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lecture 2.pptx
- 1. General management inpoultry By Dr. Seema Rana
- 2. Egg Industry Inegg industry, most laying hens are hybrid- White Leghorns/sex-linked hybrids -New Hampshire Reds Barred Plymouth Rocks. Sex-linking - plumage trait (slow feathering, color pattern linked to the sex chromosome) Distinct physical difference in sexes of day-old chicks. Easy to separate the females for egg production Saves time and money Today's egg producing hens over 300 eggs per year
- 3. Primary Breeders Theprimary breeders, multiplier flocks- International breeder Breeders- slatted floor house automatic watering, feeding, egg collection systems The slatted floors allow the birds to actively function on a floor surface manure to fall through the slats into a manure pit. Keeps the birds and eggs cleaner. Males and females- mate naturally. Females produces eggs at 20-85 weeks of age.
- 4. Primary breeders white-shelled andbrown-shelled egg lines are produced depending on the desired egg market. Color of the egg shell - the breed of bird Brown egg birds are slightly less efficient at egg production per pound of feed than are white egg producers Brown egg laying breeds are larger bodied and require more feed for body maintenance.
- 5. Automatic Watering Automatic Feeding Egg collection system
- 6. Fertile egg: 23- 32 hours The eggs are automatically collected daily Transported to the hatchery, stored at 55-65° F and 70% humidity Eggs held for 3-7 days prior to placing in an incubator. One fertile hatching egg is worth $.28 and weighs around 60g
- 7. Hatching & Incubation Hatchery •breeder company owns a hatchery • For layer chick production Incubator • At controlled environment • Day 18-Transferred to Hatching Basket • 21st Day-Chicks hatch Removal • Removed from the hatchers • Processed
- 8. Processing Sexing Separating males& females Vaccination Basket Counted - placed in baskets delivered to farm in 12-48 hours of hatch. Pullet chick weighs- 35- 40g $.65 to $.75 Sex-link plumage colour genes Females-Red Males-White Determine the sex
- 9. . . The international layerbreeding sell these chicks to farms that control the rest of the birds' life Some companies specialize in raising pullets until they begin laying and then sell the started pullets to the egg farm
- 10. Pullet Rearing The chicks–in a cage/floor rearing house (Depending on which environment they will be raised as adults). The pullets are raised -first 18 weeks under environmentally controlled conditions. (daylight length is extremely important-Not more than 10 hours of daily light) To prevent premature stimulation to lay eggs During 18-week grow- out period, white egg pullets -11.5 lbs feed each 3.4 lbs, valued at $3.50. Brown egg pullets - 13.2lbs feed,- 4.4 lbs, valued at $3.75. At 18 weeks- sold to a layer farm or company
- 11. Egg production Brown egglayers had higher sized body Eat 3 pounds of feed /dozen eggs Eat 3.4 pounds of feed /dozen eggs laid Flocks to begin laying at around 20 weeks of age,Till 60-65 weeks White egg birds lay 260-285 eggs/year Brown egg layers will lay 240-280 eggs/year Pullets at layer house Fed a layer ration high in calcium Daily Light-stimulate egg production (14-16hrs)
- 12. Laying Cycle • The henslay for 60-65 weeks • Then- rested or molted • (Forced to stop laying at the same time) • Allow to rebuild calcium stores and restore body condition Another Laying Cycle •Hens are then brought back into production- for another laying cycle •Depending on numerous economic factors, hens are kept for one to three laying cycles Laying cycle and egg quality • Hens lay for a shorter time • Lay poorer quality eggs in subsequent cycles • Eggs are usually a bit larger as hens age. • Replaced with a new flock.
- 13. Egg collection Collection • Eggsare automatically collected daily on belts and rollers into an egg processing room connected to the hen houses processing room • machines wash, grade, and sort the eggs by size and package the eggs for the whole egg market Liquid egg • Some modern egg breaking plants do not carton the eggs but break them into liquid eggs for pasteurizing inline • Consumer carton eggs are shipped to the store within four days of collection
- 14. Further processingchanges the product into more convenient or useful form Liquid and dried eggs are used in a wide array of consumer products. Convenient pre-cooked egg products are also more common at food stores and restaurants. Adds more value to the final product
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- 17. Backyard poultry Farm flock Commercial poultryfarm Specialized egg production Integrated egg production Subdivision of egg Pullet growing, Feed production Hatchery production separate from farming Feed production separate from poultry farms Chicken meat production becomes independent egg Separate enterprises reintegrated as a business Main management characteristic Natural hatching Artificial Hatching and sexing Feed mixing Egg processing plant Controlled environment houses Type of farming Subsistence farming Mixed farming Joint egg and meat production Eggs industry(single commodity) Egg complex Labour Part-time Part-time Full-time Division of management and labour Separate daily work
- 18. Types of poultry •Subsistence farming-Birds in free range, hatch own eggs • Diet supplemented with crop waste or food leftovers • Labour-part time Backyard poultry • more specialized • Eggs hatched at a separate location- the hatch and sexing are controlled Farm flock production • Labour- full time • producing on a sufficient scale for the sale of both eggs and poultry meat Commercial poultry farm Specialised Eggs Integrated egg production •Separating poultry for meat and egg production •specialized employees oversee specific aspects of egg production •Most Advanced enterprise •Involves feeding and mechanized egg collection methods
- 19. Major-Backyard poultry& farm flock production Poultry and egg sectors are highly fragmented Most production: Large farmers with small flocks Day Old chicks- From local hatcheries Farmers choose between chicks varieties for egg and meat
- 20. Chicks- In separate housefrom laying chickens Need to protect from predators, disease, Stage in A. brooding-8 weeks 1st 4 weeks- in brooding box 2nd 4 Weeks in brooding houses Need to properly manage the growers- reproductive organs develop-Affect egg production capacity Grower stage- 8-20weeks-in brooders house
- 21. Brooding managment Startsegg laying-18Weeks- Small eggs and unmarketable Commercial laying stage-21weeks Brooding Management - critical task, (before and after arrival in the broader house) If farmers fail to provide appropriate conditions before landing chicks in the brooder house, the business would lose at the endpoint
- 22. . BroodingManagement . Some basic points about brooding management All necessary items such as litter, paper, chick guard, water, hover, food container should be placed in the proper place three hours in advance. Turn on the hover lights two to three hours in advance and check the thermometer readings an hour later. Normally, set the lights according to the weather. For instance, 1watt/chicks are enough for the summer or hot season and 2-3 watt/ chicks for the winter season. Half an hour before the baby arrives, lightly placed the paper around and inside the brooder with a probiotic or without soluble in water. The baby should be placed in the proper place for 5 minutes before the baby arrives. Try to place the broader in the middle of the shed. After the baby arrives, put the baby on the farm before placing the hoover with the box for about 5 minutes. Then weigh each box with the baby and record in the box with the box number followed by the removal of the empty box weight and you will gain the weight of the baby one day.
- 23. Water Management Water- important factor for Broiler chicken. For faster growth in short time, water requirement for Broiler chicken is crucial. The general function of water -to transport Oxygen, nutrients, drugs vaccines, and other physiologic activities to maintain proper health conditions. Water must be free from infectious pathogens (such as virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoa, etc), heavy metals ( Na, K, iron, P, CA, etc), soil, urine, fecal material, etc. water deprivation lead to coccidiosis.
- 24. Water quality management Following steps to ensure standard water quality, hygienic, pathogen-free, dust, and other particles: Washing drinkers Wash and disinfect chick drinkers daily. Use a reliable water sanitizer like chlorine to control disease-causing organisms in the water. Ensure the drinkers are filled with fresh water after washing and never allow the drinkers to go dry. Water distribution Distribute drinkers evenly, alternating with the feeders - easily accessible to all birds. The furthest distance to the next waterer or drinker should be 1.5 meters. Provide one chick fount for 75 chicks during the first week Gradually replace them with the regular drinkers. Always adjust the drinkers and feeders levels as the birds grow to ensure that the equipment is always slightly above the level of the birds’ backs to minimize spillage.
- 25. Litter Management Littermaterial - Sawdust and paddy husk -should spread to 5cm length Too dry and dusty Litter-indicate not drinking enough water Too much dusty material may lead to respiratory problems Moldy material should not be used. The litter should be stirred at frequent intervals to prevent caking. Wet litters should be removed immediately and replaced by dry new litter to prevent ammoniacal odor.
- 26. Coccidiosis prevention andcontrol Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease that is caused by Eimeria spp in poultry. Its a very important disease that is more related to the economy. Coccidia is a parasite that a host for completing the life cycle & survived into poultry. It is prevented by the proper use of coccidiostat in feed and control by the water medication. The common feed coccidiostat are maduramycin, semduramycin, monensin, lasalocid, clpidole, etc during outbreak, water medication by the various types of anticoccidial drugs. example Toltrazuril, diclazuril, sulfar drugs etc.
- 27. Feeding management Properfeeder line height - should corresponding to the height of the birds helps to reduce feed wastage and mixing feed with litter, and ensures that all birds have access to feed. Feeding Programs of Poultry Feed from day-old until marketing –specific feeding programme. Every chicken/Commercial species -limited feeding programs & schedule at a definite time. Feeding programs of differents species and measures How Much Chicken Feed Per Day on a particular breed. Feeding programs for Broilers Broiler chicks – fed ad libitum for 42 to 56 d to an average weight of 4 to 5 lb. Feed represents 60 to 75% of the total production cost. Fed conversion – about 1.5-2.0 Use a 3-stage feeding program (starter, grower, and finisher) The starter for the first 2 to 3 wk, the grower for about 2 wk, and the finisher for the remainder.
- 28. Laying Hens Higher concentrations of vitamins (A, D, E, B2, B5, B3, and B12) Mn & Zn would be required if eggs are to be used for hatching. White Leghorn – 18 g of protein/bird/day to support optimum egg production, thus with a 15% CP diet, must consume ≈ 25 to 26 lb of feed/100 birds/day Met – The first limiting amino acid and economical to use synthetic Met & its analogs Ca requirement – Varies with the age, ambient temperature, rate of lay, and egg size, but a recommendation is 3.4 g Ca/d & 3.8 g Ca/d after 40 wk of age.
- 29. Lighting Management Lightsinstalled in the poultry house has important role in efficiency. The distance between bulbs should be 1½ times the distance from the bulb to the bird’s level. The distance from the bulbs to the outer edges of the house should be- ½ the distance between bulbs. In a cage system- the bulbs should be placed in such a way that their rays fall on the feed and on the birds. Clean reflectors increase the light intensity at bird level by 50%, compared with no reflector. Avoid cone shape reflectors- confine the light rays to a limited area. Better to use a flat-type reflector with a rounded edge. In the case of a deep litter system -the bulb is to be placed at 7-8’ height whereas in a cage house, keep it in an aisle. Avoid hanging bulbs by a cord in open houses Very dirty bulbs emit about 1/3 less light than clean bulbs. Light bulbs should be cleaned once in two weeks.