Potato catalse lab
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Lab procedure for investigating the effect of temperature on enzymes.
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Cellular respiration refers to all the metabolic processes and chemical reactions that take place in living organisms, particularly at the cellular level. These processes focus on the extraction of energy from nutrients. It is also responsible for converting the biochemical energy into 'adenosine triphosphate' (ATP) by the breakdown of sugars in the cells (Bennet 58). Cellular respiration is also responsible for the process by which cells release chemical energy required for conducting cellular activities. The reactions and processes facilitate the release of waste products from the cells. This experiment seeks to conduct a study of the processes and reactions involved during cellular respiration. The experiment will include several activities, such as having a study on the amount of Carbon dioxide produced during the experiment.
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Introduction
Enzyles are biological molecules that catalyze (speed up) chemrcal reactions. You could call enz;anes
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The DNA in each ce11 encodes all the information needed to make its many different enz)rmes. Enzlnnes
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parlicular enzyne; that is, whenever a job needs to be done in the ce ll which only that enzyne can do it.
The molecule (or molecules) on u,hich an enzyne acts is called its substrate. Enzla:nes are said to be very
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it into a specific product. You could say that each enzl.me can do only one tlpe ofjob. Each en4,rne is
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the active site, the place u,here the substrate fits and where the chemical reaction takes place.
Enzynes work very quickly, often catalyzing thousands of reactions per minute. The rate at which an
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and pH at which they work best, and if an enzyne is exposed to extremes of heat or pH it won't rvork at
a1ll The interactions that hold the protein in its particular shape become disrupted under these extreme
conditions, and the 3-dirnensional structure unfblds. In this case, the enzyxe is said to be denatured.
Other important factors that influence enz),rne activity are the concentration of substrate and the
concentration of enzyle. Up to a point, the more substrate that is present, the fuster the reaction.
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The enzyne that you will study in this experiment is called "catalase." Its job is to break down its
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The products remaining alter catalase does its job are oxygen gas and water; two very non-poisonous
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CORNELL". HHMI
wru
A,M
O2OO8 CIBT A Study of Catalase - Teacher Section Page 1
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How Can the Thermodynamics of
Dissolution be Defined?
Introduction:
The Gibbs-Helmholtz equation expresses the relationship between the free-energy
change, the enthalpy change, and the entropy change at constant temperature and
pressure:
∆G = ∆H - T∆S Equation 1
From knowing the value of ∆G, you may predict whether a process/reaction will be
spontaneous at a certain temperature. A process is spontaneous if ∆G is negative (∆G <
0), nonspontaneous if ∆G is positive (∆G > 0), and at equilibrium if ∆G = 0.
The enthalpy change, ∆Hrxn, is the heat gained or lost by a system during a reaction
carried out at constant pressure. Most reactions occur in several steps, with energy
required (endothermic, positive ∆H) because energy is needed to break bonds, and
energy released (exothermic, negative ∆H) because energy is released as new bonds
are formed. ∆Hrxn represents the total change in heat energy or enthalpy over the course
of the reaction. In this experiment, you will use a coffee-cup calorimeter to determine the
heat absorbed or released during the dissolution of ammonium chloride and the
dissolution of calcium chloride. From observing the contents of the coffee-cup calorimeter,
you will decide whether the dissolution processes are spontaneous or nonspontaneous.
You will also calculate values of ∆Grxn to check your prediction.
From the law of conservation of energy (energy is conserved) the total energy for the
dissolution process is:
qsystem + qsurroundings = 0 or qsystem = - qsurroudnings Equation 2
where qsystem (or qrxn) represents the heat gained or lost by dissolving the solid (the
system), and qsurroundings (or qsolution) is the heat gained or lost by the solution in the
calorimeter (the surroundings). Thus, heat energy is essentially transferred between the
dissolving solid and the solution in the calorimeter. (For this experiment, the heat
absorbed by the cup, probe, and surroundings can be considered as negligible, so it is
not included in the expression above.)
The heat absorbed or released by the contents of the calorimeter is given by:
q = (mass solution)*(specific heat of solution)*(change in temperature)
q = m· Cs · T, where T=Tfinal-Tinitial Equation 3
The mass of the solution is the sum of the masses of the water and solid placed in the
calorimeter. (Recall that the density of water is1.00 g/mL.) Because the solution is very
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dilute, the specific heat of the solution is basically equal to that of water, which is 4.184
J/gºC. To calculate change (∆) for a variable it is always final minus initial. The value of
qsurr can be calculated.
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Potato catalse lab
- 3. Denaturing Enzymes x x
Editor's Notes
- Adding heat or changing pH denatures enzymes so they don’t work.