This article is designed to investigate the consequences and solutions of the trafficking of IDPs in the post Boko Haram period in the North eastern Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to determine the extent of human trafficking among IDPs in the North eastern Nigeria to find out if Boko Haram insurgency has increased human trafficking to examine the consequences of human trafficking among Boko Haram driven IDPs in the study area and to provide the possible solutions to human trafficking of IDPs. The article found out that the extent of human trafficking among IDPs is high in the study area and Boko Haram insurgency has contributed to that. The consequences of human trafficking among Boko Haram driven IDPs includes the involvement of some IDPs into Boko Haram through human trafficking sex slavery due to human trafficking human trafficking reduces the chances of their liberation from IDPs status dehumanisation and engagement of the IDPs into baby factory assault and even murder, bonded slavery and other psychological consequences like insomnia, lack of trust to strangers and post traumatic stress disorder, etc. As the possible solutions to human trafficking of IDPs in the North eastern Nigeria, therefore Boko Haram insurgency should be fought to prevent trafficking of IDPs, there should be special intervention for the IDPs as safety net there should be synergy between law enforcement agencies in fighting human trafficking community participation, community policing and contribution of neighbouring states Dr. Bukar Jamri "Post-Boko Haram Insurgency and Trafficking of IDPS in the Northeastern Nigeria: Consequences and Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42359.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42359/postboko-haram-insurgency-and-trafficking-of-idps-in-the-northeastern-nigeria-consequences-and-solutions/dr-bukar-jamri
Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republicijtsrd
This paper is an inquisition on the impact of primordial politics on democratic consolidation in Nigerias fourth republic. Data for the research was gathered from secondary sources including Books, Journals, Newspapers, Magazines, and the Internet. The analysis of the data gathered was based on the historical descriptive method which attempts to understand the phenomenon of primordial politics by determining it process of evolution, growth, and dynamic of internal changes. Findings revealed that socio political and economic deprivation amounting to internal colonialism by one section of the country over the others has bred frustration leading to recourse to ethnicism as expressed in the pattern of voting. The paper therefore recommends, Constitutional amendments, rotational presidency and two party system as a panacea for nationalism. Diri, Benjamin B. | Godwin Isaiah Jaja "Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38537.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38537/primordial-politics-and-democratic-consolidation-in-nigeria’s-fourth-republic/diri-benjamin-b
Impact of Corruption on Insurgency in the North-Eastern Region of NigeriaIOSRJBM
This study is on the Impact of Corruption on Boko Haram Insurgency in the North Eastern Region of Nigeria, specifically, Adamawa, Borno and Yobe States. The study adopted content and observational analysis. Documentary ideas as expressed in text books, journal articles, magazines, Internet and Newspapers was analysed and utilised. The documentary materials were complemented with the observation methodology of data collection. The period of the study is 2009 to 2015. In the course of the study, it was discovered that the failure of the Nigerian Military to defeat the Boko Haram Insurgents within the study period was due to corruption perpetuated by the office of the former National Security Adviser. In conclusion, it was clear without doubt that corruption had negatively impacted on the war against insurgency in the North Eastern Region of Nigeria and this was due to the sharing of the $2.1 billion dollars and the questionable contracts awarded which were not executed by some companies and persons. The study therefore recommended that the Federal Government under President Muhammadu Buhari should continue with his war against corruption and ensure that all outstanding funds with the former National Security Adviser and his collaborators were retrieved.
This presentation elaborates on how terrorism has gain currency in Cameroon. A brief idea on the regional and institutional approach on the issue and the answers to the question, if Cameroon can defeat Boko-Haram?
Boko Haram kidnapped 276 Chibok schoolgirls in Nigeria in April 2014. They stormed the school while girls were taking exams, loaded them onto trucks, and took them away. Boko Haram's leader had announced plans to kidnap girls to use as child brides or sell for $12 million into the sex trafficking market. While 57 girls escaped, 219 remain captive. The kidnappings and forced marriages violate numerous articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights protecting women's and children's rights. The United States and United Nations have taken some actions like sanctions and military assistance to help Nigeria address the ongoing threat from Boko Haram and free the kidnapped girls.
Fanaticism and Barbarism: Synonyms of Dysfunctionality in Nigeria Todaypaperpublications3
Abstract: Civility is the language of decency, moderation, honesty, truthfulness, justice, equity, tolerance, mutual understanding, dialogue and mutual responsibility for the development of any society. There are other associated values and virtues, which are imbedded in the cultivation of civility in a polity such as patience and forgiveness. On the other hand, it renounces violence, coercion, destruction of life and property, as well as fanaticism and barbarism in every aspect of societal life. It denounces corruption and disorder. In fact, civility is antithetical to anarchy and lawlessness. But the reality of the Nigerian society manifests a total opposition to all the aforementioned virtues towards development and progress, especially with the current threats of Boko Haram and other political manipulations of the economy. It is in the light of this fact that the paper considers various acts of fanaticism and barbarism inflicted on the country, thus, challenging the sustainability of Nigeria as a nation.
Poverty and Commercial Kidnapping in Post Amnesty Niger Deltaijtsrd
This study takes a look at the relationship between poverty and the ever increasing spate of commercial kidnapping in the post amnesty Niger Delta region. Kidnapping for ransom peaked in the region in 2006 with increased activities of the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta MEND and other militant groups, prompting President Yar, Adua to prioritize Niger Delta issues in that Seven Points Agenda, which culminated in the granting of amnesty to repentant militants upon renunciation and return to obedience. In the attempt to answer the question on how poverty influences commercial kidnapping in the Niger Delta region this study deployed the relative deprivation theory as a tool of analysis. The nexus between poverty and commercial kidnapping was established as some other causative factors that influences the menace were noted, including poverty as the chief culprit, unemployment, drug addiction,, cultism and general insecurity in the area. The paper therefore recommended amongst others, poverty alleviation programmes, proactive community policing, expansion of the amnesty programme to accommodate non militant youths in the region and general socio economic and infrastructural development as a panacea for the reduction of crime and criminality. Diri, Benjamin B | Tamunosisi Gogo Jaja "Poverty and Commercial Kidnapping in Post Amnesty Niger Delta" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38260.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38260/poverty-and-commercial-kidnapping-in-post-amnesty-niger-delta/diri-benjamin-b
This study focuses on the effectiveness of State and Non-state actors in combating human trafficking and ensuring safe migration of Zimbabwean women. The study relied on qualitative research methodology while data was gathered through primary and documentary search. Respondents were purposively selected from victims of human trafficking and organisations that deal with combating human trafficking. These included IOM, Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) Human Trafficking Desk, Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs. The study revealed that human trafficking in Zimbabwe thrives under conditions of vulnerability which are caused by various factors ranging from poverty, limited educational opportunities, poor economic conditions, gender and age. A strong relationship between Government and NGOs’ inadequate adherence to the Palermo Protocol standards and escalation of human trafficking was also exposed. Though Zimbabwean has several laws that deals with human trafficking, implementation of these laws still remains a challenge. This has contributed to the escalation of human trafficking cases from Zimbabwe to neighbouring countries, particularly South Africa.
Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republicijtsrd
This paper is an inquisition on the impact of primordial politics on democratic consolidation in Nigerias fourth republic. Data for the research was gathered from secondary sources including Books, Journals, Newspapers, Magazines, and the Internet. The analysis of the data gathered was based on the historical descriptive method which attempts to understand the phenomenon of primordial politics by determining it process of evolution, growth, and dynamic of internal changes. Findings revealed that socio political and economic deprivation amounting to internal colonialism by one section of the country over the others has bred frustration leading to recourse to ethnicism as expressed in the pattern of voting. The paper therefore recommends, Constitutional amendments, rotational presidency and two party system as a panacea for nationalism. Diri, Benjamin B. | Godwin Isaiah Jaja "Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38537.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38537/primordial-politics-and-democratic-consolidation-in-nigeria’s-fourth-republic/diri-benjamin-b
Impact of Corruption on Insurgency in the North-Eastern Region of NigeriaIOSRJBM
This study is on the Impact of Corruption on Boko Haram Insurgency in the North Eastern Region of Nigeria, specifically, Adamawa, Borno and Yobe States. The study adopted content and observational analysis. Documentary ideas as expressed in text books, journal articles, magazines, Internet and Newspapers was analysed and utilised. The documentary materials were complemented with the observation methodology of data collection. The period of the study is 2009 to 2015. In the course of the study, it was discovered that the failure of the Nigerian Military to defeat the Boko Haram Insurgents within the study period was due to corruption perpetuated by the office of the former National Security Adviser. In conclusion, it was clear without doubt that corruption had negatively impacted on the war against insurgency in the North Eastern Region of Nigeria and this was due to the sharing of the $2.1 billion dollars and the questionable contracts awarded which were not executed by some companies and persons. The study therefore recommended that the Federal Government under President Muhammadu Buhari should continue with his war against corruption and ensure that all outstanding funds with the former National Security Adviser and his collaborators were retrieved.
This presentation elaborates on how terrorism has gain currency in Cameroon. A brief idea on the regional and institutional approach on the issue and the answers to the question, if Cameroon can defeat Boko-Haram?
Boko Haram kidnapped 276 Chibok schoolgirls in Nigeria in April 2014. They stormed the school while girls were taking exams, loaded them onto trucks, and took them away. Boko Haram's leader had announced plans to kidnap girls to use as child brides or sell for $12 million into the sex trafficking market. While 57 girls escaped, 219 remain captive. The kidnappings and forced marriages violate numerous articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights protecting women's and children's rights. The United States and United Nations have taken some actions like sanctions and military assistance to help Nigeria address the ongoing threat from Boko Haram and free the kidnapped girls.
Fanaticism and Barbarism: Synonyms of Dysfunctionality in Nigeria Todaypaperpublications3
Abstract: Civility is the language of decency, moderation, honesty, truthfulness, justice, equity, tolerance, mutual understanding, dialogue and mutual responsibility for the development of any society. There are other associated values and virtues, which are imbedded in the cultivation of civility in a polity such as patience and forgiveness. On the other hand, it renounces violence, coercion, destruction of life and property, as well as fanaticism and barbarism in every aspect of societal life. It denounces corruption and disorder. In fact, civility is antithetical to anarchy and lawlessness. But the reality of the Nigerian society manifests a total opposition to all the aforementioned virtues towards development and progress, especially with the current threats of Boko Haram and other political manipulations of the economy. It is in the light of this fact that the paper considers various acts of fanaticism and barbarism inflicted on the country, thus, challenging the sustainability of Nigeria as a nation.
Poverty and Commercial Kidnapping in Post Amnesty Niger Deltaijtsrd
This study takes a look at the relationship between poverty and the ever increasing spate of commercial kidnapping in the post amnesty Niger Delta region. Kidnapping for ransom peaked in the region in 2006 with increased activities of the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta MEND and other militant groups, prompting President Yar, Adua to prioritize Niger Delta issues in that Seven Points Agenda, which culminated in the granting of amnesty to repentant militants upon renunciation and return to obedience. In the attempt to answer the question on how poverty influences commercial kidnapping in the Niger Delta region this study deployed the relative deprivation theory as a tool of analysis. The nexus between poverty and commercial kidnapping was established as some other causative factors that influences the menace were noted, including poverty as the chief culprit, unemployment, drug addiction,, cultism and general insecurity in the area. The paper therefore recommended amongst others, poverty alleviation programmes, proactive community policing, expansion of the amnesty programme to accommodate non militant youths in the region and general socio economic and infrastructural development as a panacea for the reduction of crime and criminality. Diri, Benjamin B | Tamunosisi Gogo Jaja "Poverty and Commercial Kidnapping in Post Amnesty Niger Delta" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38260.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38260/poverty-and-commercial-kidnapping-in-post-amnesty-niger-delta/diri-benjamin-b
This study focuses on the effectiveness of State and Non-state actors in combating human trafficking and ensuring safe migration of Zimbabwean women. The study relied on qualitative research methodology while data was gathered through primary and documentary search. Respondents were purposively selected from victims of human trafficking and organisations that deal with combating human trafficking. These included IOM, Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) Human Trafficking Desk, Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs. The study revealed that human trafficking in Zimbabwe thrives under conditions of vulnerability which are caused by various factors ranging from poverty, limited educational opportunities, poor economic conditions, gender and age. A strong relationship between Government and NGOs’ inadequate adherence to the Palermo Protocol standards and escalation of human trafficking was also exposed. Though Zimbabwean has several laws that deals with human trafficking, implementation of these laws still remains a challenge. This has contributed to the escalation of human trafficking cases from Zimbabwe to neighbouring countries, particularly South Africa.
Boko Haram - An Examination of Terrorist Resiliency and Adaptability 02 Novem...ChadCogan
Boko Haram has proven resilient and adaptive in the face of anti-terrorist measures. Though their goals and tactics have been forced to change, the group has survived, continuing to successfully carry out attacks in the region. Boko Haram serves as a case study in the difficulty of clearly defeating a terrorist group.
Futures Uncertain: Mapping the Socio-Economic Aftermath of The Boko Haram Ins...inventionjournals
Boko Haram can be seen as an expression of frustration against injustice, underdevelopment, corruption, inadequate public service, political marginalisation and socio-economic grievances vis-a-vis the outlandish nature of the Nigerian political economy which fosters disequilibrium The attacks by Boko Haram defy a particular pattern: drive-by shooting, attacks on prisons, and police stations, attacks on churches and “sites of immorality”(such as beer parlours, gambling centers and commercial sex businesses) : and suicide bombing on strategic buildings. They do not discriminate their targets, but their targets of choice appear to be government officials and security agents. It is against this backdrop that this paper attempts to map out the uncertain future of the socio-economic activities as a result of the Boko Haram insurgency. The paper among others recommended the following; traditional institutions integration; economic empowerment and employment generation; reformation of security agencies; proper religious enlightenment; and government proactive attitude towards crisis
Islam is a religion of peace,but radicals have changed its preaching. Can one considered jihad as a just war? Since its inscribed in the Holy Koran.As such,this presentation give some of the reasons why a certain groups (mostly Muslims) have developed new ideologies.
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Children in Syria and IraqCecilia Polizzi
Various terrorist and paramilitary organizations exploit children for their purposes. We can see teenagers among the ISIS, as well as among Shiite military groups, which declared “fighting ISIS” as their primary objective. There are also “children of ISIS” in Syria and Iraq, brought by their parents, who joined ISIS. Some of them were born there. Most of the children have lost, at least, one parent. They are deprived of material benefits, quality education, and health services; they don’t have a roof over their heads. Today, during the coronavirus pandemic, these children have faced a new challenge.
We asked Founder & Executive Director Working Group on Children Recruited by Terrorist and Violent Extremist Groups Cecilia Polizzi to comment on the situation around the children involved in the conflict and brought there by their parents.
This presentation discusses the vast emigration of educated Iranians since 1979 when Iran transitioned to an Islamic republic. It notes that in 2013, Iran executed 529 people compared to 38 in the United States. It highlights how the lack of basic human rights and opportunities in Iran has led to a "brain drain" as many educated citizens leave, costing Iran's socioeconomic development. Interviews with experts suggest political reforms respecting civil liberties could help address this issue.
Whenever a terrorist acts take place, then our mind gets hunch with some pictures behind the act like Pakistan, Taliban, Muslims etc., we assume terrorism as an international concept and basic reasons behind them are Muslims, but no muse over the reasons, circumstances behind the indulgence of those terrorists in that particular act. Today people should understand the strict meaning and the key reasons behind the evolution of terrorism. It is very much important for us to understand the demarcation between “International terrorism” and “Domestic terrorism”. This research article tries to put forward some basic reasons behind the evolution of terrorism majorly in the context of India
Tactful Intelligence Sharing and Synergy among the Nigerian Security Operativ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nigeria‟s peace and human security is currently engulfed in turmoil. And one of the notable
problems of insecurity in the country is menace of advanced cult killings on daily basis most especially the
upsurge of a dreaded cult group known as “Badoo”, that carries out attacks on human lives in Ikorodu suburb of
Lagos State, Nigeria. Residents of Ikorodu and others suburbs in Lagos State, Nigeria now live in perpetual
phobia and the menace has forced several others to have fled the state. The dreaded “Badoo” cult group killings
and attacks pose dangerous threats to human lives, national peace and security. Among the notable factors
aiding the emergence of such dreaded cult group in the state are; poor intelligence gathering and synergy on the
part of Nigerian security operatives, frustration, financial assistance, injustice, forced membership,
unemployment among youths, get-rich-quick syndrome on the part of many Nigerian youths, drug abuse among
others. The study examines threats posed by the menace to human lives, state‟s peace and security; it assesses
the concerted efforts of Nigerian government and security operatives in combating the menace. The study
concludes that, lack of adequate intelligence gathering, general insecurity in the country, corruption, abject
poverty and youth unemployment remain the factors hindering a total arrest of the menace in Nigeria. It also
requests the need for giving adequate support to security operatives by the citizens; continuous
orientation/education for the youths, good laws and governance, adequate intelligence gathering on the part of
security agents to nip the menace in the bud.
KEYWORDS: Badoo cultists, Human security, Security intelligence, Unemployment, Good governance,
Lagos.
This paper was accepted and published by Ontario Human Rights Commission for its February 2016 #Racialprofiling policy dialogue. It examines how categories of racial identity have been legally constructed, and how these artificial classifications have been unjustly implemented in the Canadian Government’s policies and the legal system.
The panel discussion concluded that while Al-Qaeda lost its base in Afghanistan, it remains capable of regenerating and poses a continued threat. To counter this threat, the US must improve intelligence capabilities to track Al-Qaeda's efforts to find new bases and rebuild. Better coordination is also needed between intelligence agencies to disrupt terrorist financing networks. The panel agreed that threats have changed and now include the potential for mass casualty attacks using weapons of mass destruction, as well as threats from citizens and residents rather than just foreigners. Improved intelligence focusing on these new threats will be key to developing a strategy to destroy Al-Qaeda's reorganization efforts.
This document discusses the impact of religion on civilizations in Africa, India, and the Americas through several newspaper articles and historical texts. In Africa, documents discuss how Timbuktu was once a major intellectual center under Islam with many scholars and libraries. They also discuss how some religious leaders have convinced others that female circumcision is not mandated by Islam. In India, the document discusses the ongoing discrimination and violence faced by Dalits, or "untouchables", despite laws against it, showing the impact of the Hindu caste system. It provides statistics on crimes against Dalits. In the Americas, no documents were included in this packet.
The document discusses the pull factors that attract young people to join terrorist organizations like the Abu Sayyaf Group in the Philippines, using it as a case study. It argues that there are both ideational and material pull factors. Ideationally, terrorist groups use radical religious ideologies to attract youth and give their lives meaning. Materially, they offer monetary rewards, supplies, and support to families to entice impoverished youth. The Abu Sayyaf Group initially grew due to the charismatic preaching of its founder but later resorted more to kidnapping-for-ransom activities to fund recruitment through financial incentives as ideological fervor waned. Understanding these pull factors is important for counterterrorism policy.
International terrorism scope, causes and the role of education in combating ...SARON MESSEMBE OBIA
The global dimension of international security and violence has stimulated the rise of youth in the world and Africa in particular. The focus is no longer on policing terrorism, but rather understanding the mutations and how education can help combat terrorism.
This document summarizes research on terrorism movements in Latin America, specifically focusing on the links between Hezbollah, Iran, and terrorist groups like the FARC in Colombia. It discusses how Iran, Cuba, and Venezuela have formed an alliance to coordinate support for these terrorist groups against US foreign policy. The document analyzes the history and activities of groups like Hezbollah, FARC, and the ALBA countries, and argues they pose a threat to stability in the region due to ties to drug trafficking and state sponsors of terrorism like Iran.
This document provides definitions and context around international trafficking of women to the United States. It summarizes that an estimated 45,000-50,000 women and children are trafficked to the US annually by small crime rings and loose networks for sexual exploitation and forced labor. While traditionally coming from Southeast Asia and Latin America, victims are increasingly originating from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The document then discusses definitions of trafficking, organized crime, force, and consent in the context of US and international law.
This document discusses using an interdisciplinary approach to address the complex issue of human sex trafficking. It draws on the disciplines of information technology, general business, and organizational leadership. Information technology can help by using data mining and security techniques to identify patterns and track traffickers online. General business principles can provide insights into the market dynamics of trafficking. Organizational leadership is needed to manage collaborative efforts across different groups working on this issue. While conflicts may arise from other disciplines, an interdisciplinary team incorporating these three areas could help reduce and prevent trafficking by utilizing technological tools and data, understanding the business of trafficking, and coordinating organizational responses.
Human trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of humans for the purpose of exploitation through force, fraud, or coercion. It is the third largest international crime generating billions of dollars in profit each year. Victims are often lured with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced into labor or commercial sex against their will. Common forms of human trafficking include sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and organ harvesting. Poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and demand for cheap labor or commercial sex are key drivers. The top countries for human trafficking globally are Bangladesh, Brazil, Haiti, Pakistan, India, and Nepal. In India, trafficking is prevalent with victims sourced from
Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud or coercion to exploit people for commercial gain. It is defined as a crime against a person, whereas human smuggling only facilitates illegal border crossings. Trafficking victims are seen as victims under the law, while smuggled individuals are seen as criminals. Common forms of exploitation include sex work, labor, begging, organ removal, child soldiers and domestic servitude. Trafficking is fueled by poverty, lack of opportunities, organized crime and uneven effects of globalization.
Predictors and Incidence of Kidnapping in Contemporary Nigeria: A Socio-Crimi...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, which is essentially a literature review, the researcher undertook a critical investigation into the major predictors and incidence of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria. The paper further reviewed the various scholars’ and media pundits’ perspectives on kidnapping. Nigeria is in the throes of kidnapping occasioned by a multiplicity of both individual risk factors and social forces. The rising incidence of kidnapping is disturbingly high and destructive to both human and capital development in the country. The current pattern or trend of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria is a basket case; little wonder therefore that the latest global ranking placed Nigeria as the fourth most notorious kidnapping nation where people can be easily kidnapped with impunity. The quest to settle political differences, inordinate ambition to acquire and accumulate wealth, poverty and social exclusion, perpetual pains of unemployment, and reaction to existing detestable social and political developments are some of the main causes of kidnapping in Nigeria. The central policy implication of this paper is that it will guide security agencies and policy makers on crime and criminality in making reliable policies that will reduce the incidence of kidnapping in Nigeria to the barest minimum.
This paper traces the development of Boko-Haram from two perspectives (Socio-economic and Political), it exposes the reasons for the re-emergence of insecurity in Nigeria, precisely Northern zone which shares the same culture with Northern Cameroon. The paper equally explores the various groups threatening Nigerian sovereignty and countries of the Lake Chad Basin. It also outlines some responses to adapt to the changing modus operandi of the terrorist organization.
Boko Haram - An Examination of Terrorist Resiliency and Adaptability 02 Novem...ChadCogan
Boko Haram has proven resilient and adaptive in the face of anti-terrorist measures. Though their goals and tactics have been forced to change, the group has survived, continuing to successfully carry out attacks in the region. Boko Haram serves as a case study in the difficulty of clearly defeating a terrorist group.
Futures Uncertain: Mapping the Socio-Economic Aftermath of The Boko Haram Ins...inventionjournals
Boko Haram can be seen as an expression of frustration against injustice, underdevelopment, corruption, inadequate public service, political marginalisation and socio-economic grievances vis-a-vis the outlandish nature of the Nigerian political economy which fosters disequilibrium The attacks by Boko Haram defy a particular pattern: drive-by shooting, attacks on prisons, and police stations, attacks on churches and “sites of immorality”(such as beer parlours, gambling centers and commercial sex businesses) : and suicide bombing on strategic buildings. They do not discriminate their targets, but their targets of choice appear to be government officials and security agents. It is against this backdrop that this paper attempts to map out the uncertain future of the socio-economic activities as a result of the Boko Haram insurgency. The paper among others recommended the following; traditional institutions integration; economic empowerment and employment generation; reformation of security agencies; proper religious enlightenment; and government proactive attitude towards crisis
Islam is a religion of peace,but radicals have changed its preaching. Can one considered jihad as a just war? Since its inscribed in the Holy Koran.As such,this presentation give some of the reasons why a certain groups (mostly Muslims) have developed new ideologies.
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Children in Syria and IraqCecilia Polizzi
Various terrorist and paramilitary organizations exploit children for their purposes. We can see teenagers among the ISIS, as well as among Shiite military groups, which declared “fighting ISIS” as their primary objective. There are also “children of ISIS” in Syria and Iraq, brought by their parents, who joined ISIS. Some of them were born there. Most of the children have lost, at least, one parent. They are deprived of material benefits, quality education, and health services; they don’t have a roof over their heads. Today, during the coronavirus pandemic, these children have faced a new challenge.
We asked Founder & Executive Director Working Group on Children Recruited by Terrorist and Violent Extremist Groups Cecilia Polizzi to comment on the situation around the children involved in the conflict and brought there by their parents.
This presentation discusses the vast emigration of educated Iranians since 1979 when Iran transitioned to an Islamic republic. It notes that in 2013, Iran executed 529 people compared to 38 in the United States. It highlights how the lack of basic human rights and opportunities in Iran has led to a "brain drain" as many educated citizens leave, costing Iran's socioeconomic development. Interviews with experts suggest political reforms respecting civil liberties could help address this issue.
Whenever a terrorist acts take place, then our mind gets hunch with some pictures behind the act like Pakistan, Taliban, Muslims etc., we assume terrorism as an international concept and basic reasons behind them are Muslims, but no muse over the reasons, circumstances behind the indulgence of those terrorists in that particular act. Today people should understand the strict meaning and the key reasons behind the evolution of terrorism. It is very much important for us to understand the demarcation between “International terrorism” and “Domestic terrorism”. This research article tries to put forward some basic reasons behind the evolution of terrorism majorly in the context of India
Tactful Intelligence Sharing and Synergy among the Nigerian Security Operativ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nigeria‟s peace and human security is currently engulfed in turmoil. And one of the notable
problems of insecurity in the country is menace of advanced cult killings on daily basis most especially the
upsurge of a dreaded cult group known as “Badoo”, that carries out attacks on human lives in Ikorodu suburb of
Lagos State, Nigeria. Residents of Ikorodu and others suburbs in Lagos State, Nigeria now live in perpetual
phobia and the menace has forced several others to have fled the state. The dreaded “Badoo” cult group killings
and attacks pose dangerous threats to human lives, national peace and security. Among the notable factors
aiding the emergence of such dreaded cult group in the state are; poor intelligence gathering and synergy on the
part of Nigerian security operatives, frustration, financial assistance, injustice, forced membership,
unemployment among youths, get-rich-quick syndrome on the part of many Nigerian youths, drug abuse among
others. The study examines threats posed by the menace to human lives, state‟s peace and security; it assesses
the concerted efforts of Nigerian government and security operatives in combating the menace. The study
concludes that, lack of adequate intelligence gathering, general insecurity in the country, corruption, abject
poverty and youth unemployment remain the factors hindering a total arrest of the menace in Nigeria. It also
requests the need for giving adequate support to security operatives by the citizens; continuous
orientation/education for the youths, good laws and governance, adequate intelligence gathering on the part of
security agents to nip the menace in the bud.
KEYWORDS: Badoo cultists, Human security, Security intelligence, Unemployment, Good governance,
Lagos.
This paper was accepted and published by Ontario Human Rights Commission for its February 2016 #Racialprofiling policy dialogue. It examines how categories of racial identity have been legally constructed, and how these artificial classifications have been unjustly implemented in the Canadian Government’s policies and the legal system.
The panel discussion concluded that while Al-Qaeda lost its base in Afghanistan, it remains capable of regenerating and poses a continued threat. To counter this threat, the US must improve intelligence capabilities to track Al-Qaeda's efforts to find new bases and rebuild. Better coordination is also needed between intelligence agencies to disrupt terrorist financing networks. The panel agreed that threats have changed and now include the potential for mass casualty attacks using weapons of mass destruction, as well as threats from citizens and residents rather than just foreigners. Improved intelligence focusing on these new threats will be key to developing a strategy to destroy Al-Qaeda's reorganization efforts.
This document discusses the impact of religion on civilizations in Africa, India, and the Americas through several newspaper articles and historical texts. In Africa, documents discuss how Timbuktu was once a major intellectual center under Islam with many scholars and libraries. They also discuss how some religious leaders have convinced others that female circumcision is not mandated by Islam. In India, the document discusses the ongoing discrimination and violence faced by Dalits, or "untouchables", despite laws against it, showing the impact of the Hindu caste system. It provides statistics on crimes against Dalits. In the Americas, no documents were included in this packet.
The document discusses the pull factors that attract young people to join terrorist organizations like the Abu Sayyaf Group in the Philippines, using it as a case study. It argues that there are both ideational and material pull factors. Ideationally, terrorist groups use radical religious ideologies to attract youth and give their lives meaning. Materially, they offer monetary rewards, supplies, and support to families to entice impoverished youth. The Abu Sayyaf Group initially grew due to the charismatic preaching of its founder but later resorted more to kidnapping-for-ransom activities to fund recruitment through financial incentives as ideological fervor waned. Understanding these pull factors is important for counterterrorism policy.
International terrorism scope, causes and the role of education in combating ...SARON MESSEMBE OBIA
The global dimension of international security and violence has stimulated the rise of youth in the world and Africa in particular. The focus is no longer on policing terrorism, but rather understanding the mutations and how education can help combat terrorism.
This document summarizes research on terrorism movements in Latin America, specifically focusing on the links between Hezbollah, Iran, and terrorist groups like the FARC in Colombia. It discusses how Iran, Cuba, and Venezuela have formed an alliance to coordinate support for these terrorist groups against US foreign policy. The document analyzes the history and activities of groups like Hezbollah, FARC, and the ALBA countries, and argues they pose a threat to stability in the region due to ties to drug trafficking and state sponsors of terrorism like Iran.
This document provides definitions and context around international trafficking of women to the United States. It summarizes that an estimated 45,000-50,000 women and children are trafficked to the US annually by small crime rings and loose networks for sexual exploitation and forced labor. While traditionally coming from Southeast Asia and Latin America, victims are increasingly originating from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The document then discusses definitions of trafficking, organized crime, force, and consent in the context of US and international law.
This document discusses using an interdisciplinary approach to address the complex issue of human sex trafficking. It draws on the disciplines of information technology, general business, and organizational leadership. Information technology can help by using data mining and security techniques to identify patterns and track traffickers online. General business principles can provide insights into the market dynamics of trafficking. Organizational leadership is needed to manage collaborative efforts across different groups working on this issue. While conflicts may arise from other disciplines, an interdisciplinary team incorporating these three areas could help reduce and prevent trafficking by utilizing technological tools and data, understanding the business of trafficking, and coordinating organizational responses.
Human trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of humans for the purpose of exploitation through force, fraud, or coercion. It is the third largest international crime generating billions of dollars in profit each year. Victims are often lured with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced into labor or commercial sex against their will. Common forms of human trafficking include sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and organ harvesting. Poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and demand for cheap labor or commercial sex are key drivers. The top countries for human trafficking globally are Bangladesh, Brazil, Haiti, Pakistan, India, and Nepal. In India, trafficking is prevalent with victims sourced from
Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud or coercion to exploit people for commercial gain. It is defined as a crime against a person, whereas human smuggling only facilitates illegal border crossings. Trafficking victims are seen as victims under the law, while smuggled individuals are seen as criminals. Common forms of exploitation include sex work, labor, begging, organ removal, child soldiers and domestic servitude. Trafficking is fueled by poverty, lack of opportunities, organized crime and uneven effects of globalization.
Predictors and Incidence of Kidnapping in Contemporary Nigeria: A Socio-Crimi...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, which is essentially a literature review, the researcher undertook a critical investigation into the major predictors and incidence of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria. The paper further reviewed the various scholars’ and media pundits’ perspectives on kidnapping. Nigeria is in the throes of kidnapping occasioned by a multiplicity of both individual risk factors and social forces. The rising incidence of kidnapping is disturbingly high and destructive to both human and capital development in the country. The current pattern or trend of kidnapping in contemporary Nigeria is a basket case; little wonder therefore that the latest global ranking placed Nigeria as the fourth most notorious kidnapping nation where people can be easily kidnapped with impunity. The quest to settle political differences, inordinate ambition to acquire and accumulate wealth, poverty and social exclusion, perpetual pains of unemployment, and reaction to existing detestable social and political developments are some of the main causes of kidnapping in Nigeria. The central policy implication of this paper is that it will guide security agencies and policy makers on crime and criminality in making reliable policies that will reduce the incidence of kidnapping in Nigeria to the barest minimum.
This paper traces the development of Boko-Haram from two perspectives (Socio-economic and Political), it exposes the reasons for the re-emergence of insecurity in Nigeria, precisely Northern zone which shares the same culture with Northern Cameroon. The paper equally explores the various groups threatening Nigerian sovereignty and countries of the Lake Chad Basin. It also outlines some responses to adapt to the changing modus operandi of the terrorist organization.
This study has examined the trafficking of Karamoja women and girls from North-Eastern Uganda into Nairobi, Kenya. Trafficking in human beings remains a big challenge confronting the international community. The menace remains a global problem with the countries of the Third World bearing the greatest brunt.
Upsurge of Money Ritual among Youths in Nigeria and National SecurityYogeshIJTSRD
This study examines the threat of money ritual among youths in Nigeria, a subject that has received little or no sufficient academic attention and it socio political and national under pinning have largely been ignored in state responses. The apparent downward trend in socio economic greediness and quest for material possession, have led to increase in the number of youth using fetish practices to come to term with prevailing socio economic demands. The focus of this paper therefore is to critically analyze the upsurge of money ritual among youths in Nigeria. Pivoting the theoretical framework of the study on Robert .K. Merton’s anomie strain theory, to the effect that “Innovation†in which goals are pursued but legitimate means is eliminated, and illegitimate means is created and used. The paper concludes that money ritual is a threat to national security and therefore, recommends among others, provision of employment opportunities to jobless youth, effective policies to combat the scourge of poverty, address the widening gap of inequality, and reward core value of honesty and hard work review of security architects. Saka-Olokungboye, N | Fapetu, O. V | Agbi Nelson | Ologun, C. A "Upsurge of Money Ritual among Youths in Nigeria and National Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38664.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38664/upsurge-of-money-ritual-among-youths-in-nigeria-and-national-security/sakaolokungboye-n
An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally ...ijtsrd
This paper has investigated the challenges and Legal Protection available for the benefit of Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria. The study relied on content analysis of extant literature to ascertain the level of challenges and legal protections given to them. The study found that Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria face a myriad of challenges which include loss of home, loss of traditional livelihood and sources of generating income, break up of families and community support networks, loss of intangible goods, and loss of documentation. A cursory look at the various causes of internal displacement in Nigeria revealed that forced migration and internal displacement in Nigeria in over a decade has been triggered by violent conflict particularly, the deadly activities Boko Haram and the militant Fulani Herdsmen. These displaced persons suffer a lot of human right violations without any significant legal protection for them. Rather, it has been identified that the existing institutional arrangement keepers, although struggling to manage the situation particularly, in the short term, are hindered by current policy deficits and the lack of a specific framework to adequately address the situation or cover medium to longer requirements for the IDPs. It is therefore, imperative to purposively design a legal framework that will specifically address the challenges bedeviling the Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria while other security measures are being taken to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Stephen Chuka Unachukwu "An Appraisal of the Challenges and Legal Protection Available for Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49485.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/49485/an-appraisal-of-the-challenges-and-legal-protection-available-for-internally-displaced-persons-in-nigeria/stephen-chuka-unachukwu
A STUDY OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA AN OVERVIEWJim Jimenez
This document summarizes a study on human trafficking in India. It begins by defining human trafficking according to UN protocols as recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving persons by means such as force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of exploitation. Women and children are most vulnerable. The study explores causes of trafficking like poverty, gender discrimination, natural disasters and demand for young girls. Victims are trafficked for labor, sexual exploitation, marriage, adoption and other purposes. The impacts on human security are also discussed. Prevention strategies suggested include addressing root causes, legal awareness, sensitizing officials, community involvement and collaboration between government and NGOs. The document outlines relevant constitutional provisions in India regarding equality, education, trafficking and child
Human trafficking is a complex issue involving the exploitation of millions of people worldwide for financial gain through forced labor and sexual exploitation. It has grown substantially since the 1980s as an illegal business generating billions in profits for criminal organizations. While both men and women can be victims of trafficking, women and children are most commonly exploited through practices like forced prostitution, domestic servitude, and forced child labor. Poverty, lack of opportunities, gender inequality, and demand for cheap labor and sex are key drivers of the trafficking industry. Many countries have enacted laws against trafficking but enforcement remains a challenge due to the transnational and underground nature of the crime.
Critical Analysis of Xenophobic Attacks in South Africaijtsrd
This document provides a critical analysis of xenophobic attacks in South Africa. It discusses how xenophobia is a fear or dislike of foreigners and how this has manifested in violent attacks against foreigners in South Africa, particularly in 2008 and 2015. Some of the key factors discussed as triggers for these attacks include high unemployment rates among black South Africans living in poverty, resentment against foreigners for taking jobs or marrying local women, and a perception that foreigners are responsible for increased crime. The document examines the causes and forms of xenophobic attacks across Africa and provides historical examples from Ghana, Kenya, and Angola. It concludes by arguing that educational reforms are needed to reduce xenophobic attitudes.
1 8Human Trafficking Maria Fernanda GranadilloSYG23MargaritoWhitt221
1
8
Human Trafficking
Maria Fernanda Granadillo
SYG2323.0M1
Santa Fe College
Abstract
Human trafficking has been a global crisis existing since the 13th century. However, the action violates human rights and the mission to end modern-day slavery. Human trafficking can actively be done where people are forced to work, enslaved people, or commercial sexual exploitation; otherwise, passive human traffic exists in cases of forced marriage. The research needs to identify the source of the million cases of human trafficking as a gazette in the California charter. There is an urgent need to end modern-day slavery, promote equality consciousness, and promote humanity.
Introduction
Criminology relates to different topics. The research focuses on human trafficking as a discipline of criminology. The study incorporates various data collection methods such as observation and internet exploration. This article integrates knowledge from all sources to find out more about human trafficking, the possible reasons for the recent increase of related cases, and provide possible solutions as suggested.
Methodology: Secondary Data
Human trafficking has existed for centuries, and the misled culture continues today. According to (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer,2007), the slave trade still exists between developing and affluential countries. During the research, secondary methods of data collection used include; government publications, public records, documents, and internet exploration (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer,2007).
According to government publications on global human trafficking analysis, 70 percent of developing countries experience the challenge directly or indirectly (Cockbain & Bowers, 2019). The number of trafficking victims is estimated to be 27 million globally, with between one and two million trafficked each year internationally (Cockbain & Bowers, 2019). The clear case is in Pakistan, where sex trafficking is often seen as a regular activity to sustain basic needs.
The problem has become a global crisis in which fewer efforts to provide a long-lasting solution have entirely failed. (Cockbain & Bowers, 2019) says a common factor of human trafficking is sex trafficking across the borders between developing countries and affluent nations. Many victims of the immoral and violated actions are youths, majorly young women, and underage children trying to secure peanut earnings through sexual acts (Adler, Mueller, & Laufer,2007). Instead of helping the low-income families make a living, the affluents take advantage to harass them sexually and encourage sexual trafficking.
However, distinguished human trafficking, where low-income earners are forced labor is evident in the United States (Adler, Mueller, & Laufer,2007). Domestic trafficking and illegal labor mobility are apparent from state to state without the consent and agreement of the servant. In a case documented in the California gazette, a domestic lady worker from Pakistan working in ...
Print media framing of boko haram insurgency in nigeria a content analytical ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed how four Nigerian newspapers (The Guardian, Daily Sun, Vanguard, and Thisday) framed coverage of the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. The study used content analysis to examine how the newspapers employed different framing patterns and categories. Key findings were that the newspapers predominantly used a "policy response frame," focusing on government responses, except for the Daily Sun which emphasized "ethnic and religious frames." Overall, the "policy response frame" was used most often across the newspapers at 60%. The study aims to understand newspaper framing of the insurgency and how certain frames like emphasizing government responses can help minimize conflicts, while other frames like ethnic or religious ones may
There are four major types of global interaction and these include:
a) Communication, or the movement of information, including
the transmission of beliefs, ideas, and doctrines
b) Transportation, the movement of physical objects, including
war material and personal property as well as merchandise
c) Finance, the movement of money and instruments of credit
d) Travel and movement of persons. This includes voluntary
movement which is travel and migration as well as involuntary
movement which is human trafficking and forced migration
Assessing the impact_of_globalization_on_human_traJohnGacinya
Ever since contemporary globalization came on the world scene around 1990s, free movement of goods, services and ideas grew as a result of reduced barriers to international movement trade and investment. The economic flow of goods and services has gone along with movement of people across the globe. The voluntary and involuntary movement of people occurs around world and is associated with opportunities that exist out there. Communication and flow of information is in real time in the current period from one corner of the globe to the other is occurring at high speed. Beliefs, ideas and culture have been relayed fast through the Internet, Smart Phones and other Communication devices.
Sex Trafficking In Nepal: A Review of Problems and Solutionsinventionjournals
Sex trafficking especially women and children is a major issue in South Asia, particularly in Nepal. “It is estimated that about 200,000 Nepali women and children who are trafficked and sold into India, over the period of years, are working as forced prostitutes in brothels in different parts of India” (Datta, 2005, p. 54). Many of these Nepali women and children are sold for the purpose of sexual exploitation and monetary profit. Sex trafficking is a growing concern as it is connected with human right violation and steady spread of HIV/AIDS (Kaufman & Crawford, 2011). Extreme poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, poor law, and open border between India and Nepal are major factors for human trafficking. Due to the devastating earthquake on 25 April and about 400 aftershocks, about 3 million people are victimized. The earthquake victims’ women and children are even more vulnerable for trafficking. Hence, it is vital to understand human trafficking, its form, factors, effects, and motives. The objective of this paper is to make aware intellectuals on the issue of sex trafficking, problems, and possible solutions in Nepal.
The document summarizes the key discussions and outcomes from the PMAC 2017 conference on addressing health issues for vulnerable populations in the context of achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
The conference included presentations on various vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities, refugees, migrants, ethnic/sexual minorities, and those affected by HIV/AIDS. Barriers these groups face include stigma, discrimination, lack of access to services, poverty and human rights violations.
Solutions discussed involved strengthening state policies and programs, improving health sector responses, increasing understanding through scientific research, and empowering civil society advocacy. Achieving meaningful social inclusion requires collaborative efforts across government, health, education, and community organizations.
Human trafficking the issue versus propaganda & its ultimate solutionYolanda Michelle Martin
This document provides an overview of human trafficking. It begins by stating the objective is to provide insight into modern-day slavery, dispel myths, and propose solutions. It then defines human trafficking as the recruitment and transportation of people for forced labor like sex work or domestic servitude. Statistics are presented showing it is a large global issue, especially affecting women and children. Causes include poverty, discrimination, organized crime, and corruption. Tactics used by traffickers to recruit victims are described, along with the dynamics of trafficked children. Myths that downplay the issue are addressed. The document concludes by presenting terminology related to human trafficking.
Library and information services for nationalOnyema Nsirim
This document discusses the role of library and information services in addressing national security and insurgency in Nigeria. It outlines the security information needs of different groups like policymakers, security agents, citizens, and youths/children. It also examines the causes of insurgency in Nigeria and traces the emergence of groups like Boko Haram. The document recommends that libraries should collaborate with security agencies to provide relevant security information to different groups. It argues that an informed society through effective library services can help address the root causes of insecurity and promote peace.
Similar to Post Boko Haram Insurgency and Trafficking of IDPS in the Northeastern Nigeria Consequences and Solutions (17)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD42359 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 518
the third largest crime after economic fraud and the drug
trade, in Nigeria (Olagbegi, Aminu, Akiode, Zacharia,
Ezakwem, & Menkiti, 2006). While human, drugs and arms
trafficking are more prevalent in the southern parts of the
country, the Northern region experience is perhaps more
disturbing because, cutting across the three northern geo-
political zones, Chigorizim (2012) notes that, there are
destabilising issues of indigene/settler internecineconflicts,
ethno-religious conflicts and religious insurgency led by an
extremist group formally known as Jama’atu Ahlis Sunnah
Lidda’awati wal-Jihad and popularly known as Boko Haram.
The group is notorious that it is difficult to investigate
security challenges in northern Nigeria or Nigeria in general
without casting an eye over the activity of this group.
Insurgent activities are usually associated with organized
crime, such as human trafficking.Thus,mostoftheinternally
displaced persons (IDPs) across the Northeast and other
parts of Nigeria were once victims of human trafficking. For
example, the most popular incidence is the abduction of
about 300 girls in a secondary school in Chibok, Borno State.
As the Boko Haram begins to be subverted, its departure is
marked by sharp increase in slave trade, especially among
the IDPs. Left without choice, theseIDPsareforcedto engage
in several inhuman activities in the hands of some merciless
members of their host communities. They are subjected
forced sex slavery, forced labor, and transported from the
IDPs camps to other parts of Nigeria for such inhuman
activities.
The activities of the Boko Haram involved humanitarian
crimes which transcend kidnapping, hostage-taking, and
trafficking in humans (the Chibok girls abduction takes the
form of all the three violent crimes). The activities of the
Boko Haram also culminated in wanton destruction of lives
and properties. Ojate states, since the group’s first armed
confrontation with the Nigerian security forces in 2009,
death toll by the Boko Haram insurgency is about 15,000
(Ojate, 2015).
In view of the above, this research is designed to investigate
the rise of human trafficking in the period following Boko
Haram reign of insurgent terrorism in the Northeastern
Nigeria. The objectives of the study are:
1. To determine the extent of human trafficking among
IDPs in the North-eastern Nigeria
2. To find out if Boko Haram insurgency has increased
human trafficking in the North-eastern Nigeria
3. To examine the consequences of human trafficking
among Boko Haram driven IDPs in the North-eastern
Nigeria
4. To provide the possiblesolutionstohumantraffickingof
IDPs in the North-eastern Nigeria.
Literature Review
Human Trafficking
Human trafficking is generally understood to refer to the
process through which individuals are placed or maintained
in an exploitative situation for economic gain (United
Nations, 2014), however, insurgency and terrorism are
associated with human trafficking. Ordinarily, human
trafficking is seen as forceful transnational movement with
someone. This definition has dual faults.First,itturnsa blind
eye on the movement of young people,andadultalike,bythe
traffickers through seduction or deception that the victims
would work in a legal industry but end up in sex industry or
some kind of work beyond the victims’ capacityandphysical
strength. Second, the definition also failed to capture the
wider meaning of human trafficking as to involve the cross-
border (international) movement, internal movement, and
even agreeing to receive service of underage persons
voluntarily or forcefully, or recruitment of adult in illegal
businesses in a city situated organised crime family.
According to United Nations (2014), trafficking can occur
within a country or may involve movement across borders.
Women, men and children are trafficked for a range of
purposes, including forced and exploitative labour in
factories, farms and private households, sexual exploitation,
and forced marriage. Trafficking affects all regions andmost
countries of the world (United Nations, 2014). Thisresearch
sees human trafficking “as illegal practice involving moving
away with someone (adult or young and male or female
victim) through the use seduction, coercion or both with the
aim of exploiting the victim”. From the above working
definition, human trafficking knows no distance geographic
movement, age or gender. In as much as there is an element
of deception or force, and the ultimate goal of the person
who moves away with the victim is to exploit him/her in
form of fraudulent activities, forced labour, sex slave, etc.
that act is referred to as human trafficking. The paper will
also review some scholarly and professional conceptions of
human trafficking and related concepts, such as human
smuggling and organised crime into critical review.
The first internationally agreed upondefinitionoftrafficking
is embodied in the UN Protocol. The term ‘trafficking in
persons’ in the Protocol involves three elements: (a)
recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt
of persons; (b) the use of improper means, such as force,
abduction, fraud or deception; and (c) the objective of
exploitation, such as sexual exploitation, forced labour,
servitude or slavery (Kangaspunta, 2003). UN Protocol
developed definition in order to prevent, suppress, and
punish trafficking in persons, especially women and
children, supplementing the UN Convention Against
Transnational Organised Crime of the year, 2000 (UNESCO,
2006).
The above definition incorporates all that can be perceived
as human trafficking and its cognate concepts, such as
modern slavery, sex slavery, people smuggling, and so on.
However, Interpol (as cited in Holmes, 2010) draws a useful
definitional distinction between people smuggling and
human trafficking. The former, according to Holmes
(Holmes, 2010), is distinct from the later insofar as the
people smuggling simply refers to as procurement of illegal
entry into a country of which the individual is neither a
citizen nor a permanent resident, for financial or material
gain, while the later involves the exploitation of human
beings as migrants, often for the purposes of forced labour
and sexual service.
According to Rahman (2011), humantraffickingisorganised
around five participants. In the first category, there are
migrant victims who are trafficked and transported. The
second participants are the traffickers that recruit and
transport victims. In most cases, they takechargeoffinances
by paying for all transportation costs. Third category
involves the buyers who (despite that they do not have any
pre-existing relationships with the victim) claim ownership
of possession of the victim(s) in the human trafficking
market. Holmes (2010) opines that, organised crime,
corruption and terrorism are entwined.Butthispapertook a
rather logical stance in linking these tripartite social
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problems as it would suggest that, while corruption can
serve the dual purposes of breeding and thriving organised
crime, the organised crime is a mother to the twin
infractions of human trafficking and terrorism (Holmes,
2010b). Human trafficking is, of course, associated with
other forms of organised crimes taking place in the context
of terrorism, insurgency and cultism (Reports on Human
Rights issues in Nigeria, 2005). Therearecomplementarities
between terrorism and human trafficking in Nigeria.
Terrorist groups like BokoHaramareoperatingasorganised
cartels, though they claim to fight for religious cause. In
addition, other criminal syndicates have found opportunity
to attack banks in the guise of being members of the Boko
Haram sect. As complements to the International Protocol,
there are some indigenous legal connotations of the term
“human trafficking”. The Lagos State of Nigeria Official
Gazette defined trafficker as any person who;
1)deals or trades in, purchases, sells, transfers or takes any
person in order that such personshouldbeheldortreated as
a slave or in servitude; (2) places or receives any person’s
personal service as a pledge or security for debt if the value
of those services as reasonably assessed is not applied
towards the redemption of the pledge or liquidation of the
debt or the length and nature of those services are not
respectively limited and defined; (3) participates in any
institution or practice by which a woman without the right
to refuse, is promised or given in marriage on payment of a
consideration in money or in kind to her parents, guardian,
family or any other person or group.
Types of Human Trafficking
Human trafficking takes place in various forms and
dimensions. This has contributed in difficulty for experts to
come up with a unified definition of the concept. Hence,
systematic typology of human traffickingcantosomedegree
help in understanding the problem. Yet, there is no guaranty
for ultimate solution even if we resort to types and forms of
the human trafficking. This is because some of the types and
forms do overlap. In addition, some typologies do not
exhaust all the elements and characteristics of human
trafficking. For instance, Interpol (2015) identified four
types of human trafficking: trafficking in women for sexual
exploitation, trafficking for forcedlabour,commercial sexual
exploitation of children in tourism, and traffickinginorgans.
The Interpol typology ignored some forms of human
trafficking, thus US Department of State (2009) identified
more types, namely: forced labour, bonded labour, debt
bondage among migrant labourers, involuntary domestic
servitude, forced child labour, child soldiers, and sex
trafficking. Because the US Department of State made
attempt to capture more forms of human trafficking, this
study adopted the US Department’s typology.
Consequences of Human Trafficking
Human trafficking has some pecuniary advantage to the
traffickers, but it has many negative consequences on the
victims. Sex trafficking, for instance, has devastating
consequences for the victims, includinglong-lastingphysical
and psychological trauma, disease like HIV/ AIDS and other
STI (sexually transmitted infections), involvement in drug
addiction, unwanted pregnancy, malnutrition, social
ostracism, and possible death (US Department of State,
2009). The cartels are dangerous because their agents can
harass, intimidate and even kill their victims or their
relatives overseas. Reports on Human Rights issues in
Nigeria (2005) narrated a recent case from Italy in which
someone presumably connected to trafficking agents had
killed the sister of a victim of trafficking.
On additional dangers of human trafficking on women and
girls, Bloom (2008) also observes that, trafficking displaces
and permanently alters the lives of thousands of girls and
young women each year, many of whom are sold into sexual
slavery. Many of these victims of human trafficking are
experiencing multiple human rights violations and are
therefore prone to trauma. According to IACP, trauma by
victims of trafficking is “expressed differently by each
person, ranging from intense expression of feelings, such as
anger or fear to a lack of emotion of flat effect” (IACP, 2006:
10).
Foreign migrants, usually women, are recruited from less
developed countries in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa,
and Latin America to work as domestic servants and
caretakers in more developed locations like the Gulf States,
the Levant, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Europe, and the
United States. But many of these places do not provide
domestic servants the same legal protections that they
provide for foreign workers in other sectors. Without
protections, foreign domestic workers may have fewer
options for seeking help when faced with their employer’s
threat of or use of force. If they are confined to a home,
either through physical restraint or throughtheconfiscation
of identity and travel documents, they may find it very
difficult to reach out to NGOs or public authorities for
assistance due to lack of awareness and fear of their
employers (US Department of State, 2009).
This high degree of vulnerability calls for a vigorous law
enforcement and victim protection responsewhendomestic
servants are found in conditionsofinvoluntaryservitude ina
home. Those domestic servants who choose to escape from
abusive employers are sometimes termed “runaways” and
seen as criminals, though they should be considered as
possible victims of trafficking. Although it is impossible to
accurately calculate the number of children involved in
armed forces and groups, the Coalition to Stop the Use of
Child Soldiers estimates that there are many tens of
thousands of children exploited in conflict. Child soldiers
exist in all regions of the world. According to the UN, 57
armed groups and forces were using children in 2007, up
from 40 in 2006. Many children are abducted to be used as
combatants. Others are made unlawfully to work as porters,
cooks, guards, servants, messengers,orspies. Younggirlsare
forced to marry or have sex with male combatants. Both
male and female child soldiers are often sexuallyabusedand
are at high risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases.
Some children have been forced to commit atrocitiesagainst
their families and communities. Child soldiers are often
killed or wounded, and survivors suffer multiple traumas
and psychological scarring. Their personal development is
irreparably damaged, and their home communities often
reject them when they return. Child soldiering is a global
phenomenon. The problem is most critical inAfrica andAsia,
but armed groups in conflict areas elsewhere also use
children unlawfully. All nations must work together with
international organizations and NGOs to take urgent action
to disarm, demobilize, and reintegrate unlawful child
soldiers.
Solutions to IDPs TraffickingintheNortheasternNigeria
First of all, the rule of law should be the main instrument for
fighting human trafficking of any kind. Irrespective of the
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form of human trafficking emanating terrorism, insurgency
or mainstream organized criminal syndicates, the act bears
the same connotation: human right violation. Thus, there
should be a legal policy that can address the problem.
However, other agencies also have a stake in war on human
trafficking. This called for multidimensional approach
towards combating human trafficking in Nigeria and the
world at large. In other words, to fight humantraffickingand
its attendant problem, it is important that families,
communities and super- and supra-governments agencies
come up with effective measures for a lasting solution.
The first broadly supported international statement on the
subject of human rights is enshrined in the United Nations
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1949), which was
approved by the U.N. General Assembly on 10 December
1948. Sociologists might give this document critical
attention. There followed thirty articles that can be
summarized as follows:
1. ‘‘All human beings are born free andequal indignityand
rights . . .’’
2. All are entitled ‘‘. . . without distinction of any kind, such
as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or
other status . . .’’
3. ‘‘Everyone has the right to life, libertyandthesecurityof
person.’’
4. ‘‘No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery
and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their
forms.’’
5. ‘‘No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.’’
6. ‘‘Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a
person before the law.’’
7. ‘‘All are equal before the law and…equal protection
before the law” (Borgatta, 2000).
Fighting social problems like human trafficking is very
difficult in poverty-stricken countries like Nigeria, but not
entirely impossible. Again, because multiple factors seem to
be the reasons behind the perpetuation of the problem, this
research assumes that no single approach can serve as an
effective panacea. For instance, if illiteracy or ignorance is
assumed to be a cause, critical observer might ask: why are
female graduates from some parts of Nigeria movingabroad
for illegal commercial sex? (Ibrahim & Mukhtar, 2016). The
European Commission (EC), United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime (UNODC) and other international organisations
such as IOM International Organization for Migration (IOM)
and International Labour Organization (ILO) have been at
the forefront of collating global and regional data on human
trafficking and slavery.
Prior to 2003, there was no anti-human trafficking law in
Nigeria. This is why it can be said that thelack ofappropriate
legislation to punish offenders constituteda majorchallenge
in the fight against human trafficking. However, with the
enactment of the trafficking in persons (prohibition) Law
Enforcement and Administration Act in Nigeria, it is indeed
possible to say that significant progress has been made in
the war against human trafficking in the country.But behind
the application of laws as punishments or restraints to
human trafficking, there is a more serious question that
points to the fact that human trafficking is a moral problem.
Morality, as we know it, takes precedence over law and is
itself the standard for law. It is obvious that, human rights
are rooted in natural law. That is why law and morality have
some manifest and latent mutual reinforcements.
Law is at the service of morality and dares not contradict
morality without ipso facto ceasing to be law and losing its
right to be obeyed. This serves to illustrate the point that
human trafficking is first and foremost a moral problemthat
can be better evaluated and solved through ethical or moral
solutions (Idang, 2013). In the interim, Idang (2013)reports
that the police and the courts resorted to using some
portions of the country’s penal code. Thisiswhy,sometimes,
some human traffickers were charged with forgery (forging
of travelling documents) or abduction as the case may be.
But these offences look really mild and do not arouse the
attention and seriousnesstheyshouldgetwhenwearemade
to know that they are cases of human trafficking.
Methodology
Research Design: The study is descriptive research design.
It will describe the extent of human trafficking among IDPs
in the aftermath of Boko Haram insurgency in the
Northeastern Nigeria, aswell asdescribethesufferingsthese
victims of trafficking in the hands of the perpetrators.
Population: The study population will include boys, girls,
men and women of 14 years and above in the Northeastern
Nigeria, especially those residing in the IDPs camps. The
target population of the study will be many IDPs, few
political and traditional leaders, law enforcement agents
(Police, NSCDC, DSS, NAPTIP, etc), representatives of NGOs
and CSOs.
Sample Size and Sampling Technique: The sample size for
the study will be 495 respondents. Out of the total sample,
480 are respondents for quantitative data and 15 are
respondents for qualitative data. The sampling technique
will be multi-stage sampling technique. In the first stage,
purposive sampling technique will be used to select the
three (3) most affected State Governments out of the six (6)
States that make up the region-Yobe, Borno, Adamawa,
Gombe, Bauchi and Taraba States. These affected States are
Borno, Adamawa and Yobe States. In the second stage, four
Local Government Areas will be selected from each State
using simple random sampling, which will give 12 LGAs.
In the third stage, 1 IDPs camp will be selected from each
Local Government Area (LGA) using the same method
adopted in the second stage, which will give 12camps.Inthe
fourth stage, 40 (20 males, 20 females) respondents will be
selected using convenient sampling technique. Eachofthese
IDPs, one female respondent will be randomly selected, who
will then administer a questionnaire. The total number of
respondents for quantitative data will be 12x40= 480.
Purposive sampling technique will also be used to select 10
IDPs to collect qualitative data, using FGD (one session) and
5 in-depth interviews (IDI) with 10 key informants, such as
political leaders, traditional leaders, law enforcements, and
representatives of NGOs and CSOs. The total number of
respondents for the qualitative data will be 10+5= 15
respondents. The sum total sample for the studythereforeis
480+15= 495.
Source of Data: The data collection will be sourced from
primary and secondary data. The primary data will be both
qualitative and quantitative. Hence questionnaire guides,
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focus group discussions (FGDs) and IDIs will be employed.
The secondary data will be generated from text-books,news
papers, journal articles, magazines, conferenceproceedings,
etc.
Data Colleting Instruments: the instruments of data
collection will be questionnaires, interviews and FGD.
Literature/desk review will also be used in conceptual and
theoretical framework.
Method of Data Analysis: the study will adopt mixed
method in analyzing the data collected. This is because the
questionnaire guides can only be analysed using the
quantitative technique and the FGD will best be analysed
using qualitative method.
Results and Discussions
The instruments employed for the data collection were questionnaires, in-depth interview (IDIs) and FGD. The data collected
using questionnaire guides were presented in tabular form and being interpreted first, and complemented with qualitative
responses gathered from the IDIs and FGD. For the quantitative data, a total of 480 questionnaires were administered to the
respondents but only 326 questionnaires were retrieved. Thus, the analysis is based on the 326 questionnaires and by
extension the 5 IDIs and 1 FGD conducted.
Section A: Socio-Economic and Demographic Information of the Respondents
This section deals with the socio-economic and demographic information of the respondents.
Table 1.1: Gender Distribution of the Respondents
S/N Gender Frequency Percentage (%)
1. Male 281 86.2
2. Female 45 13.8
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2021
Table 1.1 presents the gender distribution of the respondents, out of which 86.2 percent were male respondents and the
minority (13.8%) were females. This indicates that majority of the respondents were males.
Table 1.2: Age of the Respondents
S/N Age Frequency Percentage (%)
1. 18- 27 37 11.3
2. 28 - 37 58 17.8
3. 38 - 47 112 34.4
4. 48 - 57 58 17.8
5. 58-above 34 10.4
5. 51 and above 27 8.3
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2021
Table 1.2 is the age distribution of the respondents, which shows that 24.9 percent of the total sample is below 20 years, 28.4
percent is between 20 and 30 years, 20.1 percent between 31 and 40 years, 11.5 percent is from 41 to 50 years, and 15.1
percent involves those from 51 years of age and above.
Table 1.3: Marital Status of the Respondents
S/N Status Frequency Percentage (%)
1. Single 71 21.8
2. Married 142 43.5
3. Divorced 15 4.6
4. Widowed 98 30.1
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2021
Table 1.3 is the marital status of the respondents, where singles constitute 21.8 percent;married43.5percent,divorcedfor4.6
percent, and widowed 30.1 percent. Therefore, majority of the sampled respondents are married, but the large number of the
widowed indicated that there were many cases of murder in the study during the reign Boko Haram terror.
Table 1.4: Educational Attainment of the Respondents
S/N Education Frequency Percentage (%)
1. Primary school 43 13.2
2. Secondary school 105 32.2
3. Tertiary 97 29.8
4. Others 81 24.8
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2021
Table 1.4 presents the distribution of the educational attainment of the respondents. Respondents with primary school
education constitute 13.2 percent; those with secondary school qualification accounted for 32.2 percent; respondents with
tertiary education constitute 29.8 percent; and those with other educational attainment, such as non-formal education and
vocational training represent 24.8 percent.
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Table 1.5: Occupation of the Respondents
S/N Occupation Frequency Percent (%)
1. Business man(woman) 79 24.2
2. Civil servant 96 29.4
3. Student 69 21.2
4. Political leader 24 7.4
5. Law enforcement 42 12.9
6. Community leader 16 4.9
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2021
Table 1.5 shows the occupational distribution of the respondents, where civil servants constitute the majority accounting for
29.4 percent, followed by students (21.2%). Community leaders constitute the minority (4.9%).
Table 1.6: Income Distribution of the Respondents
S/N Income Frequency Percentage (%)
1. Less than N10,000 24 7.4
2. N10,000-N19,999 51 15.6
3. N20,000-N29,999 66 20.3
4. N30,000-N39, 999 92 28.2
5. N40,000-above 93 28.5
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2021
Table 1.6 is the distribution of the respondents’ monthly income. Respondents earning Less than N10,000 constitute 10.1
percent; those earning between N10,000 and N19,999 represent14.223.8%;those earningN20,000toN29,999represent18.4
percent; those earning N30,000 to N39,999 constitute 22.9 percent; and those earning N40,000 and above per month are the
majority(34.4%).
Section B: The Extent of Human Trafficking Among IDPs in the North-Eastern Nigeria
This section deals with the extent of human trafficking amongst IDPs in the North-Eastern Nigeria. It also raised questions on
the respondents’ awareness of the rising cases of human trafficking and the prevalence of the human trafficking in the area.
Table 2.1: Whether Respondent was Aware of the Rising Cases of Human Trafficking in the North-Eastern Nigeria
S/N Occupation Frequency Percent (%)
1. Yes 219 67.2
2. No 104 31.9
3. No response 03 0.9
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2021
Table 2.1 presents respondents’ awareness of the rising casesofhumantraffickingintheNorth-EasternNigeria.Majorityofthe
respondents (67.2%) reported that they are aware of the rising cases of human trafficking, while 31.9 percentwerenotaware
and 0.9 percent did not respond. In line with the above responses, a female FGD respondent stated that:
The fact that IDPs are becoming trafficked persons is obvious becausesometimesitis difficulttodifferentiatetheIDPsfromthe
trafficked persons... To cut it short most people are aware of the trend in the north-eastern Nigeria. (FGD with a male
respondent, 2021).
Table 2.2: The Prevalence of Human Trafficking in the North-Eastern Nigeria Today
S/N Occupation Frequency Percent (%)
1. Very high 98 30.1
2. High 151 46.3
3. Low 61 18.7
4. Very Low 15 4.6
5. I don’t know 01 0.3
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2021
Table 2.2 shows the prevalence of human trafficking in the North-Eastern Nigeria at the time of the study. Majority of the
respondents (46.3%) reported that the prevalence of human trafficking is high in the North-Eastern, while minority (4.6%)
reported that it is very low. This indicates that the prevalence is high. A male IDI respondent stated that:
The prevalence of human trafficking in the North-Eastern Nigeria is high as the trend is on the increase, but the main cause is
not only Boko Haram. Since before the emergence of Boko Haram, our women are going to Saudi Arabia for services like
housemaids. Some of them were and are still manipulated and deceived to go and work with freedom, but we have many
incidences of batering and even merciless killings of the housemaids and the stories of women that are sold as slaves in Libya.
(IDI with a male respondent, 2021).
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Table 2.3: The Extent to which IDPs Become Victims of Human Trafficking Compared with Host Communities
S/N Occupation Frequency Percent (%)
1. Very high 98 31.1
2. High 151 46.3
3. Low 61 18.7
4. Very Low 15 4.6
5. I don’t know 01 0.3
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2021
Table 2.3 presents the extent to which IDPs become victims of human trafficking compared with host communities, like the
prevalence, where majority (46.7%) reported that the extent to which IDPs become victims of human trafficking is high
compared with host communities and minority.
Section C: Boko Haram Insurgency and Increase in Human Trafficking
This section deals with the role played by Boko Haram insurgency in the increase in Human Trafficking
Table 3.1: Whether Boko Haram has Contributed to the Increase in Human Trafficking in the North-Eastern
Nigeria
S/N Occupation Frequency Percent (%)
1. Yes 314 96.3
2. No 12 3.7
3. No response 00 0.0
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2021
Table 3.1 presents data on whether Boko Haram has contributed to the increase in human trafficking in the North-Eastern
Nigeria, where majority of the respondents (96.3%) have the opinion that Boko Haram has contributed to the increase in
human trafficking in the area, while minority (3.7%) reported that the group did not contributed to the increase in human
trafficking. A male IDI respondent also mentioned that:
Boko Haram has contributed to the increase in abductions and kidnapping of school boys and girls, like the case of Chibok
secondary school girls and boys secondary school in Dapchi. These boysandgirlsifabductedare endingupinactivitiesthatare
similar to the fate of the victims of human trafficking. (IDI with a male respondent, 2021).
A male FGD respondent also mentioned that:
The role played by Boko Haram in the increase in human trafficking in the North-Eastern Nigeria, are many. Firstly, the
abductions of secondary school students have rendered many youths victims of human trafficking. Secondly, by forcefully
sending people out of their towns and villages, they are automatically subjects susceptible to human trafficking. Thirdly, the
Boko Haram itself might have been involved in trafficking of their victims of abductions. (FGD with a male respondent, 2021).
Table 3.2: Means through Boko Haram Contributed to the Increase in Human Trafficking
S/N Response Frequency Percent (%)
A. Because the Boko Haram abducted and trafficked their hostages 183 56.1
B. Boko Haram abducts and traffics IDPs 41 12.6
C. The IDPs have no option but to work for human traffickers 97 29.8
D. Boko Haram collaborates with human traffickers 05 1.5
Total
Source: Survey, 2021
Table 3.2 presents the means through Boko Haram contributed to the increase in human trafficking in the North-Eastern
Nigeria, where majority of the respondents (56.1%)reportedthatBokoHaramcontributedtotheincreaseinhumantrafficking
because the Boko Haram abducted and trafficked their hostages,whileminority(1.5%)reportedthatBokoHaramcollaborates
with human traffickers.
Table 3.3: Whether Human Trafficking has Increased in the Period of Subsiding Attacks by Boko Haram in the
North-Eastern Nigeria
S/N Response Frequency Percentage (%)
a. Strongly agree 64 19.6
b. Agree 71 21.8
c. Undecided 03 0.9
d. Disagree 101 31.0
e. Strongly disagree 87 26.7
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2020
Table 3.3 presents a Likert scale on the statement “human trafficking has increased in the period of subsiding attacks by Boko
Haram in the North-Eastern Nigeria, where majority of the respondents (31.0) disagreed that humantraffickinghasincreased
in the period of subsiding attacks by Boko Haram in the study area, while a slight minority (19.6) strongly that human
trafficking has increased in the period of subsiding attacks by Boko Haram in the study area.
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Section D: The Consequences of Human Trafficking among Boko Haram Driven IDPs
This section deals with the consequences of human trafficking amongst Boko Haram IDPs that were asa resultofBokoHaram.
Table 4.0: Whether there are Some Noticeable Consequences of Human Trafficking on IDPs
S/N Occupation Frequency Percent (%)
1. Yes 325 99.7
2. No 00 0.0
3. No response 01 0.3
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2020
Table 4.0 presents data on whether there are some noticeable consequences of human trafficking on IDPs, where almostall of
the respondents (99.7%) reported that some noticeable consequences of human trafficking on IDPs.
Table 4.2: The Consequences of Human Trafficking on IDPs
S/N The Consequences of Human Trafficking on IDPs
Total
Yes No
A Some IDPs can join Boko Haram through human trafficking 324(99.4%) 2(0.6%)
B The female IDPs are ending up in sex slavery due to human trafficking 298(91.4%) 28(8.6%)
C It reduces the chances of their liberation from IDPs status 295(90.5%) 31(9.5%)
D Others, specify 107(32.8%) 219(67.2%)
Table 4.2 presents data the consequences of human trafficking on IDPs. Majority of the respondents (99.4%) reported that
some IDPs can join Boko Haram through human trafficking, while 0.6 percent reported that they cannot; majority of the
respondents (91.4%) reported that the female IDPs are ending up in sex slavery due to human trafficking, while minority
(8.6%) reported that they will not end in sex slavery; majority of the respondents (90.5%) reported that human trafficking
reduces the chances of their liberation from IDPs status, while minority (9.5%) reported that it does not. Minority of the
respondents (32.8%) reported other consequences, which include dehumanisation and engagement of the IDPs into baby
factory as a result of human trafficking.
In addition to the above quantitative data, a female IDI respondent made the following remark, thus:
The consequences of human trafficking are many...Apart from the social effects, such as involvement of the victim into forced
commercial sex and sexual slavery, suffering from assault, and bonded slavery; there are psychological consequences,suchas
insomnia, lack of trust to strangers and post-traumatic stress disorder... (IDI with a female respondent, 2021).
The finding is in agreement with the report of US Department of State (2009) which identified many forms of human
trafficking, including forced labour, bonded labour, debt bondage among migrant labourers, involuntary domestic servitude,
forced child labour, child soldiers, and sex trafficking.
Table 4.3: Whether Human Trafficking can Lead to the Murder of the Victims
S/N Response Frequency Percentage (%)
a. Strongly agree 177 54.3
b. Agree 136 41.7
c. Undecided 00 0.0
d. Disagree 08 2.5
e. Strongly disagree 05 1.5
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2020
Table 4.3 presents data on whether human trafficking can lead to the murder of the victims, where majority (54.3%) strongly
agreed that human trafficking can lead to the murder of the victims, while minority (1.5%) strongly disagreed that human
trafficking can lead to the murder of the victims.
Section E: The Possible Solutions to Human Trafficking of IDPs in the North-East
This sections deals with the possible solutions to trafficking of IDPs.
Table 5.1: Whether There Possible Solutions to Trafficking of IDPs
S/N Occupation Frequency Percent (%)
1. Yes 319 97.9
2. No 07 2.1
3. No response 00 0.0
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2020
Table 5.1 presents data on whether there are possible solutions to trafficking of IDPs, where majority of the sampled
respondents (97.9%) reported that therearepossiblesolutionstotraffickingofIDPs,whileminority(2.1%)reportedthatthere
are not.
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Table 5.2: The Possible Solutions to Trafficking of IDPs in the North-Eastern Nigeria
S/N The Possible to Trafficking of IDPs in the North-Eastern Nigeria
Total
Yes No
A Boko Haram insurgency should be fought to prevent trafficking of IDPs 321(98.5%) 05(1.5%)
B There should be special intervention for the IDPs as safety net 301(92.3%) 25(7.7%)
C Synergy between law enforcement agencies in fighting human trafficking 325(99.7%) 01(0.3%)
D Others, specify 222(68.1%) 104(31.9%)
Table 5.2 presents the possible solutions to trafficking of IDPs in the north-eastern Nigeria. Majority of the sampled
respondents (98.5%) reported that Boko Haram insurgency should be fought to prevent trafficking of IDPs, while minority
(1.5%) reported that that is not solution. Majority of the sampled respondents (92.3%) suggested that there should bespecial
intervention for the IDPs as safety net, while minority (7.7%) reported that that is not solution. Majority of the sampled
respondents (99.7%) suggested that there should be synergy between lawenforcementagenciesinfightinghumantrafficking,
while minority (0.3%) did not see it as the solution. Other solutions like community participation, community policing and
contribution of neighbouring states have been suggested by 68.1 percent of the respondents, while minority (38.1%) did not
give any other solutions to trafficking of IDPs in the north-eastern Nigeria.
In line with the above responses, an IDI respondent suggested that:
The problem of trafficking of IDPs in the north-easternNigeria isconnectedtomanythings,notonlyBokoHaram.Therefore,its
solution should be made taking into cognisance the various underlying factors that lead to trafficking of IDPs, such aspoverty,
unemployment, poor security apparatus and weak criminal justice. (IDI with a male respondent, 2021).
The finding is in concord with that of Ibrahim & Mukhtar (2016) human trafficking including sex labour, and sex slavery are
difficult to be addressed in Nigeria because they are influenced by different factors.
Table 5.3: Whether Emphasis on IDPs by NAPTIP can Help Fight Trafficking of IDPs in the North-Eastern Nigeria
S/N Response Frequency Percentage (%)
a. Strongly agree 214 65.6
b. Agree 111 34.0
c. Undecided 00 0.0
d. Disagree 01 0.4
e. Strongly disagree 00 0.0
Total 326 100
Source: Survey, 2020
Table 5.3: Emphasis on IDPs by NAPTIP can help fight trafficking of IDPs in the north-eastern Nigeria, where majority of the
respondents (65.6%) strongly agree that emphasis on IDPs by NAPTIPcanhelpfighttraffickingofIDPsintheregion,whiletiny
minority (0.4%) disagreed that emphasis on IDPs by NAPTIP can help fight trafficking of IDPs.
Conclusion
The article investigated the rise of human trafficking in the
period following Boko Haram reign of insurgentterrorismin
the Northeastern Nigeria. In conclusion, the extentofhuman
trafficking among IDPs in the North-eastern Nigeria is high
in the study area and Boko Haram insurgency has increased
human trafficking in the study area. The consequences of
human trafficking among BokoHaramdrivenIDPsaremany.
Some of these consequences includes: the tendencies that
the IDPs can join BokoHaramthroughhumantrafficking;the
female IDPs are ending up in sex slavery due to human
trafficking; human trafficking reduces the chances of their
liberation from IDPs status; dehumanisation and
engagement of the IDPs into baby factory; assault and even
murder, bonded slavery; and other psychological
consequences like insomnia, lack of trust to strangers and
post-traumatic stress disorder, etc. As the possiblesolutions
to human trafficking of IDPs in the North-eastern Nigeria,
therefore; Boko Haram insurgency should be fought to
prevent trafficking of IDPs, there should be special
intervention for the IDPs as safety net; there should be
synergy between law enforcement agencies in fighting
human trafficking; community participation, community
policing and contribution of neighbouring states.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following
recommendations are suggested in order to
1. Haram insurgency should be fought to successfully
prevent trafficking of IDPs in the north-eastern Nigeria;
2. There should be special intervention for the IDPs by the
Government and NGOs because it will provide a safety
net, and give the IDPs the courage to resist the
temptations of the human traffickers;
3. There should be synergy between law enforcement
agencies in fighting human trafficking. Lack of mutual
support and intelligence sharing between the various
security agencies is the reason why human trafficking
has not been addressed;
4. Community participation and community policing are
central to a successful policing in practice in our
contemporary democratic states. Both should be
adopted to tackle human traffickinginthenorth-eastern
Nigeria;
5. Nigeria Government should collaborate with the
neighbouring states because of border control against
human traffickers;
6. Anti-human trafficking agencies like NAPTIP should
extend their focus from only human trafficking
perpetrated by organised criminal syndicatestoinclude
human trafficking on IDPs.
10. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD42359 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 526
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Acknowledgement
The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) for funding the research
APPENDIX I
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
YOBE STATE UNIVERSITY
QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE FOR THE PUBLIC
Respondent’s Consent
Dear Sir/Ma,
I am an academic staff in the above named Department and institution. I am conducting research on the topic: POST-BOKO
HARAM INSURGENCY AND TRAFFICKING OF IDPs IN THENORTHEASTERNNIGERIA:CONSEQUENCESANDSOLUTIONS.
To gather the opinion of the general public on the subject matter within Yobe State, I am soliciting for your cooperation to
kindly fill this questionnaire. Your participation to answer the set of questions is voluntary. I assure you that the information
given will strictly be used for academic purpose, adhering to all the principle guiding research ethics.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Dr. Bukar Jamri
Instruction: Tick (√) the option as appropriate.
Section A: Socio-Economic and Demographic Information of the Respondents
1. Gender
A. Male ( ) B. Female ( )
2. Age
A. 18-27 ( ) B. 28-37( ) C. 38-47 ( ) D. 48-57 ( ) E. 58 and above ( )
3. Marital status
A. Single ( ) B. Married ( ) C. Divorced D. Widowed ( )
4. Educational attainment
A. Primary ( ) B. Secondary ( ) C. Tertiary ( ) D. Others………….
5. Occupational Status
A. Business man(woman) ( ) B. Civil servant ( ) C. Student ( ) D. Political leader ( ) E. Law enforcement ( ) F. Community
leader ( ) Others………….
6. Monthly Income
A. Less than N10,000 ( ) B. N10,000-N19,999 ( ) C. N20,000-N29,999 ( ) D. N30,000-N39, 999 E. N40,000-above ( )
Section B: The Extent of Human Trafficking Among IDPs in the North-Eastern Nigeria
7. Are you aware of the rising cases of human trafficking in the North-Eastern Nigeria?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
8. How prevalent is human trafficking in the North-Eastern Nigeria today?
a. Very high ( )
b. High ( )
c. Low ( )
d. Very low ( )
e. I don’t know ( )
9. To what extent do IDPs falling victims of the human trafficking compared with their host communities?
a. Very high ( )
b. High ( )
c. Low ( )
d. Very low ( )
e. I don’t know ( )
Section C: Boko Haram Insurgency and Increase in Human Trafficking
10. In your opinion, do you think Boko Haram has contributed to the increase in human trafficking in the North-Eastern
Nigeria?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
12. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD42359 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 528
11. If Q10 is Yes, how did Boko Haram contributed to the increase in human trafficking in the North-Eastern Nigeria?
a. Because the Boko Haram abducted and trafficked their hostages ( )
b. Boko Haram abducts and traffics IDPs ( )
c. The IDPs have no option but to work for human traffickers ( )
d. Boko Haram collaborates with human traffickers ( )
12. Human trafficking has increased in the period of subsiding attacks by Boko Haram in the North-Eastern Nigeria
f. Strongly agree ( )
g. Agree ( )
h. Undecided ( )
i. Disagree ( )
j. Strongly disagree ( )
Section D: The Consequences of Human Trafficking among Boko Haram Driven IDPs
13. Do you think there are some noticeable consequences of human trafficking on IDPs?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
14. If Q13 is yes, what are the consequences of human trafficking on IDPs?
S/N Response Yes No
A Some IDPs can join Boko Haram through human trafficking
B The female IDPs are ending up in sex slavery due to human trafficking
C Human trafficking reduces the chances of their liberation from IDPs status
D Others, specify
15. Human trafficking can lead to the murder of the victims.
a. Strongly agree ( )
b. Agree ( )
c. Undecided ( )
d. Disagree ( )
e. Strongly disagree ( )
Section E: The Possible Solutions to Human Trafficking of IDPs in the North-East
16. Are there possible solutions to trafficking of IDPs?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
17. If Q16 is Yes, what are the possible to trafficking of IDPs in the north-eastern Nigeria?
S/N Response Yes No
A Boko Haram insurgency should be fought to prevent trafficking of IDPs
B There should be special intervention for the IDPs as safety net
C Synergy between law enforcement agencies in fighting human trafficking
D Others, specify
18. Emphasis on IDPs by NAPTIP can help fight trafficking of IDPs in the north-eastern Nigeria.
a. Strongly agree ( )
b. Agree ( )
c. Undecided ( )
d. Disagree ( )
e. Strongly disagree ( )