Presented by: Prof. Ferial Zaher, National Research Center Fats and Oils Dept. in workshop on Workshop on Oleochemicals at the SemiRamis Intercontinental Hotel.

1. Prof. Ferial Zaher
National Research Centre
Fats and Oils Dept.

2.  World energy crisis and its reasons
 Reasons of Increased consumption rate of Energy
 Impact of increased connsumption of fossil
fuels
 Biofuels are the ideal substitute of fossil fuels
 Feedstock for production of biofuel
 Palm oil as one of the feedstocks for biofuel
production
 Worldwide palm oil production
 Results of a research work done in the fats and
oils department on palm oil as biodiesel.

3. Increase of
Consmption
Rate of
Energy
Decrease
in Natural
Fuel
Resources

4. Rate of energy consumption=
world populationx consumption rate per
capita
&
Increase of
world
population
Increase of
average
consumption
rate per capita

10. Disappearance of large areas of land on the earth in
the expected future
Partial melting of the ice mountains at the
north pole of the earth
Increase of the earth temperature
Increased emission of carbon dioxide

14. Forest fires StormsSoil dryness
Other environmental changes due to
increase in global temperature

15. Renewable and
sustainable
Environmentally
friendly
Decrease
carbon dioxide
emissions

16. Main source is
plants
Cellulosic substance
for bioethanol
production
Oils for biodiesel
and biojet
production

18. Feedstock for Biodiesel Production

19. Jatropha

20. Castor beans

21. Oil Comparison of Major Oil Seeds

22. Worldwide Palm Oil Production

24. Results of a research work done in the
fats and oils dept. on palm oil biodiesel
Zaher et al(2015)
Experiment Method Regular
diesel
Palm oil
biodiesel
Density, @ 15.56 oC
Specific Gravity
API gravity @ 60 oF
ASTMD-1298
0.8543
0.8551
33.97
0.8700
0.8709
30.98
Kinematic visc, cSt, @ 40 oC ASTM D-445 2.64 3.73
Pour point, oC ASTM D-97 3 -3
Total Sulphur, wt % ASTM D-4294 0.68 Nil
Ash content, wt% ASTM D-482 0.006 Nil
Carbon residue, wt% ASTM D-189 0.016 Nil
Cetane index ASTM D-976 47 34
Flash point, oC ASTM D-93 88 103
Gross Calorific value cal/g
Net Calorific value cal/g
ASTM D-224
11357
10741
8968
8364

25. Brake power (KW) 0 1.9 5.2 8.5 9.8
Indicated power (KW) 5.5 7.4 10.7 14.0 15.3
Mechanical efficiency
(%) 0 26.3 48.7 60.7 64.1
BSFC (gm/Kw.hr) -- 762.8 396.6 332.8 268.9
ISFC (gm/Kw.hr) 203.9 200.8 193.5 202.2 172.4
BMEP (Kpa) 0 97.6 260.2 422.9 488.0
IMEP (Kpa) 273.2 370.8 533.4 696.1 761.2
Brake thermal efficiency
(%) 0 11.2 21.6 25.7 31.8
Indicated thermal
efficiency (%) 42.0 42.6 44.2 42.3 49.7
A/F ratio 55.5 41.5 29.9 21.9 23.5
Volumetric efficiency (%) 74.6 74.6 74.6 74.6 74.6
Exhaust gas loss (%) 12.1 12.2 14.5 15.2 18.8
Cooling water &
unaccounted losses (%) 87.8 76.5 63.8 59.0 49.2

26. 1st run 2nd run 3rd run 4th run 5th run
Brake power (KW) 0 1.9 5.2 8.5 9.8
Indicated power (KW) 5.8 7.8 11.1 14.3 15.6
Mechanical efficiency (%) 0 25.1 47.1 59.2 62.6
BSFC (gm/Kw.hr) -- 642.8 352.7 291.8 285.6
ISFC (gm/Kw.hr) 184.5 161.2 166.4 172.7 178.8
BMEP (Kpa) 0 97.6 260.3 422.9 488.0
IMEP (Kpa) 291.4 389.0 551.7 714.3 779.4
Brake thermal efficiency
(%)
0 13.3 24.3 29.3 30.0
Indicated thermal efficiency
(%)
46.4 53.1 51.5 49.6 47.9
A/F ratio 54.9 47.0 32.1 23.9 21.1
Volumetric efficiency (%) 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0
Exhaust gas loss (%) 15.2 20.0 22.33 17.5 19.7
Cooling water &
unaccounted losses (%)
84.7 66.6 53.3 53.0 50.2

27.  Palm oil biodiesel is advantageous over regular
diesel in six points being:
 1-Free of sulfur(less environmental pollution)
 2-Has lower pour point(ease of handling in cold
weather)
 3-Has higher flash point(safer)
 4-No ashes are left after combustion(less wear of
engine parts)
 5- No residual carbon(less coking deposits in
valves and piston)
 6-The brake thermal efficiency of the engine
improves by blending biodiesel with regular
diesel fuel(better engine performance)