2. • The potato was first domesticated in the region of modern-day
southern Peru and extreme northwestern Boliviabetween 8000 and
5000 BC.It has since spread around the world and become a staple
crop in many countries.
• There are about 5,000 potato varieties worldwide. Three thousand of
them are found mainly in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, and Colombia.
They belong to eight or nine species, depending on the taxonomic
school. Apart from the 5,000 cultivated varieties, there are about 200
wild species and subspecies.
ORIGIN
3. POTATO PRODUCTION
Potato production – 2014
Country
Production
(millions of tonnes)
People's Republic of China 95.5
India 46.4
Russia 31.5
Ukraine 23.7
United States 20.1
World 381.7
4. S. No. States Production (‘000 t)
1. U.P. 9821.7
2. West Bengal 7076.6
3. Punjab 1338.1
4. Gujarat 1088.7
5. Bihar 1062.8
6. Madhya Pradesh 752.6
7. Assam 589.1
8. Karnataka 361.0
9. Haryana 323.9
10. Uttrakhand 261.2
TOP TEN POTATO PRODUCING STATES
Source: CPRI, Simla (2004-05)
5. CHARACTERSTIS
• Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that
grow about 60 cm (24 in) high, depending on
variety, with the leaves dying backafter
flowering, fruiting and tuber formation.
• They bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple
flowers with yellow stamens.
• In general, the tubers of varieties with white
flowers have white skins, while those of
varieties with colored flowers tend to have
pinkish skins.
• Potatoes are mostly cross-pollinated by
insects
6. Climate
• It prefers a cool weather.
• Potato is mostly grown as a rainfed crop in regions receiving a
rainfall of 1200 – 2000 mm per annum.
Soil
• The soil should be friable, porous and well drained.
• The optimum soil pH range is 4.8 to 5.4.
10. North-eastern
plains
Early Kufri Ashoka, Kufri Chandramukhi
Medium Kufri Arun, Kufri Chipsona-1, Kufri Chipsona-
2, Kufri Chipsona-3, Kufri Lalima, Kufri
Pukhraj, Kufri Pushkar, Kufri Sutlej, Kufri
Surya, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Kanchan, Kufri
Bahar, Kufri Gaurav
Late Kufri Sindhuri
Plateau region Early Kufri Chandramukhi, Kufri Jawahar, Kufri
Lauvkar
Medium Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Badshah, Kufri Surya,
Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Garima
North-western
hills
Medium Kufri Giriraj, Kufri Himalini, Kufri Himsona,
Kufri Girdhari, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Shailja
North eastern
hills
Medium Kufri Giriraj, Kufri Himalini, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri
Girdhari, Kufri Megha, Kufri Shailja
North Bengal &
Sikkim hills
Medium Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Kanchan
Southern hills Medium Kufri Giriraj, Kufri Himalini, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri
Girdhari, Kufri Shailja, Kufri Swarna
Plains: Early (70-90 days), Medium (90-110 days) and Late (>110 days)
Hills: Early (100-110 days), Medium (110-120 days) and Late (> 120days)
11. Kufri Sindhuri
• Maharashtra, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu &
Kashmir.
• Medium, round red deep eyes. Moderately resistant to early blight and tolerant
to Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV). Slow rate of degeneration. Can tolerate
temperature and water stress to some extent. Crop matures in 110-120 days.
Av. Yield 40 t/ha. Tol. to late blight disease. Suitable for processing.
Kufri Chandramukhi
• Maharashtra, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Odisha, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
• Large, oval, white, slightly flattened, fleet eyes and dull white flesh. Average
yield is 25 t/ha. Matures in 80-90 days. Suitable for instant flakes and chips.
Kufri Jyoti
• Maharashtra, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Karnataka & West
Bengal.
• Large, oval, white, fleet eyes and white flesh. Crop matures early in hills,
Average yield in hills 20 t/ha. Moderately resistant to early and late blight. Slow
rate of degeneration. It is suitable for processing purpose.
12. Kufri Lauvkar
• Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka .
• Large, round, white, fleet eyes and white flesh. Able to build up yields
rapidly under warmer climate. Crop matures in 75-80 days. Average yield is
30 t/ha. Suitable for chip making.
Kufri Badshah
• Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu &
Kashmir.
• Large, oval, white, fleet eyes, dull white flesh, and tubers turn purple on
exposure to light. Moderately resistant to early and late blight and resistant
to Potato Virus X (PVX). Crop matures in 100-110 days. Average yield is 50
t/ha. Suitable for table purpose.
Kufri Bahar
• Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir.
• Large, round-oval, white, medium deep eyes. Slow rate of degeneration.
Crop matures in 100-110 days. Average yield is 45 t/ha. Suitable for table
purpose.
13. Kufri Lalima
• Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
• Large to medium, red, round, medium deep eyes and white flesh. Crop
matures in 100-110 days. Average yield 40t/ha. Moderately resistant to
early blight. Resistant to Potato Virus Y (PVY). Not suitable for processing.
Kufri Jawahar
• Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Karnataka.
• Medium, round-oval, creamy white, fleet eyes and pale yellow flesh. Crop
matures in 80-90 days. Average yield is 40 t/ha. Moderately resistant to late
blight. Suitable in intensive-cropping systems. Suitable for table purpose.
Kufri Sutlej
• Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
• Large, oval, white, fleet eyes and white flesh. Crop matures in 90-100 days.
Average yield is 40 t/ha. Moderately resistant to late blight. Suitable for
table purpose.
14. Kufri Ashoka
• Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal
• Large, oval-long, white, fleet eyes and white flesh. Susceptible to late light.
Crop matures in 70-80 days, Average yield is 40 t/ha. Suitable for Table
purpose.
Kufri Pukhraj
• Maharashtra, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal
• Large, oval, slightly tapered, white, fleet eyes and yellow flesh. Crop
matures in 70-90 days. Average yield is 40t/ha. Resistant to early blight and
moderately resistant to late blight. Suitable for table purpose.
Kufri Chipsona-1
• Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
• Medium to large, oval, white, fleet eyes and dull white flesh. Crop matures
in 90-110 days. Average yield is 40 t/ha. Resistant to late blight and tolerant
to frost. Suitable for making chips and French fries.
15. Kufri Chipsona-2
• Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
• Medium, Round-oval, white, fleet eyes and yellow flesh. Crop matures in
90-110 days. Average yield is 35 t/ha. Resistant to late blight and tolerant to
frost. Suitable for making chips and French fries
Kufri Anand
• Plains of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
• Medium oval-long, white, flattened, fleet eyes, smooth skin and white
flesh. Resistant to late blight and tolerant to frost. Average yield is 35-40
t/ha. Crop matures in 100-110 days. Suitable for preparing French fries.
18. Season
Hills
Summer : March – April
Autumn : August – September
Irrigated : January – February
Plains
Planting is done during October – November
in plains.
24. Seed rate
About 3000 – 3500 kg/ha of seeds is required.
Seed treatment
Use Carbon disulphide 30 g/100 kg of seeds for breaking the
dormancy and inducing sprouting of tubers.
Spacing
We find that potatoes are best grown in rows. To begin with, dig a
trench that is 6-8 inches deep. Plant each piece of potato (cut side
down, with the eyes pointing up) every 12-15 inches, with the rows
spaced 3 feet apart. If your space is limited or if you would like to
grow only baby potatoes, you can decrease the spacing between
plants.
25. • Potatoes are generally grown from seed potatoes – these
are tubers specifically grown to be disease free and
provide consistent and healthy plants. To be disease free,
the areas where seed potatoes are grown are selected
with care.
• Good ground preparation, harrowing, plowing, and rolling
are always needed, along with a little grace from the
weather and a good source of water. Three successive
plowings, with associated harrowing and rolling, are
desirable before planting.
• In general, the potatoes themselves are grown from the
eyes of another potato and not from seed. Home
gardeners often plant a piece of potato with two or three
eyes in a hill of mounded soil. Commercial growers plant
potatoes as a row crop using seed tubers, young plants or
microtubers and may mound the entire row.
26. Potato growth has been divided into five phases.
• During the first phase, sprouts emerge from the seed potatoes and root growth
begins.
• During the second, photosynthesis begins as the plant develops leaves and
branches.
• In the third phase stolons develop from lower leaf axils on the stem and grow
downwards into the ground and on these stolons new tubers develop as swellings
of the stolon. This phase is often (but not always) associated with flowering.
Tuber formation halts when soil temperatures reach 27 °C (81 °F); hence potatoes
are considered a cool-season crop.
• Tuber bulking occurs during the fourth phase, when the plant begins investing the
majority of its resources in its newly formed tubers. At this stage, several factors
are critical to yield: optimal soil moisture and temperature, soil nutrient
availability and balance, and resistance to pest attacks.
• The final phase is maturation: The plant canopy dies back, the tuber skins harden,
and their sugars convert to starches.
• New tubers may arise at the soil surface. Since exposure to light leads to greening
of the skins and the development of solanine, growers cover such tubers.
Commercial growers achieve this by piling additional soil around the base of the
plant as it grows
27.
28. • True potato seed
True potato seeds are the seeds harvested from potato fruits.
These seeds are also called "botanical potato seed" or "True
Potato Seed", or "TPS" to differentiate them from "seed
potatoes" which are genetically identical clones produced in
large numbers by planting pieces of a potato stem or tuber or
through tissue culture.
• The cost of seed tubers and spread of virus disease can be
greatly minimized by using ‘true potato seeds’. The hybrids
developed by Central Potato Research Institute viz., HPS
1/13, HPS 11/13 and HPS 24/111 are suitable for true potato
seed production. The seeds are raised in nursery beds like
other vegetables and seedlings are transplanted 30 days after
sowing. For raising one hectare of crop, a quantity of 100 g
seed is required.
• Most modern varieties of potatoes are sterile and do not
produce fruits or seeds. If you are fortunate enough to be
growing a variety that sets fruits, then you can harvest the
fruits and collect seeds, and grow your own unique variety of
potatoes.
29.
30. Advantages of TPS-
• This technique is used for disease free seed production. It is the
technique for virus free seed production.
• Cost of tubers used in conventional method of planting is very high
whereas the production of tuberlets in nursery for planting in next
year relatively very low.
• Higher cost required for storage of huge bulk of conventionally used
tubers is reduced as tuberlets (being very small in size) require very
little space for storage. This also reduces cost in transplantation.
• The viral infiltration in the seed tuber is also less.
• The cost of tuber treating chemicals is also reduced because of
relatively lesser volume of tuberlets.
• By this method, the disease free potato seed can be produced and
prevention of diseases to new areas can be checked.
31. • Preparation of field
Prepare the land to fine tilth. In hills provide an inward slope in
the terraces. Provide drainage channel along the inner edge of
the terrace. Form ridges and furrows with a spacing of 45 cm
between ridges either by hand hoe or ridger.
• Planting
Use disease free, well spouted tubers weighing 40 – 50 grams
for planting. Plant the tubers at 20 cm apart.
32.
33. Irrigation
Irrigate the crop 10 days after planting. Subsequent irrigation should be given
once in a week.
Application of fertilizers
Apply 15 t/ha of FYM and 2 kg each of Azospirillum and Phospho bacterium as
basal and 120 kg N, 240 kg P and 120 kg K/ha in two splits; half as basal and
the balance for top dressing on 30 days after sowing. Apply Magnesium
sulphate at 60 kg/ha as basal dose.
34. After cultivation
Weed control
The critical period of weed-competition is upto 60 days and it is
essential to keep the field weed-free during that period.
Take up the first hoeing on 45th day without disturbing stolons.
Second hoeing and earthing can be taken up at 60th day.
35. HARVESTING
The final phase is maturation: The plant canopy dies back, the
tuber skins harden, and their sugars convert to starches.
38. Storage
• Storage facilities need to be carefully
designed to keep the potatoes alive
and slow the natural process of
decomposition, which involves the
breakdown of starch. It is crucial that
the storage area is dark, well
ventilated and for long-term storage
maintained at temperatures near 4 °C
(39 °F). For short-term storage before
cooking, temperatures of about 7 to
10 °C (45 to 50 °F) are preferred.
40. Blackheart
• Blackheart is a physiological disorder caused by lack of oxygen,
leading to dark, necrotic cavities. The symptoms are an irregular
shaped area that turns black to blue-black with a distinct border.
41. Enlarged lenticels
• Lenticels enlarge when they unable to exchange sufficient oxygen and
carbon dioxide. As they enlarge, they provide a port for pathogen
entry. Soft rot (Pectobacterium carotovora) has been reported to
survive in the lenticels throughout the storage season. Tubers being
moved likely will encounter changes in temperature, moisture levels
and air quality that may encourage lenticels to open and bacteria to
multiply.
42. Stem end disorder
• Stem end disorder is typically a result of stress-triggered mechanisms
such as heat stress, drought stress, or improper fertility. The
translucent end is a result of tissue that is low in starch
43. Internal heat necrosis
• Internal heat necrosis (IHN) is a
physiological disorder that causes
an unacceptable browning of the
tuber tissue and can cause
economic losses to the grower
(Stevenson et al. 2001). The three
leading suspected causes of IHN
in tubers are high soil
temperature, inadequate soil
moisture, and suboptimal plant
nutrition, or a combination of
these factors.
44. Brown center and hollow heart are internal
noninfectious physiological disorders of the potato
tuber. Brown center (also called incipient hollow heart,
brown heart, or sugar center) is characterized by a
region of cell death in the pith of the tuber that results
in brown tissue. Hollow heart is characterized by a star-
or lens-shaped hollow in the center of the tuber .
Brown center and hollow heart arise at a higher
incidence when growing conditions abruptly change
during the season, such as when potato plants recover
too quickly after a period of environmental or
nutritional stress.
Damage to cells signaling the onset of brown center
can occur under conditions such as when soil
temperatures are less than 56°F for 5–8 straight days,
or when available soil moisture is greater than 80%
45. Plant protection
•
Pests
Nematodes
Avoid growing potato year after year in the same field. Follow
rotation with vegetables and green manure. Application of
Carbofuran 3 G (1.0 kg a.i.) 33 kg/ha in furrows while seeding.
For cyst nematode resistant variety Kufri Swarna, half dose of
the above nematicide is enough.
• Biological control of nematodes
Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens at 10 kg/ha will control
the nematode population.
46. Aphids
•
Aphids can be controlled by spraying Methyl demeton 25 EC or
Dimethoate 30 EC 2 ml/lit.
•Cut worms
• Install light trap during summer to attract adult moths.
• Install sprinkler irrigation system and irrigate the field in day time to
expose the larvae for predation by birds.
• Drench the collar region of the plants in evening hours with
Chlorpyriphos or Quinalphos 2 ml/lit a day after planting.
•
47. White grub
• Summer ploughing to expose the pupae and adults.
• Dust Quinalphos 5 D at 25 kg/ha 10 days after first summer rains.
• Install light traps between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. in April - May months.
• Hand pick the adult beetles in the morning.
• Hand pick the 3rd instar grub during July - August.
• In endemic areas apply Phorate 10 G at 25 kg/ha during autumn season (August
- October).
•
48. Potato tuber moth
• Avoid shallow planting of tubers. Plant the tubers to a depth
at 10 - 15 cm deep.
• Install pheromone traps at 20 No/ha.
• Earth up at 60 days after planting to avoid potato tuber moth
egg laying in the exposed tubers.
• To control foliar damage spray NSKE 5 % or Quinalphos 20
EC 2 ml/lit (ETL 5 % leaf damage).
• Keep pheromone traps in godowns.
• In godowns cover the upper surface of potato leaves
with Lantana or Eupatorium branches to repel ovipositing
moths.
• Treat the seed tubers with Quinalphos dust @ 1 kg/100 kg
of tubers.
49. • Brown rot
Select brown rot disease free tubers. Give proper drainage
facilities. Remove and destroy the affected plants.
50. Early blight
•
Early blight can be controlled by spraying Mancozeb 2 g/lit or
Chlorothalonil 2 g/lit at 45, 60 and 75 days after planting.
51. Virus diseases
•
Use virus free potato seeds. Rogue the virus affected plants
regularly. Control the aphid vectors by spraying Dimethoate or
Methyl demeton 2 ml/ha.
