content analysis of extant literature to ascertain the level of challenges and legal protections given to them. The study found that Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria face a myriad of challenges which include loss of home, loss of traditional livelihood and sources of generating income, break up of families and community support networks, loss of intangible goods, and loss of documentation. A cursory look at the various causes of internal displacement in Nigeria revealed that forced migration and internal displacement in Nigeria in over a decade has been triggered by violent conflict particularly, the deadly activities Boko Haram and the militant Fulani Herdsmen. These displaced persons suffer a lot of human right violations without any significant legal protection for them. Rather, it has been identified that the existing institutional arrangement keepers, although struggling to manage the situation particularly, in the short term, are hindered by current policy deficits and the lack of a specific framework to adequately address the situation or cover medium to longer requirements for the IDPs. It is therefore, imperative to purposively design a legal framework that will specifically address the challenges bedeviling the Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria while other security measures are being taken to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Stephen Chuka Unachukwu "An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49485.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/49485/an-appraisal-of-the-challenges-and-legal-protection-available-for-internally-displaced-persons-in-nigeria/stephen-chuka-unachukwu
Predictors and Incidence of Kidnapping in Contemporary Nigeria: A Socio-Crimi...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, which is essentially a literature review, the researcher undertook a critical investigation into the major predictors and incidence of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria. The paper further reviewed the various scholars’ and media pundits’ perspectives on kidnapping. Nigeria is in the throes of kidnapping occasioned by a multiplicity of both individual risk factors and social forces. The rising incidence of kidnapping is disturbingly high and destructive to both human and capital development in the country. The current pattern or trend of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria is a basket case; little wonder therefore that the latest global ranking placed Nigeria as the fourth most notorious kidnapping nation where people can be easily kidnapped with impunity. The quest to settle political differences, inordinate ambition to acquire and accumulate wealth, poverty and social exclusion, perpetual pains of unemployment, and reaction to existing detestable social and political developments are some of the main causes of kidnapping in Nigeria. The central policy implication of this paper is that it will guide security agencies and policy makers on crime and criminality in making reliable policies that will reduce the incidence of kidnapping in Nigeria to the barest minimum.
Critical Analysis of Xenophobic Attacks in South Africaijtsrd
This document provides a critical analysis of xenophobic attacks in South Africa. It discusses how xenophobia is a fear or dislike of foreigners and how this has manifested in violent attacks against foreigners in South Africa, particularly in 2008 and 2015. Some of the key factors discussed as triggers for these attacks include high unemployment rates among black South Africans living in poverty, resentment against foreigners for taking jobs or marrying local women, and a perception that foreigners are responsible for increased crime. The document examines the causes and forms of xenophobic attacks across Africa and provides historical examples from Ghana, Kenya, and Angola. It concludes by arguing that educational reforms are needed to reduce xenophobic attitudes.
Libya A Hub of Human Smugglers and Traffickersijtsrd
In a world that boasts triumphs of virtual communication, space travel and now, more importantly, the most geographically expansive civil rights movements in history, the plight of modern day slaves is not a blight but an embarrassment. Zaid M. Belbagi. This paper focuses upon the barbaric social, economic and political conditions within Libya exposing the refugees and migrants to human rights violations. Slave Trade is flourishing in Libya since time immemorial. With Gaddafis departure, control of Libya has fallen into the hands of human traffickers and smugglers who continued his legacy of miseries. Reported Interviews and incidents faced by detainees in the camps asylums are used as prima facie evidence of the cruelty and beastality against mankind. Meanwhile, lack of strict actions and instability on part of internal and external authorities are serving the un ending distress of captives. It also covers the channel of Organ smuggling and trafficking consequently treasuring traffickers and human rights violators. Alongside, extensive roles played by Media channels as undercover investigators and International Organisations curbing out the humanitarian crisis instead exacerbating the rampant slave trade, are covered. This paper concludes with affirmative suggestions which can eradicate slavery and other human rights violations from Libya freeing it from dire straits. Riya Agarwal | Aishwarya Gupta "Libya: A Hub of Human Smugglers and Traffickers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47830.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/47830/libya-a-hub-of-human-smugglers-and-traffickers/riya-agarwal
This study has examined the trafficking of Karamoja women and girls from North-Eastern Uganda into Nairobi, Kenya. Trafficking in human beings remains a big challenge confronting the international community. The menace remains a global problem with the countries of the Third World bearing the greatest brunt.
The scourge of socio economic insecurity in nigeria’s fourth republic, and th...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses socio-economic insecurity in Nigeria since the return to civilian rule in 1999. While expectations were high that an elected government would improve living standards, paradoxically Nigerians have faced harsh socio-economic conditions and a deterioration in their standard of living.
2) Issues like unemployment, collapse of industries, poor infrastructure, sectarian clashes, assassinations and kidnappings have created a high sense of insecurity. This undermines Nigeria's goal of becoming a top 20 global economy and its competitiveness in Africa.
3) The failure of leaders to provide "public goods" like education, healthcare, jobs and reducing inequality has been the source of violence and threatens Nigeria's relevance as an anchor country in
Tactful Intelligence Sharing and Synergy among the Nigerian Security Operativ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nigeria‟s peace and human security is currently engulfed in turmoil. And one of the notable
problems of insecurity in the country is menace of advanced cult killings on daily basis most especially the
upsurge of a dreaded cult group known as “Badoo”, that carries out attacks on human lives in Ikorodu suburb of
Lagos State, Nigeria. Residents of Ikorodu and others suburbs in Lagos State, Nigeria now live in perpetual
phobia and the menace has forced several others to have fled the state. The dreaded “Badoo” cult group killings
and attacks pose dangerous threats to human lives, national peace and security. Among the notable factors
aiding the emergence of such dreaded cult group in the state are; poor intelligence gathering and synergy on the
part of Nigerian security operatives, frustration, financial assistance, injustice, forced membership,
unemployment among youths, get-rich-quick syndrome on the part of many Nigerian youths, drug abuse among
others. The study examines threats posed by the menace to human lives, state‟s peace and security; it assesses
the concerted efforts of Nigerian government and security operatives in combating the menace. The study
concludes that, lack of adequate intelligence gathering, general insecurity in the country, corruption, abject
poverty and youth unemployment remain the factors hindering a total arrest of the menace in Nigeria. It also
requests the need for giving adequate support to security operatives by the citizens; continuous
orientation/education for the youths, good laws and governance, adequate intelligence gathering on the part of
security agents to nip the menace in the bud.
KEYWORDS: Badoo cultists, Human security, Security intelligence, Unemployment, Good governance,
Lagos.
Upsurge of Money Ritual among Youths in Nigeria and National SecurityYogeshIJTSRD
This study examines the threat of money ritual among youths in Nigeria, a subject that has received little or no sufficient academic attention and it socio political and national under pinning have largely been ignored in state responses. The apparent downward trend in socio economic greediness and quest for material possession, have led to increase in the number of youth using fetish practices to come to term with prevailing socio economic demands. The focus of this paper therefore is to critically analyze the upsurge of money ritual among youths in Nigeria. Pivoting the theoretical framework of the study on Robert .K. Merton’s anomie strain theory, to the effect that “Innovation†in which goals are pursued but legitimate means is eliminated, and illegitimate means is created and used. The paper concludes that money ritual is a threat to national security and therefore, recommends among others, provision of employment opportunities to jobless youth, effective policies to combat the scourge of poverty, address the widening gap of inequality, and reward core value of honesty and hard work review of security architects. Saka-Olokungboye, N | Fapetu, O. V | Agbi Nelson | Ologun, C. A "Upsurge of Money Ritual among Youths in Nigeria and National Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38664.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38664/upsurge-of-money-ritual-among-youths-in-nigeria-and-national-security/sakaolokungboye-n
Human trafficking incidence in rwanda its challenges, prevention and controlJohnGacinya
Rwandans like any other people in the rest of the world, suffer physically and psychologically during and after the transportation of victims of human trafficking to other parts of the world. It is observed that, occupational hazards in industries pose danger to the lives of victims of labour trafficking. It is also noted that sexually-abused victims of human trafficking risk catching HIV/AIDS pandemic. Ignorance, poverty, family conflicts and gender inequality have been found to be some of the key ‘push’ factors that drive individuals to seek economic opportunities elsewhere other than their home areas
Human Trafficking Incidence in Rwanda: Its Challenges, Prevention and ControlJohnGacinya
The main objective of the present study was to analyse the challenges faced by the Government of Rwanda its efforts to prevent and control the incidence of human trafficking in the country.
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This document discusses the role of library and information services in addressing national security and insurgency in Nigeria. It outlines the security information needs of different groups like policymakers, security agents, citizens, and youths/children. It also examines the causes of insurgency in Nigeria and traces the emergence of groups like Boko Haram. The document recommends that libraries should collaborate with security agencies to provide relevant security information to different groups. It argues that an informed society through effective library services can help address the root causes of insecurity and promote peace.
The document discusses crimes in Southwestern Nigeria. It finds that the once peaceful region is becoming the crime capital of the country, with increasing cases of kidnapping, cultism, land disputes, rape, oil bunkering, robbery, and other crimes. These crimes have led to loss of lives and property worth millions annually. The study examines the major causes of crimes in the region, such as unemployment, resource control issues, political parties support, and an unresponsive government. The effects of crime include business shutdowns, poor economic development, and increased poverty. The document recommends measures to curb crime like youth empowerment, job creation, educational reforms, and establishing grazing colonies and laws to protect farmers and herders.
Issues of population explosion has evoked several images characterized by
emotional, value-laden and often paranoiac connotation that cannot be obviously
ignored considering its threatening challenges. It is against the foregoing that this
paper attempt to interrogate the relevance of Thomas Malthus theory on population and
the challenges of the bourgeoning population explosion in Nigeria. The core objective
of this paper is to investigate the relevance of the theory on Nigeria’s population. Other
objectives are to ascertain the effects of the population explosion on the Nigerian urban
areas; food security, crimes and security and poverty. In terms of methodology, the
paper relies on an explanatory design and some empirical data generated through
secondary sources and official documents were examined. The data were analysed using
a descriptive method of analysis. The paper identified the relevance of Malthus theory
on the bourgeoning population explosion on the following key areas: Food Security;
Poverty Rate; Urbanization; crimes and Security Threat. After examination of official
documents and secondary data, the paper concludes that population explosion has
continued to undermine the achievement of development’s goals in Nigeria. A
population growing faster than the output of modern goods and services not only
frustrates development goals; it undermines the credibility of promises made
This paper traces the development of Boko-Haram from two perspectives (Socio-economic and Political), it exposes the reasons for the re-emergence of insecurity in Nigeria, precisely Northern zone which shares the same culture with Northern Cameroon. The paper equally explores the various groups threatening Nigerian sovereignty and countries of the Lake Chad Basin. It also outlines some responses to adapt to the changing modus operandi of the terrorist organization.
The document summarizes research on ISIL's strategy of kidnapping and killing hostages. While other terrorist groups primarily kidnap for ransom, ISIL rarely requests ransom and instead often kills hostages on video. The document aims to understand why ISIL uses kidnappings differently and what strategic goals the killings may serve, such as gaining media attention and destabilizing controlled regions. Research presented suggests ISIL kidnappings are meant more for propaganda than funding.
Peace and Security A Veritable Instrument for the Achievement of Sustainable ...ijtsrd
This study examined peace and security as a veritable instrument for the achievement of sustainable development goals in Nigeria using qualitative method of data analysis and content analysis. The study relied on data from extant literature to posit that sustainable development is attainable only when peace and security of the nation is assured. The study argued that tenable and sustainable development is possible. This assertion is evident in sustained growth and development of most developed and emerging economies of the world. Examples are the developed and emerging economies of America, Europe and Asia. In Nigeria, the near absence of relative peace and the consequent threat to security of lives and properties have affected every aspect of growth and development in the country. This situation has flourished in the light of the dynamics of political instability and its concomitant outcomes. The threat to peace and security of the nation have taken several dimensions of urban violence including ethno religious violence, electoral violence, youth militancy, and civil unrest, Boko Haram, farmers herders crisis, banditry, kidnapping etc. thus, undermining the attainment of significant achievement of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs in Nigeria. A situation that leaves great negative consequences for the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs . The study concludes that the Federal Government should seriously address all security challenges in the nation. Both carrot and stick are required in addressing the various issues that threaten peace and security in the nation. Where force is seen as the best option to address a particular issue, force should be applied. However, where negotiation and ceding of necessary grounds is adjudged the best option, they should be applied. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Peace and Security: A Veritable Instrument for the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30942.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30942/peace-and-security-a-veritable-instrument-for-the-achievement-of-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
We are pleased to announce that AHMR: Vol. 3 No. 2, 2017 – Special Issue has been published. We would like to to express our appreciation to Prof Jonathan Crush our guest editor for this issue.
Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter Terrorism The Case of the No...YogeshIJTSRD
The Northern West part of Nigeria is faced with several security challenges that have threatened the existence of peace and security in the region. These threats to public safety and regional security have greatly undermined the governments primary responsibility of guaranteeing public safety and national security. This work, therefore, is on the prognosis of theories of intelligence in counterterrorism The case of North Western Nigeria. The study utilised primary and secondary data sources. The Primary data sources were from questionnaires administered physically and electronically via emails while, secondary data came from published books, journals, articles, lecture guides and videos. Acquired data were statistically analysed using simple percentage and Chi Square statistics. Sequel to the statistical results, findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between intelligence gathering and terrorism in Nort West, Nigeria. The study recommends that there should be training and retraining of personnel of the intelligence community to be able to meet up with the current trends and changes in the contemporary Nigerian environments for the effective gathering of intelligence and the ability to utilize it for productive law enforcement. Jonjon, Emmanuel "Prognosis of Theories of Intelligence in Counter-Terrorism: The Case of the Northwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40057.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/40057/prognosis-of-theories-of-intelligence-in-counterterrorism-the-case-of-the-northwestern-nigeria/jonjon-emmanuel
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of insecurity on business activities in Kogi State.
Questionnaire was used to collect the primary data from targeted groups in the population. The findings of this
study suggest that the security situation in Kogi state has become a major challenge for investors, and this could
pose a threat for its economy with implication for investment and job losses. The present security challenge could
diminish the state’s ability to command local and international respect. The study recommended among others
that government of Kogi state should overhaul the security agencies in the state to meet the current security
challenges. Provision of new infrastructure as well as mending of dilapidate ones should be carried out in the
state. It should be ensured that the major cities have functional street lights to enhance security. Similarly, the
state government should create more job opportunities for the teeming number of unemployed youths.in the fair
value hierarchy would increase comparability in accounting practice among entities.
Similar to Poverty and Commercial Kidnapping in Post Amnesty Niger Delta (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38260 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1567
heightened by the proliferation of light arms and small
weapons as a result of security ineptitudepropelledbygreed
and the aspiration to get rich quick.
The study is aimed at contributing, immensely towards
bridging the gap between commercial kidnapping and
poverty as it is will build an alternative view on the subject
matter, while exposing theignobility ofthesecurity agencies.
arising from the forgoing the study raised the following
research questions;
1. How does poverty influence commercial kidnapping in
post amnesty Niger Delta.
2. To what extent does poverty and commercial
kidnapping influence insecurity in post amnesty Niger
Delta?
The literature for this work will be reviewed thematically
follow our research questions. In this chapter, we shall
attempt the review of some scholarly works and related
literatures on poverty, kidnapping/commercial kidnapping
and amnesty programme.
Kidnapping in the Niger Delta Region
Kidnapping is taking away of a person by force, threat or
deceit, with the intent to cause him/her to be detained
against their will. Kidnapping may be carried out for
political, religious, ritualistic purpose or for ransom.
Commercial kidnapping entails a situationwherea person is
being held against their will by force or threat with the sole
intent to exchange him/her for money. (Uzoma and
Nwanegbo- Ben 2014)
The Nation Newspaper (2002) May, 10 states that,
Kidnapping is a social enterprise and Kidnappers are
business men, they just happened to be on the illegal side of
it... if you deprive them of their demand, then there is not
going to be a supply. Alluding this same fact, Tzanelli (2006)
stated that, this is the reason why perpetrators of this crime
choose their victims based on the ability to cough out good
money. In line with the above ascertain. Zannoni, (20.03) as
cited in Tzaneeli, (2006) stated that in many instances,
kidnapping is a "business" a commercial venture, involving
the demand for ransom, which vary considerablydepending
on the type of criminal involved and the value placed on the
victims-personal status, PromptingUzorma andNwanegbo-
Ben (2014) to agree that, when a person is seized, detained
or carried away by unlawful force or by fraud and ransom is
demanded, it constitutes the commercialization of
kidnapping. Kidnapping is a premeditated act which entails
the use of force to abduct someone against his or her will to
obtain either a political,economicorsocialobjectivethrough
intimidation and or threat of force.
Alluding also to this, Hoffman (2006,) assert’s that,
kidnapping is an act of taking some one away by force in
other to press home demands on family, employee or home
government of the captive.Hetracedthemodern era hostage
taking to the July 22, 1968 hijacking of an IsraelEI.AIfightby
the popular Font for they Liberation of Palestine (PLP). The
position of Hoffman is akin to the position held by Inyang
and Abraham (2013). when they defined kidnapping as the
"forcible seizure, taking away and unlawful detention of a
person against his/her will", in another definition as put
forward by Sage and Alabi (2017), the duo defined
kidnapping as the forceful and or fraudulent abductionofan
individual for ransom, which may be either of economic,
political or religious nature. Uzoma and Nwanegbo-Ben
(2015) also agreed that, when a person is seized,detained or
carried away by unlawful force or by fraud, and ransom is
demanded, it constitutes the commercialization of
kidnapping.
Alexander (1996) in the first part of the book overview as
presented by Leon Banker et ah, explained the term hostage
as the actual use of force or violence to attain a political goal
or present a demand by abrupt seizure of a person or
persons. On the other hand, Karpet (-1998) sees hostage
taking as a domestic and or international intended
organization or group to commit murder, use violence or
take people hostage for ransom or other demands,
"JomoGbomo" the spokesman of MEND/stated thus; what
the real freedom fighters wanted is the-development of the
region and the genuine agitations ofthepeopleshouldnotbe
lumped together with the activities of criminals. What this
means id that, not all kidnapping in the region is for
commercial purposes, some are politically motivated.
Poverty and its Impact on Kidnaping
Poverty does not mean the same thing to everyone. While
poverty in Africa means the lack of decent accommodation,
food and clothing, poverty in Europe means the inability to
purchase expensive items and live a luxury lifestyle. The
United Nations however defines poverty to mean the
"Inability to live over $2 (Two dollars) per day. It means
therefore that anyone who cannot afford a total expenditure
of Two United State Dollar per day is adjudged to be poor. In
February 2003, the Legendary Nelson Mandella of South
Africa came out of retirement to speak during the "Make
Poverty History" campaigninLondon,ina renewed effort for
a global commitment towards the elimination of povertythe
world over. Mandela reiterated that, "Like slavery and
apartheid, poverty is not natural" "It is manmade,andcanbe
overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings".
He imagined a world without poverty as he reechoed the
argument made by Condurrett in the wake of the French
revolution (Stedman Jones, 2004). Writing of an imminent
effort towards the fight against global inequalities,
Condurrett wrote in 1793 "that everything tells us that we
are now close upon one of the great revolutions of human
race". The terms poverty and poverty reduction have
become major slogans in international developmentagenda,
in terms of developed goals as well as fornewinstruments in
international development agenda, in terms of international
finance. (Guobao, 2000). Poverty does not mean the same
thing -to everyone, the difficulty in defining poverty stems
from the different perspective in which the subject is seen.
This is because, what may be termed poor by one may not
measure up to the considerations (another as poor. Beside
there is always the difficulty in deciding where to draw the
line between poor and non-poor. (Obayelu&Uffort, 2007).
In measuring poverty, government around the world has
found it expedient to measure the phenomenon in a way
reflects their own circumstances and focus. However, there
seems to be a consensus amongst social scientist in the
measurement of poverty as either lack of money or the
inadequacy of it in terms of income and expenditure needs,
with an argument that the focus on money is predicated on
the fact that inadequate income or lack of money Glean,
measurable and an immediate concern an all.
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According to the United Nations Statistical Audit (UNSD
2005), the earliest definition of poverty centered on the
inability to obtain adequate food and other basicnecessities.
The World Bank Report 1990 and Aigbokham (2000)
considered poverty simply as the inability to achieve a
certain minimal standard of living. Aluko (1975) cited in
Asinobi (2003) refer to poverty as a lack of command over
basic consumption needs, in other words, the poor has
inadequate level of consumption giving rise to insufficient
food, clothing, and or shelter and more over the lack of
certain capacity(s) such as being able to participate with
dignity in society.
In alluding to this, Kamanou (2005) opined that being poor
is generally associated with deprivation of some life's basic
needs, such as food, shelter, clothing, basic education,
primary healthcare and security, this element he noted
determine and define standard of living. Povertyhas various
manifestations, including lack of income and productive
resources sufficient to ensure sustainablelivelihood: hunger
and malnutrition, ill health; limited or lack of access to
education and other basic services, increase mobility and
mortality from illnesses, homelessness and inadequate
housing, unsafe environments, social discrimination and
execution. It is also characterized bya lack ofparticipation in
decision and in civil, social and cultural life (Edoh 2003, in
Anger 2010 p. 138).
From the above, it could be deduced that poverty is both an
economic and social problem that manifest in various ways.
It is also clear from the foregoing that not minding any
definition or coloration given to the concept of poverty, it
still remains the lack or insufficiency of some essential
element of life, it goes further to reduce the confidence and
dignity of man as well as the social and psychological
prestige of the victim (Adefo, 2006; Anger, 2010).
The amnesty program and security in the Niger Delta
region
According to the New Encyclopedia Britannica, Amnesty in
criminal Law is a sovereign act of oblivion or forgetfulness
for past acts, granted by a government to a person or
persons who have been guilty of crime. The granting of
Amnesty is often preconditionedonthereturntothe placeof
obedience and deprived youths of the Niger Delta region
with employment generation, crafts and trade training and
the payment of stipend for piprline security surveillance.
According to the New Encyclopedia Britannica, Amnesty in
Criminal Law is a sovereign act of oblivion or forgetfulness
(from the Greek word amnesia) for past acts, granted by a
government to persons who have been guilty of crimes. It is
often conditional upon their return to obedience and duty
within a prescribed period. Amnesty is granted usually for
political crimes against the state, such as treason,sedition or
rebellion. It is addressed generally to classes or" community
and takes the form of legislative Act or other constitutional
or statutory Act of the supreme power of the state. Thus in
1865 president Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation
granting full pardon to all former confederates except
certain leaders who would take an unqualified oath of
allegiance to the United States.
Before the Amnesty "programme, some armed millatant
groups in the Niger Delta region have committed series of
crimes against humanity. The carrying of Arms and
ammunitions are offences under the Nigerian criminalcode;
man slaughter, kidnapping stealing,rapping,sea-pirating,oil
pipelines vandalism and bunkering are all criminal offences
under the Nigerian Law.
Despite these crimes, when the government felt the pang of
the drop in oil production and the attendant economic
effects, she quickly granted unconditional amnesty to the
militant groups, not just for peace to rain in the region but
also to allow for the free flow of crude oil from the region.
The Niger Delta crisis became part of PresidentUmaruMusa
Yar' Adua administration priority, several meetings were
held with stakeholders in the region to chart a way forward.
The president set-up a technical committee to collate and
review previous reports in order to suggest possible
recommendations in addressing the alarming Niger Delta
crisis. Based on the recommendations of the committee, the
president granted unconditional pardon to the repentant
militants on 25th day of June 1999- In his address, the
President acknowledged the challenges of the people of the
Niger Delta that their problem arose due to theinadequacies
of previous government efforts to provide for the yearnings
and aspirations of the region. He lamented that the people
resort to violent agitation for development was a threat to
peace and, good" governance. He added that the energies of
the militants could be harnessed for development of the
region urging them to apply for amnesty within the
stipulated time. Thus, in accordance with the provisions of
section 175 of the Nigeria Constitution, the President
granted amnesty to all repentant militants, which was
premised on the submission of arms and the signing of
militancy renunciation forms. The disarmament,
demobilization and reintegration process included monthly
remuneration for these repentant youths. The programme
begins with payments in dollar to all militant leaders who
surrendered arms as a way of integrating them back into the
society. Trainingandre-training forskills andempowerment
became the focal point of the programme.
The programme which was initially designed to run for a
period of five years, was "given an extended life line by the
Buhari administration to run till 2017. About 30,000
repentant youths were registered by the programme
committee. Massive development projects for the region
form the Blue print of the amnesty. According to Kuku
(2015) the key objective of the amnesty programme is to
stabilize, consolidate and sustain security conditions in the
Niger Delta as prerequisite for promoting economic
development in the area and in the country as a whole.
Theoretical Framework
The study adopted and utilized relative deprivation theory
and the economic theory. A view of commercial kidnapping
from the Relative deprivation theory seems very plausible.
The relative deprivation theory which presupposed one's
feelings of deprivation of certain entitlement as comparedto
another, is seen from the spectacle of lack of resources to
sustain the diet and lifestyle that an individual desires or is
accustomed to or that is widely encouraged or approved in
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the society in which one belongs. Furthermore, Economic
theory on the other hand, views kidnapping from the
economic concept of making ends meet, in this case, the
commercializationofhuman commodities (Nse-Abasi,2004)
cited in Tzanelli (2006) has raised the idea that kidnapping
is regulated by the laws of demand and supply, which he
described as a social action that involves the calculation on
the most efficient means to the desired end.
Nexus between Poverty and Commercial Kidnapping in
Post Amnesty Niger Delta
According to Nwanunbi (2017) many Nigerians in a public
opinion pool by NOIPOLLS revealed that majority cited the
high level of unemployment and poverty prevalent in the
country as the reason for the increase spate of kidnapping
for ransom otherwise called commercial kidnapping. Niger
Delta as the base of the hydro carbon industry in Nigeria has
not been able to harness and take advantage of the presence
of multinationals in the area to reduce poverty and
unemployment in the region. AccordingtoOnonogbu(2008)
"Unemployment is a vicious circle thatexplains theenduring
nature of poverty" every increase in unemployment will
precipitate poverty. Unemployment amongst theyouths has
steadily increases and these unemployed youth has become
readymade tool for all forms of social vices. An x-ray into
what constitutes poverty has shownthe phenomenonhas no
one acceptable definition, rather that people who are poor
share similar characteristics which include low education,
unemployment, poor housing conditions, large families,
absence of savings, unstableincome,andsoon.However,the
debate is still on if these conditions precipitated poverty or
that poverty was a reason for the conditions. Reliable data
gathered on the frequency of kidnap activities has placed
causative reasons for the menace on the door steps of
poverty, religion, theskewed implementationoftheamnesty
programme, greed and the get rich quick syndrome of some
citizens.
Oruwari and Owei (2006) held the position that there is a
relationship between poverty and commercial kidnapping
was buttressed by the Abia State Governorwhenhestatedin
a radio interview that... a lot of things are responsible for
kidnapping, including poverty, unemployment and greed...".
The African richest man AlukoDangote has also echoed the
position of the Abia State Governor above, when, he
lamented that, it so ironical, that's despite the abundant
resources, Nigeria was still dealingwithserious poverty."He
noted that "the spate of kidnapping and militant vandalism
of petroleum pipelines in the Niger Delta and the protracted
insurgency in the north west are all fuels to a large extents
by the level of endemic poverty in the country, (naira
land.com 2018. July 2013).
According to Odumosu(1999),whenpoverty is coupledwith
high levels of economic and social aspiration, the stage is set
for criminal activation" most of the youths who involve in
commercial kidnapping are of the poor stock, without any
visible means of livelihood, but aspires to live the good life,
therefore they themselves engage in crime to achieve their
desired aspiration, most of them sees kidnapping as an easy
way out of their poverty stricken situation prompting Emeh
(2011) to quip that poverty is the harbinger of most crimes
as the object want, squalor and misery among many
exacerbates crime rate with corruption, economic crises,
unemployment and rural urban Unbalance aggravates the
worsening situation. Kidnapping is a crime that carries
serious sanction, the upswing in commercial kidnapping in
the Niger Delta Region is fast assuming a catastrophic
dimension compelling the Rivers State government to
purpose the capital punishment for the perpetrator of this
heinous crime.
The identified major causes of kidnapping within the Niger
Delta region will include amongst others:
1. Poverty
2. Unemployment
3. Politics '
4. Get Rich Quick syndrome
5. Drug addiction.
Unemployment and Poverty:
In trying to find the relationship between poverty and
kidnapping, we have been able to establishthat,mostkidnap
master minds are of the poor stock and this is due largely to
unemployment and idleness and in most cases laziness and
resentment for hard work. Because these youth are either
lazy or idle, they turn to crime especially kidnapping for
ransom as a means of survival.Agha (2010)noted"menhave
device wrong ethical tools and chosen vices to enable them
attain their insidious objectives.
Cultism and the Egbesu Culture
Cultism is not a new phenomenon in Nigeria, most
traditional society in Nigeria, operates in a cult like manner,
cultism was introduced to the university systemand became
very prominent in the late and early 90s judicially noted for
notoriority, brutality and cruelty. Oluwatobi and Babatunde
(2010) noted that cultism in the higher institution of
learning look hurtful are worrisome dimension with many
criminal activities frequently attributed to their members.
Poverty again plays a major role in the association of youths
with cultism as Ogumbameru (1977) cited in Anyacbo
(2009) noted, that very many students from poor
background tend to join secret cult as a means to obtain
forcefully what they cannot get in reality,whereas thehigher
institution serves-as the recruiting groundforcultismbefore
now, the member has been introduced into the streets of
major cities, towns and villages. Cult group like Green
Landers, Deygbam, Deywell, Elegamface, green Landers etc.
are street cults known to have recruited idle youths from
every community educated or not.Amaize(2010)noted that
most kidnap kingpins are mostly youths who belong to one
cult group or the other and have come of their fellow cultists
in high places in the government. The violent and
sophistication attributed to kidnapping is a clear indication
of cultism orientation and inclination of the perpetrators.
Most cult groups operating in the Niger Delta regionboastof
the fact that they have found the antidote to bullet. This
African bullet proof otherwise known as Odeshi in Ibo.
Asawana and Nkobara in some Ijaw communities theyclaim
are capable of defusing the effectiveness of direction. This
phenomenon has greatly boosted the morals of those
involved to challenge the statuesque.
Underdevelopment, Drug Addiction and General
Insecurity
On the part of the government and security agents similarly,
the Guardian Newspaper of Monday July 19 in its editorial
column stated that the spate of kidnapping is a price thatthe
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government has to pay for her poor governance and bad
leadership (Editorial, 2010) having refused to provide the
people with the basic requirement of a state to the people
e.g. water, good road, railway, jobs and infrastructures.
The complicity of the security agencies can also be viewed
from the parts they played in helping their political master
arm the youths to intimidate their political opponents.
Godwin (2010) put it this way;
It was the politicians that armed the boys as thugs to
intimidate their opponents. The result is having it was the
politicians an army of hungry and unemployment youths
who have been exposed to benefits of kidnapping area
reaping from ransom paid to them by government topshots.
Before you know it, the wrong message was sent to others
that this is the easiest means of becoming rich. (p. 16).
The abuse and use of illicit drugs is one such motivator of
kidnappers especially when such is an addict that must
satisfy his unquenchable desire. The inability of the
government to effectively checkmate the salesofillicitdrugs
has turned around to fight back in the form of kidnappers
who must have money to continue in the act.
Recommendations
With the reverberating effects of commercial kidnapping on
the society especially in the areas of development, this work
find it pertinent to make the following recommendations
aimed at stemming the rising spate of commercial
kidnapping or reducing the preponderance of the menace in
the Niger Delta region.
1. Poverty alleviation programme: The government
should come up with poverty' alleviation and or
reduction programme targeting the volatile youths of
the Niger delta region.
2. Developmental projects: The government should site
more developmental projects within the area to create
short and long term employment opportunities for
people residing within the region.
3. Amnesty programme: Thegovernmentshouldidentify
all those who have not been involved in kidnapping and
expand the federal government amnesty programme to
accommodate them.
4. Security: The security architecture within the region
and especially Rivers, Bayelsa, Delta States shouldbere-
organized, restructured and repositioned for
effectiveness, focusing more on intelligence gathering
and proactive community policing
5. Community involvement: Members of the community
should be involved in all government efforts geared
towards reducing the rising tide of kidnapping
especially the integration of community members in
policing.
6. Application of appropriate sanctions: Appropriate'
sanctions commiseratewith kidnapping according tothe
law should be meted down to every culprit.
Conclusion
Kidnapping today is fast assuming a "business" status, as
criminal element continue to commercialize their activities
with the demand of huge ransom in money terms. The
combined effect of poverty, unemployment, security
ineptitude,- governmental neglect and the high return on
investment associated with kidnapping, the scourge may
very well continue to plague the socio economic liver of the
Niger Delta with attendant underdevelopment effects.
This state of affairs may continue much longer if the rate of
unemployment, drug abuse andarms proliferations does not
abate. The industrial scale kidnapping as typified by the
Chibok and Dapchi girls in the NorthEastisa clearindication
of what is to come it greater attention is not given to the
rising profile of commercialize kidnapping in the country.
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