As of September 30, 2023, the total chicken inventory in the Philippines was 202.82 million, with a 1.1% increase from the previous year, though stocks of broiler and layer chickens decreased. The document details various poultry breeds, including classifications for eggs, meat, general purpose, fancy, and fighting breeds, along with specific native chicken breeds in the Philippines. It also discusses breeding methods and systems, highlighting the importance of genetic contribution in poultry production.

1. Poultry Breeds and
Breeding

2. Current Situation
As of 30 September 2023, the total chicken inventory reached 202.82 million
birds. This was 1.1 percent higher than the previous year’s same period count
of 200.64 million birds. Population of native/improved chicken improved by 5.0
percent. Meanwhile, broiler chicken and layer chicken stocks reported
reductions of 2.0 percent and 1.0 percent, respectively.

3. Current Situation
Distribution of Total Chicken Inventory as of September 30, 2023

4. The Origin of Chicken

5. Breeds of Chicken based
on its Utility

6. 1. Egg Class
 The breed belonging to this class is characterized by their comparatively
small size.
 They lay large white-shelled eggs, very active and nervous in
temperament.
 They are non-sitters.
 Examples: Leghorn, Minorcas, Anconas, Mikawa

7. 2. Meat Class
 Large breed, slow in movement, quiet and gentle in disposition.
 Generally poorer egg layers and generally lay brown shelled eggs.
 Examples are: Brahmas, Cochin, Langshans, Cornish, White Rock

8. 3. General Purpose Class
 Breeds of chickens in this class are medium sized, good layers and
the young are fast growers
 They are not as nervous as the egg class but much more active
than the meat class.
 Examples: Lancaster, Nagoya, Cantonese, New Hampshire, Rhode
Island Red

9. 4. Fancy Class
 Breeds with beautiful plumage or form of having a rare unusual
appearance.
 Most of them raised chiefly has ornamentals or pets by Hobbyists,
regardless of their value as source of food

10. 5.Fighting Class
 These are groups of chickens now developed by national and
international aficionados in this game.

11. List of Philippine Native Chicken
Banaba From Batangas Province,
Calabarzon
Bolinao Found in Pangasinan
Province, Ilocos Region
Camarines From Bicol Region. Used for
cock Fighting

12. List of Philippine Native Chicken
Darag From Panay Island, Visayas
Paraoakan or Parawakan From Palawan in
MIMAROPA Regions ( Black,
used for cock fighting)

13. Breeds of Quail

14. QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix)
 A collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally placed in
the order galliformes.
 Very suitable for commercial production of both meat and eggs.
 Females (150-180 g) heavier than the males (120-130g)
 Marketing age – 5 weeks
 Age at sexual maturity- starts laying eggs 6-7 weeks of age.
 Produces 280 eggs per year
 Egg weight 9-10g
 Male quail – the breast is usually narrow and covered with equally
distributed brown and white feathers.
 Female quail- has a broad breast covered with brown feathers with black
dots.

17. DUCKS
• Duck is common name for numerous species in the waterfowl family.
Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, mostly smaller than swans and geese,
and may be found in both fresh water and sea water.
• Incubation Period-35 days (other ducks 28 days)
• Duck 2.2 to 3.1 kg. Drake 4.5-6.4 kg.
• Hardy, good foragers and disease resistant.

23. Types of ducks in the Philippines
1. Native Ducks/ Itik
The native Pateros duck commonly called itik, is the most popular raised locally.
Although smaller than imported breed of ducks, they are good layers and non
sitters. This type of ducks produce large eggs.

24. 2. Khaki Campbell Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)
Ducks were introduced in the turn of the century, and is a cross between mallard,
Rouen and runner ducks. This type of duck has characteristic brown color, have
extremely active habits, do well in good range and show a little desire for
swimming.

25. 3. Indian Runner
This breed originated from the east indies but its egg production capability was
developed in western Europe. This duck assumes very erect normal postures which
are almost straight neck. The back is long, straight and narrow. An adult drake
weighs about 2.10kg while an adult duck weigh about 1.8 kg.

26. 4. Muscovy duck/Pato
The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a large duck native to Mexico, Central and
South America. It was easily identified by its carunculated face or red, knobby
nodules along the eyes and above the base of the bill. Muscovy is a heavy breed.
It has plump blood and yellow skin.

27. 5. Pekin Duck
It is a native in China belonging to the meat type of ducks. Sometimes it is mistaken
for goose because it carries its body rather upright. A pekin duck is docile and well
adapted to local Philippine Climate. Pekin ducks are good layers and duckling are
ready for market at 2 to 3 months old.

28. BREEDS OF TURKEYS
1. Broad Breasted Large White
The breed was developed from crosses of the broad breasted bronze and the
white Holland. The color of the plumage is white and males/tom has a black
beard. The shanks, feet and beak are white to pinkish white and the throat wattle
is red. White turkeys can stand hot better than the dark turkeys.

29. 2. Broad Breasted Bronze
This breed has black plumage and dark colored pinfeather. The females have white
tips on the black breast feathers. The beard is black in males but females normally
have no beards. The Shanks and feet are black on young turkeys and change to
pinkish color at maturity. The beak is light at the tip and dark at the base. The broad
breasted bronze is the largest among the turkey varieties. This breed produces fewer
eggs with lower fertility and hatchability because the heavy males are not good
breeders.

30. 3. Beltsville Small White.
This breed was developed by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). It is
similar to the broad breasted large white in color 4.5 kg smaller than the broad
breasted bronze varieties.

31. 4. American Bronze
Also called bronze and “unimproved bronze” was bred from stock imported to
America by colonialists and Eastern Wild Turkeys - admitted to standard. The
“unimproved” in the name indicates that this type of bird was the foundation stock
along with Jesse Throssels Sheffield Bronze Turkeys, which became the broad
breasted bronze. Hen is 16 lbs., tom is 25 lbs. under one year of age.

32. BREEDS OF GEESE
1. Toulouse
This breed originated in France. The color of the plumage is dark grey with a white
at the abdomen. It has a fold of skin (dewlap) that hangs down from the throat at the
upper end of the neck. It has a pale orange bill, deep reddish-orange shanks and
toes and dark brown hazel eyes. The adult gander weighs about 11.8 kg. and the
adult female about 9.1 kilogram.

33. 2. Embden
This is a white breed that originated in Germany. The weight of this breed is similar
to the Toulouse.

34. 3. Chinese
This breed was originated in China and it exists in two varieties: white and brown.
The breed has knob on its beak. The adult gander weighs about 5.4 kilogram and
the female weighs 4.5 kilogram. Breed is popular as an exibition.

35. 4. Pilgrim
The gander is white in color and the hen geese are gray and white. The adult
gander weighs about 6.4 kilogram and the adult female goose weighs 5.9
kilograms.

36. 5. African
The African goose is gray with a brown shade in color. It has knob on its beak and
has dewlap. The knob and bill are black, with dark brown and light brown head.
The gander weighs 9.1 kg and the adult female goose weighs 8.2 kilograms.

37. SYSTEMS OF
POULTRY BREEDING

38. SYSTEMS OF BREEDING
Whether a male or female bird can be kept for breeding purpose or not is
determined largely by the kind of progeny (young ones) they produce. This
is true regardless of the character involved. A male whose dam (mother) had
a high record of egg production mated to a female with a high egg
production record frequently produces daughters that lay prolifically (in large
amounts). The results secured from a given mating are determined largely
by the genetic contribution of the birds mated rather than by their physical
appearance. The breeding systems can be classified depending on whether
it is aimed to increase homozygosity or heterozygosity into random mating,
inbreeding (breeding for increased homozygosity) and outbreeding
(breeding for increased heterozygosity).

39. A) Random Mating
Mating of individual without any selection. This is used in developing a control
population which is required to compare and measure the effects of other
breeding systems. Control population also helps to estimate the effects of the
environment which in turn, helps to estimate the true genetic gain through any
breeding method.

40. B) Inbreeding
It is defined as mating between individuals which are more closely related to
each other than the average relationship between all individuals in a population.
Inbreeding can be consistently carried out for several generations. There are 3
distinct methods:
a) Close inbreeding: Mating between sibs and parents and progeny. Full sib
mating and back crossing of the progeny to the younger of the parents are often
practiced.
b) Line breeding: This is inbreeding with an ancestral line and is the most
intensive form of back-crossing. Line breeding is back crossing to the same
parent for several generations in succession.

41. C) Outbreeding
This is the opposite of inbreeding in the sense that the relationship of the
individuals which are mated is less close than the average relationship within
the population. Mating between strains or inbred lines are the forms of
outbreeding. The methods of out breeding (cross breeding) are outlined below:
a) Single or 2-way cross: Two different populations (inbred lines, strains or
breeds) are crossed to produce a first filial (F1) generation which is purely for
commercial purpose but not for breeding. F1 here usually exhibits hybrid vigour
especially when inbred lines are involved. When two inbred lines of the same
breed are crossed, the progeny is said to be in crossbred.

42. b) Three-way cross: In this method, F1 crossbred females (AB) are mated
to males of a third line (C), to obtain a F2 progeny (ABC).
c) Four way cross: Two different single crosses (AB and CD) are crossed
to obtain ABCD.
This is usually practiced in poultry breeding for crosses between inbred
lines of low viability since only a relatively small number of animals of the
lines A, B, C, D need to be maintained.

43. METHODS OF MATING
a) Pen mating
A single male is segregated with a group of females in a pen during the
breeding season. This requires marginally more labour. Number of females
that can be allowed with a male (referred to as mating ratio) is 10 to 12 in
case of Leghorn (Egg type birds) and 6 to 8 in case of meat type birds.
Pedigreeing is possible both on sire’s (father) as well as on dam’s (mother)
side. However, if Pedigreeing is done only on dam’s side, multiple male
mating can be employed in a larger pen.

44. b) Stud mating
The males are usually confined at all times to small individual pens (stud)
within the large laying pen. The female is held in the stud for a known period
of time (till mated) after which it is removed and another is added. Two
mating per week or at least once every 5 days is desirable for optimum
fertility. This method requires more labour and is rarely practiced now-a-
days.

45. c) Artificial Insemination
Artificial Insemination (AI) is the technique by which seminal fluid (semen) of
male is introduced or deposited into the female reproductive tract by a
pipette. One cock will yield about 0.5 to 1.0 ml of semen depending upon the
body weight. About 0.05 to 0.10 ml of semen is enough to inseminate one
hen. This technique of mating is having many advantages and few
disadvantages.