Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Biofilm - Membrane Filtration System For Internal Plant Usage (3rd Presentation and the last)
Bio-film bacteria (Biological Treatment) integrated with Membrane Technology is based on WHAT FACTORS ?
ANS:
COST EFFECTIVE
REQUIREMENTS
FLEXIBILITY
SIMPLICITY
CLOSED OR OPEN SYSTEM
N0TE: UPON our knowledge and research, There is no previous work had or have done on using integrated biofilm-Membrane.
Episode 47 : CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES
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Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Biofilm - Membrane Filtration System For Internal Plant Usage (3rd Presentation and the last)
1. ‘Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill
Effluent Using Integrated Biofilm - Membrane
Filtration System For Internal Plant Usage’
Student Sajjad Khudhur Abbas
Supervisor Dr. Teow Yeit Haan
Co-supervisor Prof. Abdul Wahab bin Mohammad
Research Title
‘Final
Presentation’
By
2. In Malaysia, oil palm is a very significant
crop. In the worldwide, the biggest palm
oil exporter and producer is Indonesia and
Malaysia is the 2nd exporter and
producer. The production of crude palm
oil (CPO) was increased significantly
from 92,000 tonnes in year 1960 to 17.6
million tonnes in year 2009, The process
to extract the palm oil needs massive and
huge water quantity to sterilize the fresh
fruit bunches (FFB) and clarify the
extracted oil.
Palm Oil in Malaysia
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
3. Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
95-96% of water
0.6-0.7% of oil
2-4% of suspended solids
POME highest sources
Clarifier sludge
hydro cyclone
sterilizer condensation
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
4. Environmental
impact
(Ma A. N., 2000)
(Singh G. a., 1999)
The stocks of local fish
in lakes and rivers are
declining
Bathing and water
sources turned into
brown colour smelt foul
Fresh POME
Acidic Colloidal Suspension
Hot
Brownish
High Solids Amount (40,000 mg/l)
COD (50,000 mg/l)
BOD (25,000 mg/l)
ref
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
5. Problem Statement
Briefly, the highly polluted wastewater is causing a severe pollution to the :
Waterways
Aquatic Habitats Impacted Human Health
Affected Aquatic Life
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
7. Available POME treatment techniques
Anaerobic
contact process
Continuous stirred
tank reactor (CSTR)
Up-flow anaerobic sludge
fixed film (UASFF)
Up flow anaerobic sludge
blanked (UASB)
Fluidized bed
Anaerobic filtration
Conventional anaerobic
digestion (Digester and pond)
Conventional anaerobic
digestion (Digester and pond)
Aerobic
Evaporation
Anaerobic
Membrane
Biofilm
Biofilm bacteria (Biological
Treatment) integrated with
Membrane Technology is
based on WHAT FACTORS
?ANS:
• COST EFFECTIVE
• REQUIREMENTS
• FLEXIBILITY
• SIMPLICITY
• CLOSED OR OPEN
SYSTEM
N0TE: UPON our
knowledge and research,
There is no previous work
had or have done on using
integrated biofilm-
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
8. Biofilm technique integrated with Membrane
Membrane techniqueBiofilm technique
Swimming
Attachment EPS
Feeding
Decomposition
Treatment
Process
Kind – Cross flow
Filter – Nano filter (NF)
Feed
Outlet
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
10. PROCESS SETTING
Biofilm technique Membrane technique
Parameter Value
Acclimatization
duration
Unknown
Treating period Unknown
Black media amount 328 pieces
White media amount 126 pieces
Raw POME volume 2 litres
Raw POME COD 6630 mg/l
Temperature Ambient
Parameter Value
Pump pressure 3 bar
Temperature 24.1 C
Inlet POME COD 923 mg/l
Filter Nano
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
11. TREATMENT SCHEME
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
POME sample from Sime
Darby
East Mill
Biofilm Carrier
POME treatment Container( TANK )
POME container contains
Biofilm carrier
POME container contains 1 liter
aerobic POME , 1 liter
Concentrated POME ,and
Biofilm Carrier after 1 month
Zoom in on the
biofilm Carrier
Zoom in Zoom in
Using the Biofilm to
Treat POME
M-After Three days
POME container contains 1 liter
Aerobic POME , 1 liter Concentrated
POME and Biofilm Carrier
Daily
Measurement
COD
TSS
PH
MLSS
TS
NH3.N
Turbidity
Daily Measurement
COD ,TSS ,PH,MLSS,TS
,NH3.N,Turbidity.
POME container contains 2 liters
aerobic POME and
Biofilm Carrier
Membrane process
Treated POME
POME Media (Black
and Hexafilter)
12. Be confident By measuring
Parameters !
DO
COD
TSS MLSS
NH3-N
PH
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
15. Black Media
Biofilm carriers at
the 2nd
day of the
bacteria growth
stage
Bacteria growth after 15
days at the media surface
Bacteria growth after one
month at the media surface
Footages from
different sections
Footage (Black Media)
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
16. Hexafilter Media
Biofilm carriers at
the 2nd
day of the
bacteria growth stage
Bacteria growth after 15
days at the media surface
Bacteria growth after one
month at the media surface
Footages from
different sections
Footage (Black Media)
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
17. Footages (Treated POME samples )
RAW
POME
Distilled
POME
H
medi
a
B
medi
a
Membran
e Sample The sample is following which standards?
Standards RAW
POME
Diluted
POME
H
media
B
media
Membrane
Sample
1
2 Slightly
3 Slightly
4 Slightly
5
6 Slightly Slightly
7
8
9
10
11 Slightly Slightly
No Definition
1 NWQSFM CLASS I
2 NWQSFM CLASS IIA
3 NWQSFM CLASS IIB
4 NWQSFM CLASS III
5 NWQSFM CLASS IV
6 NWQSFM CLASS V
No Definition
7 DOE CLASS I
8 DOE CLASS II
9 DOE CLASS III
10 DOE CLASS IV
11 DOE CLASS V
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
18. Result’s Closer LOOK
Biofilm bacteria
treatment is complicated
since the treatment is
wobbling
Membrane is so easy
to be blocked
This integrated system
won’t give product with
certain properties
This integrated system
needs Control system
Its possible and better to
use low level membrane
like macro but the treated
wastewater won’t be same
quality as the Nano.
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
20. Future studies, endorsing and
recommendations
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
Series reactors
Sedimentation system
Catalyst
Fixed temperature
Deep reactor for biofilm
growth stage
Short depth reactor for
POME treatment stage
Closed system
Treatment age not
longer than 24 hours
Using media with high
surface area Endorsements
21. The Decree
From Standards side As a Scientist !
Strongly Definitely
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
22. Global Warming
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
Temperature rising
rising sea level
Floods
Heat waves
Extinctions of animals
and plants
Desertification
23. Q & A
SAJJAD K. A.
3rd Presentation
POME
treatment
Good Morning!
I introduce my self. My name is SAJJAD KHUDHUR, I am Master degree student chemical Engineering. Today, I am presentation the 3rd and the final presentation of my research which is titled as ‘ Sustainable approach ..‘. My supervisor and co-supervisor are Dr. Teow Yeit Haan and Prof. Abdul Wahab Mohammad. Today, I am going to speak about Palm oil, Palm oil mill effluent, environmental impact, problem statement, zero waste energy, Integrated technology, tension factors, process setting, results, the decree, closer look on the product, and the conclusion.
I start this presentation by small introduction about palm oil. Oil palm is very important and special crop in Malaysia. The biggest country in palm oil production and exporting is Indonesia , while Malaysia comes after.
At year 1960, Palm oil production was 92,000 ton/year, while palm oil production at year 2009 is 17.6 million ton.
Palm oil production process demands huge quantities of water for sterilizing the palm shell, and clarifying the oil.
The 3rd slide is presenting palm oil mill effluent or known as POME (shortcut name). This liquid is involving 95 to 96 percent of water, 0.6 to 0.7 percent of oil, and 2 – 4 percent of suspended solids.
The question here, POME is coming from where? We can answer this question that this wastewater is coming from palm oil production industry, specifically from clarifier sludge, hydro cyclone, and sterilizer condensation.
There are several huge impacts of discharging Palm oil mill effluent. From the facts or the reports from the local citizens, they complained that their bathing and water sources had turned into brown colour and smelt foul. In addition, the fish amount are declining in different lakes and rivers.
The fresh POME has several properties, such as acidic, hot, brownish, high solid amount, and high range of COD and BOD. These information are got from (Singh at 1999).
After brief introduction about palm oil, the wastewater, and the environmental impacts. Now, we should understand what is the problem statement of POME discharging?
for that the problem statement is stating that this POME has severe effect on the waterways, aquatic habitats, human health, and aquatic life.
Zero waste energy is considered as the perfect system to treat pollutant material with no harmful side product. The shown system is considered as the best process for getting useful products with no harmful effect on the environment such as CO2 gas. Chemical Engineers speak and dealing with balance, as you can observe, the balance is achieved theoretically. Required process to treat POME, to produce biogas which can be use for energy purposes, the treated water which can be use for internal plant usage, and the sludge can be use as fertilizer.
Among several POME treatment process, such as biofilm, membrane, evaporation, fluidized bed, CSTR and etcetera. Biofilm techno and membrane treatment had chosen based on some factors like: Cost effective, requirements, flexibility, simplicity, and closed or open system. Upon this research, and what had found, there is no work had done on integrated (Biofilm-membrane) for treating POME.
This slide is showing both biofilm and membrane treatment in details.
The biofilm bacteria starts swimming in the wastewater for getting suitable surface for their attachment. After finding the required surface, the attachment process starts. EPS material stands for extra cellular substance which is helping the biofilm bacteria to make well and tough equipping. Then the bacteria will search for food to improve their biofilm, and for growing. In case the bacteria haven't find enough food, it will decompose from the surface, moving to get another better spot. The process in the picture below the scheme.
For membrane treatment, Nano filter was the chosen filter type, and the technique is crossflow. These settings were recommended. As you can observe in the membrane process picture, the treated water is passing through the filter media while the untreated is pumped and recycled.
Two things are stressing the process performance. They are Biofilm bacteria dead lack, and membrane fouling. The biofilm bacteria process is showed on your left hand, while the membrane fouling is showed on your right hand.
Each process has known involves some settings and options. In the biofilm technique, the acclimatization duration was unknown (The decision was around one month). The treating period was unknown also (the decided period was 72 hours). The media amount is 328 pieces for the black, and 126 pieces for the hexafilter media. The used wastewater volume is two litres with 6630 mg/l of COD. Finally the used temperature is the ambient.
For membrane treatment, the pump pressure was 3 bar, the temperature was 24.1 C, inlet POME COD 923 mg/l, and the filter kind is Nano.
This slide is highly importance because its involving the whole process scheme. The process starts with collecting the needed materials (wastewater from SimeDarby, Biofilm carrier, Treatment reactor). There are Two kind of biofilm media had been using (Hexafilter, Black). There are two treatment reactors, one had filled with hexafilter media while the other had filled with the black media. It had used two litres of POME for biofilm acclimatization stage. Several measurements were done such as DO, COD, TSS, MLSS, NH3-N, and pH level for nearly one month. The biofilm evolution had made during this duration. The next stage is treating POME by employing this biofilm bacteria. Fresh POME had added to the treatment reactor. Tests were done for each 24 Hours till three days. After treating POME by the biofilm bacteria, The membrane treatment should be after. Lastly, the final treatment had done on the wastewater. That’s the whole process scheme with details as I had explained already.
Parameters are showing the treatment path, so Be confident by measuring parameters. In this POME treatment, DO, COD, TSS, MLSS, NH3-N, PH level had done for ensuring the process and the results quality.
This slide is presenting the treatment results. This slide contains part one of the treatment which means the acclimatization process. The upper table is referring to the Hexafilter media, while the bottom is referring to the black media. COD, MLSS, NH3-N, and turbidity tests were made during this period. The biofilm evolution were made for 27 days. These results are showing that 15 days period is sufficient to reach the maximum growth for both kind of media by referring to the COD results, and regardless the other measurements because COD is the indication of biofilm bacteria activity and it’s growth. Its obvious that the treatment was very unstable after the fifteenth day. So that its quite better to go for 15 days of biofilm evolution.
This slide is presenting the second part of the treatment results which are including the biological treatment and membrane treatment results. The biological treatment were settled for 72 hours for both kind of media. COD, MLSS, NH3-N, PH, TSS, DO, Turbidity, these measurements were made during these three days for each 24 hours which means it was made three times. Hexafilter had showed a great treatment and better than the black media. The biological results showed that the black media is slightly beyond the hexafilter efficiency. In addition, it seems the hexafilter had gave better performance and treatment, which means using hexafilter is giving good treatment with less time duration in comparing with the black carrier. Membrane had showed really great treatment to the used wastewater. Its great treatment in comparing to the biological one. By looking to the range of all the parameters with comparing it with the out product from the biological treatment, its obvious that using membrane technology is very important in this integrated system.
Real footages are showed in this slide for the black media during the acclimatization process. On your left hand, the scheme starts with single black media. The 2nd column is showing the acclimatization at the 2nd day. The first picture in the third column is showing the acclimatization at the fifteenth day. The last picture is showing the acclimatization process after one month. This slide is showing the evolution of the biofilm bacteria.
Like the previous slide, This slide is presenting some taken pictures during the acclimatization process with using the hexafilter media.
This slide is presenting samples from all the treatment stages (raw POME, Diluted POME, Treated POME biologically, and treated POME by membrane).
After getting the treatment results, its quite important to know the treated wastewater is applicable to which standards!
On your right hand, A table is showing the treated POME from different stages with it’s suitability for different standards. Below this table, A definition table for these standards, for example number one stands for NWQSFM ( National water quality standards for Malaysia) CLASS 1.
The determination had made depending on these standards. Raw POME is obeying non at all of the standards, as well as the diluted. The treated POME by hexafilter is obeying standards number 6 and 11 which its class V or the fifth class but its slightly higher (considered as ERROR). The treated POME by black media is obeying the same standards as hexafilter had obeyed with the same conditions. The discharged wastewater from Nano filter membrane is following standards number 2, 3, and 4 with slight different, while its following standards 5, and 8 exactly with no difference.
This section is presenting A closer look on the treatment results. First of all, This closer look had came out that this biological treatment had wobbled and its complicated, so that its requiring more measurements and more settings. Second, this integrated system needs more control, to give certain product.
Third, Using membrane with high range COD POME will block the membrane filter in small duration. Fourth, Control system should be involved. Fifth and lastly, with high range polluted wastewater, its better to use low level membrane such as macro but we should keep in mind, the treated wastewater won’t be same quality as using nano.
Now, it is the conclusion section. Starting with the surface area, the biological treatment effort is following the surface area of the media. Its not the only one, but its one of the highest effect on the treatment performance. The waved biofilm media surface has great effect on the bacteria attachment level. The more surface has waves the more bacteria attachment strength increased. Narrow corners are highly needed to protect the bacteria from the aeration. Mixing is not useful at all for this biological system because its leading to biofilm aeration. Moisture is highly demanded by the bacteria. During the acclimatization and the treatment, It was noticed the biofilm bacteria is providing some moisture at the top of the surface, in order to deviate and manipulate the treatment conditions to the demanded by the biofilm bacteria. Finally, Nano filtration – cross flow membrane had showed great treatment to the wastewater.
For future studies, some endorsing and recommendations were made to improve this integrated system for getting high quality treated wastewater. Briefly, the recommendations are using: 1-series reactors, 2-deep reactor for biofilm growth stage, 3-media with high surface area, 4-treatment age shouldn’t be longer than 24 hours because the first 24 hours including the peak time, 5-closed system, 6- catalyst, 7- fixed temperature, 8- short depth reactor for POME treatment stage, 8- sedimentation system.
This slide is presenting the decree section which means the final decision. From the standards look, this integrated system is giving treated wastewater following some of the standards, so that its strongly approved, Definitely there is no issue with the applicable standards, But As a scientist look, its definitely rejected because this treated water should placed in comparison with the ideal water properties for producing the highest quality water. Otherwise, this treated wastewater will lead to global issues for example damaging watercourses.
I want to link this research with the global warming since wastewater is one of the factors which is raising global warming. In case of continued discharging of wastewater without comparing to the ideal water, Unfortunally, several severe global issues will develop such as: floods, extinctions of animals and plants, heat waves, temperature rising, rising sea level, and desertification.
Now, we move to the Questions and answers session. Please, You may ask.